A coil of wire enclosing an area 100 cm2 is placed with its plane making an angle 60° with the

magnetic field of strength 10–1 T. What is the flux through the coil? If magnetic field is reduced to zero
in 10–3 s, then find the induced emf.

(a) Define mutual inductance and write its S.I. unit. (b) A square loop of side 'a' carrying a current
I2 is kept at distance x from an infinitely long straight wire carrying a current I1 as shown in the
figure. Obtain the expression for the resultant force acting on the loop.

As shown in figure, P and Q are two co-axial conducting loops separated by some distance.
When switch S is closed, a clockwise current IP flows in P (as seen by eye E) and an induced
current IQ1 flows in Q. The switch S remains closed for a long time. When S is opened, a
current IQ2 flows in Q. Then the directions of (as seen by eye E) are
(d) respectively anticlockwise and clockwise
An electron moves on a straight line path XY as shown. The abed is a coil adjacent to the path
of electron. What will be the direction of current, if any, induced in the coil?

(a) The current will reverse its direction as the electron goes past the coil (b) No current
induced (c) abcd (d) adcb Ans: (a) The current will reverse its direction as the electron goes
past the coil According to Lenz’s law, the current induced in coil will opposes the increasing
magnetic field when electron pass the coil from X to Y.

In an experimental arrangement of two coils C1 and C2 placed coaxially parallel to each other,
find out the expression for the emf induced in the coil C1 (of N1 turns) corresponding to the
change of current I, in the coil C2 (of N2 turns).

Assertion (A): In the phenomenon of mutual induction, self induction of each of the coil
persists. Reason (R): Self-induction arises when strength of current in one coil changes. In
mutual induction, current is changing in both the individual coils. Ans: (a) Both A and R are true
and R is the correct explanation of A.

A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and CD.
Predict the directions of induced current in each coil.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions The relation between self-inductance
and mutual inductance of two coils is M = L L1 2 . However, the above equation assumes zero
flux leakage and 100% magnetic coupling between the two coils. In reality there is always
some loss due to leakage and position, so the magnetic coupling between the two coils can
never reach or exceed 100%. The fraction of magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil
that links with the other coil is called the coefficient of coupling between the two coils. It is
denoted by (k). k = 1, when the flux produced by one coil, completely links with the other coil
and is called magnetically tightly coupled. k = 0, when the flux produced by one coil, does not
link at all with the other coil and thus the coils are said to be magnetically isolated. (i) Under
which condition the relation between self-inductance and mutual inductance of two coils M =
𝐿1 and 𝐿2 is valid? (ii) What is coefficient of coupling? (iii) When two coils are said to be
magnetically isolated? OR When two coils are said to be magnetically tightly coupled? Ans: (i)
The equation is valid for zero flux leakage and 100% magnetic coupling between the two coils.
(ii) The fraction of magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil that links with the other coil
is called the coefficient of coupling between the two coils. (iii) When coefficient of coupling =
0, magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil does not at all link with the other coil, then
the coils are said to be magnetically isolated. OR When coefficient of coupling = 1, magnetic
flux produced by the current in one coil links with the other coil 100%, then the coils are said to
be magnetically tightly coupled.

The self-inductance L of a solenoid of length l and area of cross-section A, with a fixed number
of turns N increases as: (a) l and A increase. (b) l decreases and A increases. (c) l increases and
A decreases. (d) both l and A decrease. Ans: (b) l decreases and A increases

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions Induced Current: The steady current in
the coil C2 as shown below produces a steady magnetic field. As coil C2 is moved towards the
coil C1, the galvanometer shows a deflection. This indicates that electric current is induced in
coil C1. When C2 is moved away, the galvanometer shows a deflection again, but this time in
the opposite direction. This deflection is based upon the Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction.
(i) State Lenz’s Law. A metallic rod held horizontally along east-west direction, is allowed
to fall under gravity. Will there be an emf induced at its ends? Justify your answer. (ii)
Figure shows a metal rod PQ of length J, resting on the smooth horizontal rails AB
positioned between the poles of a permanent magnet. The rails, rod and the magnetic
field B are in three mutually perpendicular directions. A galvanometer G connects the
rails through a key ‘K’. Assume the magnetic field to be uniform. Given the resistance of
the closed loop containing the rod is R.

(a) Suppose K is open and the rod is moved with a speed v in the direction shown. Find
the polarity and the magnitude of induced emf. (b) With K open and the rod moving
uniformly, there is no net force on the electrons in the rod PQ even though they do
experience magnetic force due to the motion of the rod. Explain. (c) What is the
induced emf in the moving rod if the magnetic field is parallel to the rails instead of
being perpendicular? Ans: (i) Lenz’s law: According to this law “the direction of
induced current in a closed circuit is always such as to oppose the cause that
produces it.” The direction of induced current in a circuit is such that it opposes the
very cause which generates it. Yes, an emf will be induced at its ends. Justification:
 When a metallic rod held horizontally along east-west direction is allowed to fall
freely under gravity i.e., fall from north to south, the intensity of earth magnetic field
changes through it i.e., the magnetic flux changes and hence the emf is induced at it
ends

(i) Derive expression for self inductance of a long air-cored solenoid of length 'l',
crosssectional area A and having number of turns N. (ii) A long solenoid with 15 turns per
cm has a small loop of area 2.0 cm2 placed inside normal to the axis of the solenoid. The
current carried by the solenoid changes steadily from 2 A to 4 A in 0.1 s, what is the induced
emf in the loop while the current is changing?
Two circular coils can be arranged in any of the three situations as shown in fig. Their
mutual inductance will be:

i) A rod of length l is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity ‘v’ in a direction

perpendicular to its length through a region in which a uniform magnetic field is
acting vertically downward. Derive the expression for the emf induced across the
ends of the rod
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions Migration of Birds The migratory
birds pattern is one of the mysteries in the field of science. For example, every winter birds
from Siberia fly unerringly to water spots in the Indian sub-continent. There has been a
suggestion that electromagnetic induction may provide a clue to the as migratory patterns.
The earth's magnetic field has existed throughout evolutionary history. It would be of great
benefit to migratory birds to use this field to determine the direction. As far as we know
birds contains no ferromagnetic material. So, electromagnetic induction seems to be the
only reasonable mechanism to determine the direction. Consider the optimal case where
the magnetic field B, the velocity of the bird v and two relevant points of its anatomy
separated by a distance J, all three are mutually perpendicular. From the formula for
motional emf
Certain kinds of fishes are able to detect small potential differences. However, in these
fishes, special cells have been identified which detect small voltage differences. In birds no
such cells have been identified. Thus, the migration patterns of birds continue to remains a
mystery. (i) State the law that gives the polarity of the induced emf. (ii) A metallic rod PQ of
length l is rotated with an angular with an angular velocity w in a magnetic field B  about
an axis passing through the mid-point O of the rod and perpendicular to the plane of paper
as shown in the figure. What is the potential difference developed between the point O and
Q of the rod?

The variation of induced emf (E) with time t in a coil if a short bar magnet is moved along its
axis with a constant velocity is best represented as:
. Figure shows a rectangular conductor PSRQ in which movable arm PQ has a resistance 'r'
and resistance of PSRQ is negligible. The magnitude of emf induced when PQ is moved with
a velocity v  does not depend on

Consider an induced magnetic field due to changing electric field and an induced electric
field due to changing magnetic field. Which one is more easily observed? Justify your
answer. Ans: Induced electric field due to changing magnetic field is easily observed.
Induced electric field due to changing magnetic field can be easily produced by various
ways like rotating/moving a coil in magnetic field, changing the shape of coil in magnetic
field, bringing bar magnet near a coil etc.

A long solenoid of radius r consists of n turns per unit length. A current I = I0 sin t flows in
the solenoid. A coil of N turns is wound tightly around it near its centre. What is : (a) the
induced emf in the coil? (b) the mutual inductance between the solenoid and the coil?
 The current in the primary coil of a pair of coils changes from 7A to 3A in 0.04 s. The mutual
inductance between the two coils is 0.5 H. The induced emf in the secondary coil is (a) 50 V
(b) 75V (c) 100 V (d) 220 V Ans: (a) 50 V

(i) Two loops of different shapes are moved in the region of a uniform magnetic field
pointing downward. The loops are moved in the directions shown by arrows. What is the
direction of induced current in each loop? (ii) Predict the polarity of the capacitor C
connected to coil, which is situated between two bar magnets moving as shown in figure

Ans: (i) Loop abc is entering the magnetic field, so magnetic flux linked with it begins to increase.
According to Lenz’s law, the current induced opposes the increases in magnetic flux, so current
induced will be anticlockwise which tends to decrease the magnetic field. Loop defg is leaving the
magnetic field; so flux linked with it tends to decrease, the induced current will be clockwise to
produce magnetic field downward to oppose the decrease in magnetic flux. (ii) Current induced in coil
will oppose the approach of magnet; therefore, left face of coil will act as N-pole and right face as S-
pole. For this the current in coil will be anticlockwise as seen from left, therefore, the plate A of
capacitor will be positive and plate B will be negative.

State the working of ac generator with the help of a labelled diagram. The coil of an ac generator
having N turns, each of area A, is rotated with a constant angular velocity . Deduce the expression
for the alternating emf generated in the coil. What is the source of energy generation in this device?
Ans: AC generator: A dynamo or generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. Principle: It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a coil rotates
continuously in a magnetic field, the effective area of the coil linked normally with the magnetic field
lines, changes continuously with time. This variation of magnetic flux with time results in the
production of an alternating emf in the coil. Construction: It consists of the four main parts: (i) Field
Magnet: It produces the magnetic field. In the case of a low power dynamo, the magnetic field is
generated by a permanent magnet, while in the case of large power dynamo, the magnetic field is
produced by an electromagnet. (ii) Armature: It consists of a large number of turns of insulated wire in
the soft iron drum or ring. It can revolve round an axle between the two poles of the field magnet. The
drum or ring serves the two purposes: (a) It serves as a support to coils and (b) It increases the
magnetic field due to air core being replaced by an iron core. (iii) Slip Rings: The slip rings R1 and R2
are the two metal rings to which the ends of armature coil are connected. These rings are fixed to the
shaft which rotates the armature coil so that the rings also rotate along with the armature. (iv)
Brushes: These are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods (B1 and B2) which are fixed and
constantly touch the revolving rings. The output current in external load RL is taken through these
brushes.
(a) Consider the experimental set up shown in the figure. This jumping ring experiment is an
outstanding demonstration of some simple laws of Physics. A conducting non-magnetic ring is
placed over the vertical core of a solenoid. When current is passed through the solenoid, the

ring is thrown off.

Answer the following questions: (i) Explain the reason of jumping of the ring when the switch is
closed in the circuit(ii) What will happen if the terminals of the battery are reversed and the
switch is closed? Explain. (iii) (a) Explain the two laws that help us understand this
phenomenon. OR (b) Briefly explain various ways to increase the strength of magnetic field
produced by a given solenoid. Ans: (i) When the switch is closed, a current flows through the
solenoid and an emf is induced in the ring. An induced current flows in the ring. Lenz’s Law
states that an induced current always flows in the opposite direction of that which produced it.
In other words, the emf induced by the solenoid creates a current in the ring that flows in the
opposite direction of the solenoid’s current. These opposite currents repel one another, so the
ring jumps up being repelled by the solenoid. (ii) When the battery is reversed, the directions of
currents in both solenoid and ring change and the ultimately same phenomenon is observed.
(iii) (a) The laws which explain the phenomenon: • Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction:
An emf is induced in a conductor when it is placed in a varying magnetic field. • Lenz’s law:
Induced current flows in a direction such that the current opposes the change that induced it.
OR (b) Various ways to increase the magnetic field produced by a solenoid: • By placing a soft
iron core. • By increasing the number of turns per unit length. • By increasing the strength of
current.
(a) (i) Define coefficient of self-induction. Obtain an expression for self-inductance of a long
solenoid of length l, area of cross- section A having N turns. (ii) Calculate the self-
inductance of a coil using the following data of obtained when an AC source of frequency
(200/π) Hz and a DC source is applied across the coil.
The coil of an ac generator consists of 100 turns of wire, each of area 0.5 m2 . The
resistance of the wire is 100 Ω. The coil is rotating in a magnetic field of 0.8 T perpendicular
to its axis of rotation, at a constant angular speed of 60 radian per second. Calculate the
maximum emf generated and power dissipated in the coil.
 Three loops as shown below move into the magnetic field with a velocity v

In which loop(s) will the induced emf be the largest at

the instant when the loops enter the magnetic field? A. only P B. only Q C. only P and Q D. only
Q and R

A circular ring of diameter 0.2 m is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.4 T. The ring is
rotated about its diameter at a frequency of 60 Hz. (a) If the ring has 50 turns, then what is the
maximum induced emf in the ring? (b) State one condition under which the induced emf in the
circular ring will be zero?

the ring is translated in the magnetic field