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End_sem_MS

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Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad

End Sem Question Paper

Course Name: Linear Algebra Course Instructor: Dr. Sumit Kumar Upadhyay
Course Code: BS-AS-LAL101 Program Name: B.Tech.
Exam Date: May 14, 2024 MM: 40

Important Instructions: Attempt all the questions. There is no credit for a solution
if the appropriate work is not shown, even if the answer is correct. All the notations
are standard and same as used in the lecture notes. Use of electronics gadgets are not
allowed.

1. Consider the vector space V = M3 (R) with the inner product hA, Bi =
trace(AB t ). Find a basis of the orthogonal complement of the subspace of
diagonal matrices. [4]

Solution: Let W be the subspace of diagonal matrices. Then D1 =
     
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 , D2 = 0 1 0 , D3 = 0 0 0 is a basis of W . [1]
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
The orthogonal complement of W is
 
 a11 a12 a13 
t
W =  a21 a22 a23 ∈ V | hA, Bi = 0, ∀B ∈ W

a31 a32 a33
 
 a11 a12 a13 
= a21 a22 a23  ∈ V | hA, D1 i = 0, hA, D2 i = 0, hA, D3 i = 0
a31 a32 a33
 
 0 a12 a13 
= a21 0 a23  ∈ V | a12 , a13 , a21 , a23 , a31 , a32 ∈ R [1+1]
a31 a32 0
         
 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hence, 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 1 0 0  , 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ‘0 0 0 0 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 
0 0 0 is a basis of W t . [1]
0 1 0
2. Let A be an n × n real symmetric matrix and h , i be the usual inner product
on Rn . Suppose hx, Axi = hx, xi for all x ∈ Rn . Find the matrix A. [5]
Solution: Let A = (aij ), where aij = aji for every 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n. Take x = e1 .
Then hx, Axi = hx, xi implies that a11 = 1. [1]
Similarly, take x = ei , then aii = 1, for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n. [1]
Now take x = ei − ej , where i < j. Then hx, xi = 2 and hx, Axi = 2 − 2aij
(since aij = aji ). [1]
Thus aij = aji = 0. [1]
Therefore A = In . [1]
3. Which of the following matrices are positive definite?
 
    1 −1 1
2 −1 1 1 
, , −1 1 1
−1 1 3 4
1 1 1

Give proper justification for your answer. [4]


 
2 −1
Solution: is positive definite because all leading principal minors
−1 1
(all eigen values) are positive. [1]
 
1 1
is not positive definite because it is not symmetric. [1]
3 4
 
1 −1 1
−1 1 1 is not positive definite because determinant of the matrix is
1 1 1
negative. [2]
0 −1
3 
2 2
4. Consider the matrix A =  0 1 0 . Find an orthogonal matrix P and
−1
2
0 32
a diagonal matrix D such that P t AP = D. Also find a matrix B (if possible)
such that B 2 = A. [14]
Solution: The characteristic polynomial of A is (x − 1)2 (x − 2). Hence, eigen
values of A are 1, 1, 2. [2]
Eigen vectors corresponding to eigen value 1 is given by the system of linear
 
1
equations (A − I3 )X = 0. Hence, we have x1 = x3 . Therefore, X1 = 0
1
 
0
and X2 = 1 are eigen vectors. [1+1+1]
0
1  
√ 0
2
Using Gram-Schmidt process,  0  and 1 are orthonormal eigen vec-

1
√
2
0
tors. [2]
Eigen vectors corresponding to eigen value 2 is given by the system of linear
equations
 (A  − 2I3 )X = 0. Hence, we have x1 = −x3 and x2 = 0. Therefore,
1
X3 =  0  is an eigen vector. [1+1]
−1

2
− √12
 

Hence,  0  is an orthonormal eigen vector. [1]


√1
2
√1 0 − √12
   
2 1 0 0
Consider P =  0 1 0  and D = 0 1 0. Then P t AP = D [1+1]
√1 0 √12 0 0 2
2
√
Take B = P DP t . Then B 2 = A. [2]
5. Find all possible Jordan canonical forms for: [5]
(a) 5 × 5 matrices with characteristic polynomial (x − 2)3 (x − 5)2
(b) 7 × 7 matrices with characteristic polynomial (x − 2)7 and minimal poly-
nomial (x − 2)3
Solution:
     
2 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0  0 2 0 0 0  0 2 0 0 0
     
(a) (i) 
 0 0 2 0 0  (ii) 0 0 2 0 0 (iii) 0 0 2 0
    0 (iv)
0 0 0 5 1  0 0 0 5 1  0 0 0 5 1
0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5
     
2 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0  0 2 0 0 0  0 2 0 0 0 
     
0 0 2 0 0 (v) 0 0 2 0 0 (vi) 0 0 2 0 0 [3]
     
0 0 0 5 0  0 0 0 5 0  0 0 0 5 0 
0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
     
0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
     
(b) (i) 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 (ii) 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 (iii) 0 0 0 2 1 0 0
     
0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
     
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
2 1 0 0 0 0 0
 
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 0 0
 
(iv) 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 [2]
 
0 0 0 0 2 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2
6. Find the singular value decomposition of the matrix [8]
 
2 2
A= .
−1 1
 
8 0 T
Solution: We have AA = .
0 2

3
The characteristic
√ √ polynomial √of AAT is (λ − 8)(λ − 2), so the singular values
are σ1 = 8 = 2 2 and σ2 = 2. [1+1]
 
1
For λ = 8, the unit eigen vector of AAT is u1 = [1]
0
 
T 0
For λ = 2, the unit eigen vector of AA is u2 = [1]
1
Since the non-zero eigen values of AAT and AT A are same, the eigen
 values

T T 5 3
of A A are 8, 2. For λ = 8, the unit eigen vector of A A = is
3 5
 √ 
1/√2
v1 = [1]
1/ 2
   √ 
T 5 3 −1/√ 2
For λ = 2, the unit eigen vector of A A = is v2 = [1]
3 5 1/ 2
Also we have Av1 = σ1 u1 and Av2 = σ2 u2 .
T
Thusthe singular
 value
 √ decomposition
 ofthe√matrix is
√ A = U ΣV , where
1 0 2 2 √0 1/√2 −1/√ 2
U= ,Σ= and V = [1+1]
0 1 0 2 1/ 2 1/ 2

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