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Digestive System

The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules for energy. It involves mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (enzymes breaking down food). Key organs include the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, with the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas aiding digestion. Enzymes and hormones like gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin regulate digestion. Common disorders include gastritis, ulcers, and jaundice, which affect digestion.

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9 views

Digestive System

The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules for energy. It involves mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (enzymes breaking down food). Key organs include the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, with the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas aiding digestion. Enzymes and hormones like gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin regulate digestion. Common disorders include gastritis, ulcers, and jaundice, which affect digestion.

Uploaded by

yali33950
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digestive System - Summary in English

The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules so the
body can absorb and use energy.

Types of Digestion:

1. Mechanical Digestion: Physically breaking down food, like


chewing or the action of bile. No enzymes are involved.
2. Chemical Digestion: Enzymes and water break food into its
basic components, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Organs of the Digestive System:

1. Mouth: Begins digestion with teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.


Saliva contains amylase to start carbohydrate digestion.
2. Pharynx (Throat): Connects the mouth to the esophagus and
ensures food goes down the right path.
3. Esophagus: Uses peristaltic movements to push food into the
stomach.
4. Stomach: A J-shaped organ where both mechanical and
chemical digestion occur. The stomach produces gastric juices
for protein digestion.
5. Small Intestine: Divided into the duodenum (where digestion is
most intense), jejunum, and ileum. Enzymes like amylase and
lipase digest food, and nutrients are absorbed.
6. Large Intestine: Absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals. It
contains beneficial bacteria that produce vitamins B and K.
7. Anus: The final part of the digestive system where waste is
expelled.

Accessory Organs:

1. Salivary Glands: Produce saliva containing amylase for


carbohydrate digestion.
2. Liver: Produces bile, essential for fat digestion.
3. Gallbladder: Stores bile produced by the liver.
4. Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, and
proteases to break down food in the small intestine.
Hormonal and Nerve Control:

 Vagus Nerve: Stimulates the release of gastric juices when food


is seen or chewed.
 Gastrin: A hormone that stimulates the stomach to release
gastric juice.
 Enterogastrin, Secretin, and Cholecystokinin: Hormones
released when food enters the small intestine, aiding in digestion
by stimulating the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

Digestion of Nutrients:

1. Carbohydrates: Begin digestion in the mouth and finish in the


small intestine.
2. Fats: Are digested chemically by bile and lipase in the small
intestine.
3. Proteins: Are digested first in the stomach, then in the small
intestine.
4. Nucleic Acids: Are digested in the small intestine by nucleases.

Absorption:

 Nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are absorbed after


digestion. Vitamins, minerals, and water are absorbed directly
without digestion. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine.

Disorders:

 Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining due to bacteria.


 Ulcer: A result of untreated gastritis causing sores in the
stomach or intestines.
 Reflux: When stomach acid backs up into the esophagus.
 Jaundice: A condition caused by blocked bile ducts or liver
issues leading to yellow skin.
 Cirrhosis: Liver damage due to alcohol, viruses, or other
factors, potentially leading to liver failure.

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