Storage Basics and Application

Environments
Contents
1. What Is Storage? 4. What Are the Other Basic Storage Concepts?
• Storage Concepts • RAID
• Storage in Data Centers • LUN
• Storage Evolution • Multipathing
• Block Storage • File System
• File Storage • Local File System
• Object Storage • Network File System
2. What Are the Basic Concepts of Storage Hardware (L2)? • CIFS
• Disks (NVMe SCM) • NFS
• Disk Arrays • Storage Performance Indicators
• Controllers 5. What Are the Basic Concepts of Data Protection?
• Controller Enclosures • RPO and RTO
• Disk Enclosures • Backup
• High-Density Enclosures • Disaster Recovery
• I/O Modules and HBAs • Snapshot
3. What Are the Basic Concepts of Storage Protocols? • Remote Replication
• SCSI • Mirroring
• NVMe • Clone
• iSCSI
• Fibre Channel
• SAS

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What Is Storage?
— Storage Is the Media for Storing and Protecting Data
 Storage in a narrow sense  Storage in a broad sense

Server
Multipathin
g software

Fibre
Channel
switch Fibre
Channel
link
Controller

CDs, DVDs, Zip drives, tapes, disks ...

1. Storage hardware (disk arrays, controllers, disk enclosures, and tape libraries)
Disk array
2. Storage software (management software, snapshot, replication, and multipathing software)
3. Storage networks (HBAs, Fibre Channel switches, as well as Fibre Channel and SAS cables)
4. Storage solutions (centralized storage, archiving, backup, and disaster recovery)

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Storage Concepts

Storage is to save data to certain storage media in a reasonable, secure, and effective manner to meet requirements
of different application environments and ensure effective accesses to the data. Specifically:
1. Storage is physical media for temporary or long-term data storage.
2. Storage is a method or behavior for ensuring data integrity and security. Storage combines the two aspects to
provide customers with a data storage solution.

Core of storage — data

 Structured data: Refers to data stored in databases and logically represented by bidimensional table structures.
Structured data includes data in databases such as SQL, Oracle, and DB2.
 Unstructured data: Refers to data that cannot be logically represented by bidimensional table structures.
Unstructured data includes documents, texts, pictures, XML, HTML, images, as well as audio and video information
in all formats. Storage capacity increases mainly due to the rapid growth of unstructured data.

Major storage performance indicators

 IOPS: Indicates the number of I/Os processed by a storage array per second. Generally, the performance of random
reads and writes of small files such as database files depends on the IOPS.
 Bandwidth (MB/s): Indicates the maximum output bandwidth that a storage array can provide per second. The
maximum bandwidth of a storage array generally refers to the sequential read bandwidth of the cache. The
performance of continuous reads and writes of large files such as videos depends on the bandwidth.

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Storage in Data Centers
OceanStor 18500 V5
OceanStor or 18800 V5
OceanStor 6800 V5
OceanStor
5000 series V5
Application 2200 V3 or
(mid-range)
2600 V3
Runtime library

Security and integration

Database
Dorado 8000 V6 or OceanStor FusionStorage
Server 18000 V6 9000

Virtualization Dorado 6000 V6

Server hardware Dorado 5000 V6

Storage

Network

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 Storage Evolution
External disk array (DAS) Smart disk array (DAS)
SAN NAS
Disks in a server Server
CPU Server CPU Application Application
Multiple
server server
application
Server Arm Arm
File system File system servers
CPU

Arm Disk Disk SAN LAN

RAID SCSI card SCSI card File system

RAID
RAID
Disk
Controller

Just a Bunch of Disk (JBOD)

Limitations JBOD logically connects several A controller provides RAID and large-capacity cache, Resolved issues
• Disks become the system performance physical disks to increase capacity. It enables the disk array to have multiple functions, • Disks become the system performance
bottleneck. does not provide data protection. and is equipped with dedicated management bottleneck.
• The number of disk slots is limited, software. • The number of disk slots is limited,
thereby providing limited capacity. Resolved issues Resolved issues thereby providing limited capacity.
• Data is stored on single disks, and • The number of disk slots is limited, • Disks become the system performance • Data is stored on single disks, and data
data storage is less reliable than thereby providing limited capacity. bottleneck. storage is less reliable than expected.
expected. • Data is stored on single disks, and • The number of disk slots is limited, providing a • Storage space utilization is low.
• Storage space utilization is low. data storage is less reliable than small capacity. • Data is scattered in local storage
• Data is scattered in local storage expected. • Data is stored on single disks, and data storage is systems.
systems. less reliable than expected.

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File Storage
NFS or CIFS

File system  File storage is used to store unstructured data.

Professional file systems are added to block
storage devices to implement file sharing.
 More generally, file storage is used to store data,
such as data in the TV station industry, including
... videos, audio data, images, films (finance), oil
exploration data, biomedicine data, and HPC
File storage computing data (big data).
• Advantages: easy management and
interconnection with applications
• Disadvantages: support for expansion but
with many restrictions
• Application scenarios: enterprises' internal
application integration and file sharing

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Block Storage

iSCSI or Fibre Channel

Protocol  Block storage is used to store structured data,

layer
that is, data is directly read and written by
reading or writing one or more addresses from
Storage or into storage space.
layer ...  More generally, block storage stores data of
databases such as SAP and Oracle, common
office mails (Exchange), tables, and financial
Block storage
data.
• Advantages: direct access, minimized overhead, and
highest efficiency
• Disadvantages: highest cost and poor scalability
• Application scenarios: enterprise databases, such as
Oracle

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Object Storage
HTTP, REST, SOAP, or S3

 Object storage, also known as object-based

storage (OBS), is a network storage
Object architecture. The differences between OBS
Object Object
storage Object
Object and block storage or file storage lie in the
Object
Key Data
interfaces (S3 interfaces) provided by OBS.
Object
Metadata OBS only generates an ID for the metadata
Customized
metadata
of stored data and stores the ID, regardless
of the data type.
...  This storage architecture is mainly used in
the application scenarios that have low
requirements on performance but high
Object storage
• Flat structure and nearly unlimited capacity expansion requirements on capacity. It is mainly used
• More intelligent self-management to meet customers' requirements on large
• Standard Internet protocols and cross-region capacity and low price. The application
transmission capabilities scenarios include public cloud, Internet, and
• Application scenarios: Internet-oriented storage,
space leasing.
archiving, and backup

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 What Are the Basic Concepts of
Storage Hardware (L2)?

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Disks

 A hard disk drive (HDD) is a traditional hard disk. It

consists of a platter, a head, a platter rotating shaft, a
control motor, a head controller, a data converter,
interfaces, and cache.

 A solid-state disk or solid-state drive (SSD) is also called

an electronic disk or a solid-state electronic disk. Different
from HDDs that use mechanical parts such as disk bodies,
heads, and motors, SSDs are composed of control chips
and storage chips (flash or DRAM chips). In other words,
SSDs are made of solid-state electronic storage chip arrays.

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SSDs VS. HDDs
SSD HDD

Storage media Flash chip Magnetic disk

Shockproof and drop resistance High Low

Data storage speed High: hundreds of MB/s Low: dozens of MB/s

Power consumption Low High

Weight Light Heavy

Noise None Yes

Price High: several yuan (RMB) per GB Low: several jiao (RMB) per GB

Capacity Hundreds of GB to several TB Several TB

Service life Short (about several years) Relatively long

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Disk Types

Disk diameters Interface

5.25-inch protocols
ATA, IDE
3.5-inch SATA, NL-SAS
2.5-inch SCSI
1.8-inch SAS
Fibre Channel

Medi Functions
aHDD Disk types Desktop level
Monitoring level
SSD Enterprise level

Desktop-level disks are mainly used for home applications, such as

desktop PCs and laptops. Enterprise-level disks are designed for enterprise
applications, such as servers, disk arrays, and graphics workstations.
Mainstream disk types
HDDs: SATA, NL-SAS, and SAS
SSDs: SATA, SAS, and NVMe

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Disk Types — Serial ATA (SATA)

Advantages
1. SATA is a serial bus interface protocol. During data transmission, the data and signal
cables are used independently, and the embedded clock frequency signal is used. Its rate
can reach 30 times of the Parallel ATA (PATA).
2. Instead of simple PATA improvement, the bus structure is brand new.
3. Control information is scattered in data and transmitted by using a predefined bit.
4. One path is used to transmit data, and the other is used to return a response.
5. SARA has higher anti-interference capabilities and faster speed than PATA. The
installation is easier and the number of cables used in the chassis is reduced.
6. The performance of single-thread tasks is good.

Disadvantages
1. SATA, designed for entry-level applications, is not as powerful as SCSI in terms of big
data throughput or multi-thread transmission.
2. When multiple threads are reading data, the head of a disk swings back and forth,
causing the disk to be overheated.

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Disk Types — Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)

1. SCSI is a storage interface protocol specially designed for small computer systems. 50-
pin ports are used. The appearance of a 50-pin port is similar to that of a common disk
port. The SCSI disks support connections to various devices. In addition, each SCSI disk
has an independent chip for data processing. The CPU usage is low, the bandwidth can
reach 320 MB/s, and the stability is good.
2. SAS is a disk connection technology that integrates the advantages of the parallel SCSI
and serial connection technologies.
3. SAS is a point-to-point, full-duplex, and dual-port interface.
4. SAS is compatible with SATA, meeting high-performance requirements of enterprises,
achieving interoperability with SATA, and bringing unprecedented flexibility and
benefits to enterprises.
5. SAS features high performance, high reliability, and powerful scalability.

The serial technology is also used, which is better than SCSI in transmission rate and anti-
interference. However, the price is higher.

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Disk Types — Near-Line SAS (NL-SAS)

1. NL-SAS disks integrate SAS interfaces and SATA disks. In other words, NL-SAS disks
refer to SATA disks with SAS interfaces and near-SAS performance.
2. Near-line storage is oriented to applications between online storage and offline
storage. Data that is not frequently used or seldom accessed is stored on the storage
devices of which performance is relatively low. However, these devices must provide
fast addressing capabilities and a high transmission rate.

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Disk Types — SSDs
SSD hardware structure

Backup SSD architecture

power
supply

6 Gbit/s Multi-channel
SAS port concurrence

SSD Flash
controller

DDR

• No high-speed rotational components, high

performance, and low power consumption
• Concurrent multiple channels, allowing time-
division multiplexing for flash granules in a
channel
• TCQ and NCQ, responding to multiple I/O
requests in one response
• Typical response time of less than 0.1 ms
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Comparison of Mainstream Disk Types
• A disk interface is a component connecting a disk and a host, and is used to transmit data between the disk
cache and host memory.
• Different disk interfaces determine the connection speed between disks and computers, which affects the
program running speed and system performance.

Indicator SATA HDD SAS HDD NL-SAS HDD SSD

Rotational speed
7200 15,000 or 10,000 7200 N/A
(rpm)
Capacity (TB) 4, 6, 8, 10, or 14 1.2, 1.8, or 2.4 4, 6, 8, 10, or 14 1.92, 3.84, or 7.68
MTBF (h) 1,200,000 1,600,000 1,200,000 2,000,000
SAS disks are designed to
meet enterprises' high
NL-SAS disks are enterprise- An SSD is made up of a solid-state
Being developed from performance
class SATA drives with SAS electronic storage chip array. An SSD
ATA disks, SATA 2.0 requirements and are
interfaces. They are applicable consists of a control unit and a
supports 300 MB/s data compatible with SATA
to tiered storage in a disk array, storage unit (flash and DRAM
transfer, and SATA 3.0 disks. The transmission
Remarks which simplifies the design of chips). SSD is the same as the
supports up to 600 MB/s rate ranges from 3.0
the disk array. common disks in the regulations
data transfer. Gbit/s to 6.0 Gbit/s, and
The annual failure rate of NL- and definition of interfaces,
The annual failure rate of will be increased to 12.0
SAS disks is about 2%. functions, usage, as well as the
SATA disks is about 2%. Gbit/s in the future.
exterior and size.
The annual failure rate of
SAS disks is less than 2%.

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Basic Concepts Related to RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks or Drives, or Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) is a data storage
virtualization technology that combines multiple physical disk drive components into one or more logical units for the
purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement, or both.

RAID is classified into different RAID levels based on Two different RAID levels can be combined to form a
the combination methods. new RAID level.
RAID 0 Known as a stripe set or striped volume, it splits data evenly RAID 0+1 RAID 01, also called RAID 0+1, is a RAID level using a
across two or more disks, without parity information, mirror of stripes, achieving both replication and
redundancy, or fault tolerance. sharing of data between disks.
RAID 1 It consists of an exact copy (or mirror) of a set of data on
two or more disks; a classic RAID 1 mirrored pair contains
RAID 10 RAID 10, also called RAID 1+0 and sometimes RAID
two disks. This configuration offers no parity, striping, or
1&0, is similar to RAID 01 with an exception that two
spanning of disk space across multiple disks, since the data
used standard RAID levels are layered in the opposite
is mirrored on all disks belonging to the array, and the array
order; thus, RAID 10 is a stripe of mirrors.
can only be as big as the smallest member disk.
RAID 3 It is rarely used in practice. It consists of byte-level striping
with a dedicated parity disk.
RAID 5 It consists of block-level striping with distributed parity. RAID 50 RAID 50, also called RAID 5+0, combines the straight
block-level striping of RAID 0 with the distributed
RAID 6 RAID 6 extends RAID 5 by adding another parity block; thus,
parity of RAID 5.
it uses block-level striping with two parity blocks distributed
across all member disks.

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SCM — Next-Generation Storage Media
Storage Class Memory (SCM) is a new storage High-performance SSDs provide the following
medium popular in the industry. SCM is similar to application forms in a storage system:
storage in its persistence and to memory in its  Metadata cache: As metadata cache of AFA,
byte-level access. SCM SSDs work with the DRAM to build a
memory + SCM SSD two-tier cache, which
The SCM SSD, which uses NVMe block interface avoids bottlenecks in memory capacity and
and is compatible with the native architecture, is supports larger user capacity with stable
the primary application form of SCM. Optane performance.
P4800X series launched by Intel is an example.
This product has little impact on the system  Data cache: SCM SSDs serve as the acceleration
architecture but provides better performance layer of user data and improves performance in
than that of flash SSDs. In addition, SCM SSDs do typical application scenarios.
not require garbage collection, which prevents
performance deterioration similar to that of  Main storage: SCM SSDs serve as the storage
NAND SSD after long-time running, and curbs layer of user data and provides a high-
latency at an appropriate level. This type of performance storage system to meet the
storage products is springing up in the industry, performance requirements of some scenarios.
and Huawei is also working on the R&D of
relevant products.

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Disk Arrays

A disk array consists of multiple disks

and is used as a single disk. Data is
stored in different disks in striping
mode. When data is accessed, the
related disks in the disk array work
together, which greatly reduces the
data access time and improves the
space utilization.

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Disk Array Composition
Separation of the controller
enclosure and disk enclosure

+ =

Controller enclosure Disk enclosure Disk array

Integration of controllers
and disk enclosure
+ =

Disk enclosure Disk array

Controller module

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Controllers

The controllers are the brain of a storage array.

The main components of a controller are the
processor and cache. A controller implements
simple I/O operations and RAID management.
With the development of technologies,
controllers can provide various data
management functions, such as snapshot,
mirroring, and replication.

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Controller Enclosures

I/O Fan module

module
Chassis

Power module

Control
BBU module

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Disk Enclosures
3.5-inch disk enclosure
 24 x 3.5-inch disks
 Support for mainstream SAS

disks, SATA disks, and SSDs

 Independent power-on and

power-off for each disk

Power modules
 2 + 2 redundancy
 90% power conversion

efficiency

Fan modules Expansion modules

 2 x (3 + 1) redundancy  1 + 1 redundancy

 Energy-efficient heat  System power-on and

dissipation power-off through in-band

 Granular fan speed control commands

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High-Density Enclosures

 Huawei uses 4 U 75-slot disk enclosures as

high-density enclosures.
 A high-density enclosure features large
capacity, high bandwidth, low power
consumption, and low TCO.
 It applies to scenarios, such as media assets,
archiving, and backup, where customers
require large capacity.

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I/O Modules and HBAs
 An I/O module connects a storage system to a server or switch for data transmission. The I/O
module includes field pluggable units with several interfaces.
 HBA is short for Host Bus Adapter. An HBA is a circuit board that enables a computer to provide
I/O processing and physical connections between a server and a storage device.

Common I/O Module Types Common HBAs

 8 Gbit/s Fibre Channel I/O module: 4 ports  Fibre Channel card
per I/O module  FCoE card
 GE I/O module: 4 ports per I/O module  10GE card
 10GE I/O module: 2 ports per I/O module  GE card
 4 x 6 Gbit/s SAS I/O module: 2 ports per I/O  InfiniBand (IB) card
module
 4 Gbit/s Fibre Channel I/O module: 4 ports
per I/O module
 FCoE I/O module; TOE I/O module

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 What Are the Basic Concepts of
Storage Protocols?

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SCSI

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is

the most common method for connecting
storage devices to servers.
SCSI was first developed in 1979 and is an
interface technology for mid-range
computers. With the development of
computer technologies, SCSI is now
completely transplanted to ordinary PCs.
SCSI-3 is the basis of all storage protocols,
because all storage protocols use the SCSI
instruction set.

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iSCSI

Internet Small Computer System Interface

(iSCSI) is an Internet Protocol (IP)-based
storage networking standard for linking data
storage facilities. It provides block-level
access to storage devices by carrying SCSI
commands over a TCP/IP network.
Used over the IP-based SAN, the iSCSI
protocol provides quick, cost-effective, and
long-distance storage solutions.
iSCSI encapsulates SCSI commands into a TCP
or IP packet, enabling I/O data blocks to be
transferred over the IP network.

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Fibre Channel

Fibre Channel is a high-speed data transfer protocol

providing in-order, lossless delivery of raw block data.
Fibre Channel is primarily used to connect computer
data storage to servers in storage area networks (SAN)
in commercial data centers. Fibre Channel networks
form a switched fabric because the switches in a
network operate in unison as one big switch. Fibre
Channel typically runs on optical fiber cables within and
between data centers, but can also run on copper
cabling.
Fibre Channel is a high-performance serial connection
standard. The interface transmission rate can be 16
Gbit/s or 32 Gbit/s. The transmission media can be
copper cables or optical fibers. The transmission distance
is long and multiple interconnection topologies are
supported.

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SAS

Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is the serial

standard of the SCSI bus protocol.
SAS uses the serial technology to
achieve higher transmission rate and
better scalability, and is compatible
with SATA disks.
The transmission rate of the SAS
reaches 6 Gbit/s and 12 Gbit/s, and the
SAS supports the full-duplex mode.

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NVMe

1. NVMe is a controller interface standard developed for

enterprises and client systems that use PCIe SSDs.
2. It is not only a logical protocol interface, but also an instruction
standard and a specified protocol.
3. NVMe covers optimized controller register interfaces,
command sets, and I/O queue management.
4. NVMe features low latency, high IOPS, and low power
consumption.

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 What Are the Other Basic Storage
Concepts?

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RAID
The term RAID was invented by David Patterson, Garth A. Gibson, and Randy Katz at
the University of California, Berkeley in 1987. It combines multiple independent
physical disks into a virtual logical disk using related algorithms to provide larger
capacity, higher performance, and better error tolerance capabilities.

RAID 0 RAID 5
RAID 1 RAID 6

RAID 10
RAID 50

RAID DP RAID MP
RAID 1E RAID 5EE
RAID 5E RAID ADG

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LUN
One or multiple logical volumes can be created for RAID based on the specified
capacity. A logical volume is identified by logical unit number (LUN).

LUN 1 Logical volume LUN 2 LUN 3

Logical volume

RAID 10 RAID 5

One logical volume is created Two logical volumes are created on

on a physical volume. a physical volume.

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Multipathing

 To prevent single points of

failure, the high-reliability
system provides redundancy
backup for devices that may
encounter single points of
failure. Path redundancy is also
included.
 The multipathing technology
can be used to ensure reliable
use of redundant paths. This
technology automatically and
transparently transfers I/O
flows to other available paths,
ensuring effective and reliable
transmission of I/O flows.
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File System

File system: refers to a data structure and

a data management mode when files are
stored on disks.
Therefore, it is necessary to correlate
sectors so that data on disks can be
accessed. In other words, a logical data
storage structure must be established. A
file system is used to establish such data
storage structure. Generally, the process of
creating file systems on disks is called
formatting.

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Local File System
File systems and application programs are on a same server.

Local file system Local file system Local file system

Application system Application system Application system

File system File system File system

Storage Storage Storage

Storage silos

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Network File System

Application system Application system Application system Application system

File system client File system client File system client File system client

Network protocol

NFS and CIFS are universal

File system network file systems. These
server systems can be used to
implement file sharing
Storage between heterogeneous
platforms.

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CIFS
The Common Internet File System (CIFS) is a mainstream
share file system developed by Microsoft for serving
heterogeneous platforms and is mainly applied in
Windows. Client systems use the TCP or IP protocol to
request file access services from server systems over a
network.
CIFS share authentication provides two types of shared
file access permissions: user and Active Directory Server
(ADS).
The CIFS normal share means that the file system is
shared as a directory and all users can access the
directory.
The CIFS homedir share is a file sharing mode provided by
file engines. The CIFS homedir share only allows a user to
access the directory named with the user name and each
user can only access a directory that belongs to the user's
40directory.
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NFS

Network File System (NFS) is a distributed

file system protocol.
It allows a user on a client computer to
access files over a computer network much
like local storage is accessed. NFS, like many
other protocols, builds on the Open
Network Computing Remote Procedure Call
(ONC RPC) system. The NFS is an open
standard defined in a Request for
Comments (RFC), allowing anyone to
implement the protocol.

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IOPS

SPC is an internationally recognized

Input/output operations per second authoritative, third-party, and non-
(IOPS), that is, read and write profit storage performance test
operations (I/Os) per second, is a organization. Currently, vendors in
performance index in evaluating the the storage industry, such as
Huawei, IBM, HP, Sun, HDS, and
random access performance of Dell, are important members of SPC.
databases. SPC-1 is an industry-recognized
The IOPS is a standard for storage performance benchmark
measuring the performance of a test standard launched by SPC. SPC-
SAN storage system. A larger IOPS 1 simulates database OLTP
indicates better performance. applications and email system
applications to measure the IOPS of
SAN storage systems.

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OPS

SPEC is an international authoritative

Operations Per Second (OPS) is the organization for evaluating system
number of times that NFS and CIFS application performance. SPECsfs2008 is
are responded to per second. It is a core benchmark released by SPEC for
file service applications. It measures the
mainly used in file system scenarios
file access throughput and response
to measure file access performance. time and provides a standard evaluation
The OPS is a standard for method for comparing the performance
measuring the performance of a of file servers from different vendors.
NAS storage system. A larger OPS Nearly 20 mainstream NAS
indicates better performance. manufacturers have verified the
performance of core products based on
this benchmark.

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Performance Indicators and Evaluation Methods of Storage Devices
Performance indicators
IOPS is the number of I/Os that can be processed by a storage device per second. It is used to measure the response
capability of a storage device. IOPS is the most important measurement indicator for a large number of small I/Os.
Bandwidth is also called throughput that indicates the total amount of data that can be processed per second. It is
used to measure the storage throughput. Bandwidth is useful for measuring large I/Os, especially for measuring the
time required for processing a large amount of data.
Bandwidth = IOPS x Average I/O size
Latency refers to the time consumed for processing I/Os. It is used to measure the processing speed of storage
devices. Latency is classified into host latency and storage latency. Storage latency refers to the period from the time
when I/Os arrive at the storage device to the time when the storage device returns a processing completion message
to the host. Host latency is the sum of the storage latency, link transmission time, and host queuing time. Users focus
on the host latency.
IOPS = Number of concurrent requests/Average latency

Performance evaluation
IOPS and bandwidth are the two most important indicators for performance evaluation.
The IOPS assessment focuses on the I/O sequence, cache hit ratio, and IOPS of a single disk. The major bottleneck of
the maximum IOPS of a storage system is the CPU processing capability.
The bandwidth assessment focuses on the I/O size, bandwidth of a single disk, and storage hardware bandwidth. For
the maximum bandwidth of a storage system, the major bottleneck is the front-end and back-end channel bandwidth
and mirroring bandwidth.
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 What Are the Basic Concepts of Data
Protection?

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Backup
Online application information is extracted to create one or more copies based on
certain policies, and the copies are stored on preset storage media for recovery in case
of an online system fault.

Protectable faults Protection data types Types of backup

media

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Three Elements of a Backup System

RPO
Backup Backup Point in time to An error or Recovery Recovery Application
started completed which data is disaster startup completed recovery
recovered occurs.
12:00
BW + RTO
00:00 = Economic loss
06:00

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Disaster Recovery
Disaster recovery is a higher-level data protection.

 Differences from backup

 Backup focuses on data availability.
 Disaster recovery focuses on data security.
 Backup is used to prevent logical faults from damaging the production system.
 Disaster recovery is used to prevent physical faults from damaging the
production system.
 Generally, the RPO and RTO values of a disaster recovery system are smaller
than those of a backup system.

 Relations with backup

 Both disaster recovery and backup belong to data protection.
 A backup system can also be used to construct some cost-effective disaster
recovery solutions.
 They complement each other.

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Disaster Recovery and Its Tiers
Disaster recovery refers to establishing a systematic data emergency response mode in advance by using scientific
technical means and methods to cope with disasters. The content includes data backup and system backup, business
continuity planning, personnel architecture, communication assurance, crisis management, disaster recovery planning,
disaster recovery schemes, business recovery schemes, emergency response, third-party cooperation organizations, and
supply chain crisis management. The disaster recovery levels range from the module level to system-level and solution-
level.
SHARE's seven tiers of disaster recovery released in 1992, were updated in 2012 by IBM as an eight tier model.
(Generally, data backup is usually applied to tier 1 to tier 4, and data disaster recovery is usually applied to tier 4 to tier 7.)

TCO
Tier 7: highly automated, business-integrated solution

Tier 6: zero or little data loss

Tier 5: transaction integrity

Tier 4: point-in-time copies

Tier 3: electronic vaulting

Tier 2: data backup with hot site
Tier 1: data backup with no hot
site
15 1 to 4 4 to 8 8 to 12 12 to 16 24 hours Days Weeks RTO
minutes hours hours hours hours
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
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Remote Replication (HyperReplication)
Remote replication enables data copies to be maintained at two or
more sites in a distance from the source data site to prevent data
loss upon a disaster.

There are various remote replication technologies, among which

synchronous remote replication and asynchronous remote
replication are most widely used in the storage industry.

Synchronous remote replication

Asynchronous remote replication

Production array Disaster recovery array
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Active-Active Storage (HyperMetro)
In the active-active data centers solution, both data centers are running and can carry production
services. The overall service capabilities and system resource usage of the data centers are high.

Data centers can work in either

active-passive mode or active-
active mode.

In active-passive mode, some

services run in data center A,
with data center B as the hot
backup, while other services
run in data center B, with data
center A as the hot backup.
This achieves approximate
active-active effects.

In active-active mode, all I/O

paths can access active-active
LUNs to achieve load balancing
and seamless failover.

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Snapshot (HyperSnap)

a b c a b c
08:00 am d e f Snapsh d e f
g h i ot g h i
j k l j k l

a b c a b c
d m f d e f
09:00 am
g h n g h i
j k l j k l

Source data Data snapshot

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Mirroring (HyperMirror)
1. Function: Data is stored concurrently on two independent storage areas
(commonly logical volumes) through the same I/O operations.
2. Benefit
• The two mirror volumes are identified by the host or storage controlled as
the same production volume. Services can be switched over between the
two volumes to improve system reliability.
• Concurrent operations on mirror volumes can improve system performance.

I/O
LUN 1 LUN 2

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Clone (HyperClone)
A clone is a copy or multiple copies of source data at a specific point in time.
A snapshot is similar to a stereotyped shadow at a certain point in time, while a
clone is a stereotyped entity at a certain point in time.

4
2
1 3
Implementation process
Primary LUN Secondary LUN Primary LUN Secondary LUN

11 22 33 44
Enable the clone function. After data After splitting is The secondary LUN can
Start data synchronization is completed, the primary be mapped to the host. It
synchronization. complete, data on the and secondary LUNs can be used for data
primary LUN is the same become independent analysis and query.
as that on the secondary LUNs.
LUN.
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Thank you. 把数字世界带入每个人、每个家庭、
每个组织，构建万物互联的智能世界。
Bring digital to every person, home, and
organization for a fully connected,
intelligent world.

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All Rights Reserved.

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statements including, without limitation, statements regarding
the future financial and operating results, future product
portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that
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Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose
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