0

KIITPOLYTECHNIC
LECTURE NOTES

ON

STRUCTURAL DESIGN-l

Compiled by

Mrs. Nivedita Panda

(Lecturer in Department of Civil Engineering, KIIT Polytechnic BBSR
Email Id:[email protected])
 1

CONTENT

Chapter Topic Name Page No.

No.

2 Working Stress Method of Design 5 to 14

15 to 20
3 Philosophy of Limit State Method (LSM) of
Design
Analysis and design of Singly and doubly 21 to 28
4
Reinforced Members )
Shear,Bond, Development Length
5 44 to 59

Analysis and design of T- Beam in Limit State

6 60 to 76
Method
Analysis and design of Slabs and stair case
7 77 to 95
Limit State
Method
8 Design of Axially Loaded short columns 96 to 111
and footing(LSM)
 2

CHAPTER-1 WORKING STRESS METHOD OF DESIGN

2.1 General Concept

Working stress method is based on the behavior of a section under the load expected to be encountered
by it during its service period. The strength of concrete in the tension zone of the member is neglected
although the concrete does have some strength for direct tension and flexural tension (tension due to bending).
The material both concrete and steel, are assumed to behave perfectly elastically, i.e., stress is proportional to
strain.The distribution of strain across a section is assumed to be linear. The section that are plane before
bending remain plane after bending.Thus, the strain, hence stress at any point is proportional to the distance of
the point from the neutral axis. With this a triangular stress distribution in concrete is obtained, ranging from
zero at neutral axis to a maximum at the compressive face of the section. It is further assumed in this method
that there is perfect bond between the steel and the surrounding concrete, the strains in both materials at that
point are same and hence the ratio of stresses in steel and concrete will be the same as the ratio of elastic
moduli of steel and concrete. This ratio being known as ‘modular ratio’, the method is also called ‘Modular
Ratio Method’.

In this method, external forces and moments are assumed to be resisted by the internal compressive
forces developed in concrete and tensile resistive forces in steel and the internal resistive couple due to the
above two forces, in concrete acting through the centroid of triangular distribution of the compressive stresses
and in steel acting at the centroid of tensile reinforcement. The distance between the lines of action of resultant
resistive forces is known as ‘Lever arm’.

Moments and forces acting on the structure are computed from the service loads. The section of the
component member is proportioned to resist these moments and forces such that the maximum stresses
developed in materials are restricted to a fraction of their true strengths. The factors of safety used in getting
maximum permissible stresses are as follows:

Material Factor of Safety

For concrete3.0 For Steel

1.78
 3

Assumptions of WSM

The analysis and design of a RCC member are based on the following assumptions.

(i) Concrete is assumed to be homogeneous.

(ii) At any cross section, plane sections before bending remain plane after bending.
(iii) The stress-strain relationship for concrete is a straight line, under working loads.
(iv) The stress-strain relationship for steel is a straight line, under working loads.
(v) Concrete area on tension side is assumed to be ineffective.
(vi) All tensile stresses are taken up by reinforcements and none by concrete except when specially
permitted.
(vii) The steel area is assumed to be concentrated at the centroid of the steel.
(viii) The modular ratio has the value 280/3σcbc where σcbc is permissible stress in compression due to
bending in concrete in N/mm2 as specified in code(IS:456-2000)

Moment of Resistance

(a) For Balanced section: When the maximum stresses in steel and concrete simultaneously reach their
allowable values, the section is said to be a ‘Balanced Section’. The moment of resistance shall be
provided by the couple developed by compressive force acting at the centroid of stress diagram on the
area of concrete in compression and tensile forceb acting at the centroid of reinforcement multiplied by
the distance between these forces. This distance is known as ‘lever arm’.

Fig.2.1 (a-c)
 4

Let in Fig.2.1(a-c): b = width of section

D = overall depth of section

d = effective depth of section (distance from extreme compression fiber to

the centroid of steel area,

As = area of tensile steel

ϵc = Maximum strain in concrete,

ϵs = maximum strain at the centroid of the steel,

σcbc = maximum compressive stress in concrete in bending

σst = Stress in steel

Es/Ec = ratio of Yong’s modulus of elasticity of steel to concrete

= modular ratio ‘m’

Since the strains in concrete and steel are proportional to their distances from the neutral axis,
c x d− x s
= or =
s d − x x c
d  E  st 1
−1 = st c =
x E s  cbc  cbc m
d  st 1
Or = 1+ or x = .d = k.d
x m. cbc  st
1+
m. cbc

1
Where k= neutral axis constant=

1+ st
m. cbc

Total compressive force= b.s.acbc

2
Total tensile forces = act . Ac x k.d  k
Z= Lever arm= d − = d − =d 1− = j.d
 
3 3  3
Where j is called the lever arm constant.
b.x kd. j 1
Moment of resistance = MR= . . jd = . .b.d = .k. j. .b.d 2 = Q.b.d 2
cbc cbc cbc
2 2 2
1 . k. j. a
Where Q is called moment of resistance constant and is equal to
2 cbc
 5

(b) Under reinforced section

When the percentage of steel in a section is less than that required for a balanced section, the
section is called ‘Under-reinforced section.’ In this case (Fig.2.2) concrete stress does not reach its
maximum allowable value while the stress in steel reaches its maximum permissible value. The position
of the neutral axis will shift upwards, i.e., the neutral axis depth will be smaller than that in the balanced
section as shown in Figure2.2. The moment of resistance of such a section will be governed by allowable
tensile stress in steel.
 x
 '
k'
Moment of resistance = st .A s 
. d −  =  A
st s . j d where j=1− 3
'

 3
As .100
Since p =
b.d
Moment of resistance
b.d  . p. j '  . p. j '
=  st . p. .j d =
' st
.b.d = Q .Bb.d
2 ' 2
where Q ' = st
100 100 100

Fig.2.2 (a-c)

(c) Over reinforced section:

When the percentage of steel in a section is more than that required for a balanced section, the
section is called ‘Over-reinforced section’. In this case (Fig.2.3) the stress in concrete reaches its
maximum allowable value earlier than that in steel. As the percentage steel is more, the position of the
neutral axis will shift towards steel from the critical or balanced neutral axis position. Thus the neutral
axis depth will be greater than that in case of balanced section.
 6

Moment of resistance of such a section will be governed by compressive stress in concrete,

Fig.2.3 (a-c)

1 x   k '
Moment of resistance = b.x. cbc . . d −  = .b.x.d.1 − 
cbc

2 3 2  3
 cbc 1 
= .b.x.d. j ' = . .k ' . j '.b.d 2 = Q'.b.d 2 where Q ' = cbc .k ' . j ' = Constant
cbc
2 2 2

2.2 Basic concept of design of single reinforced members

The following types of problems can be encountered in the design of reinforced concrete members.

(A) Determination of Area of Tensile Reinforcement

The section, bending moment to be resisted and the maximum stresses in steel and concrete are given.

Steps to be followed:

(i) Determine k,j.Q (or Q’) for the given stress.

(ii) Find the critical moment of resistance, M=Q.b.d2 from the dimensions of the beam.
(iii) Compare the bending moment to be resisted with M, the critical moment of resistance.
(a) If B.M. is less than M, design the section as under reinforced.
M=  x
−
st .A s . d 
 3
To find As in terms of x, take moments of areas about N.A.
x
b.x. = m.A .(d − x)
s
2
b.x 2  .b.x 2  x
As =  M =   d−
st
 = B.M . to be resisted
2(m)(d − x) 2.m.(d − x ) 3
 7

Solve for ‘x’, and then As can be calculated.

(b) If B.M. is more than M, design the section as over-reinforced.

 cbc .b.x. d − x  = B.M . to be resisted. Determine ‘x’. Then A can be obtained by taking
M=   s
2  3
moments of areas (compressive and tensile) about using the following expression.
b.x2
As =
2.m.(d − x)

(B) Design of Section for a Given loading

Design the section as balanced section for the given loading.

Steps to be followed:
(i) Find the maximum bending moment (B.M.) due to given loading.
(ii) Compute the constants k,j,Q for the balanced section for known stresses.
(iii) Fix the depth to breadth ratio of the beam section as 2 to 4.
(iv) From M=Q.b.d2 , find ‘d’ and then ‘b’ from depth to breadth ratio.
(v) Obtain overall depth ‘D’ by adding concrete cover to ‘d’ the effective depth.
(vi) Calculate As from the relation
B.M .
As=
 st . j.d
(C) To Determine the Load carrying Capacity of a given Beam

The dimensions of the beam section, the material stresses and area of reinforcing steel are given.

Steps to be followed:

(i) Find the position of the neutral axis from section and reinforcement given.
(ii) Find the position of the critical N.A. from known permissible stresses of concrete and steel.
1
x= .d

1 + st
m. cbc
(iii) Check if (i) > (ii)- the section is over-reinforced

(i) <(ii)- the section is under-reinforced

(iv) Calculate M from relation

1  x
M = b.x. . . d −
  for over-reinforced section
2
cbc
 3
 8

and M =   x  for under-reinforced section.

−
st .As . d 
 3
(v) If the effective span and the support conditions of the beam are known, the load carrying
capacity can be computed.

(D) To Check The Stresses Developed In Concrete And Steel

The section, reinforcement and bending moment are given.

Steps to be followed:
(i) Find the position of N.A.using the following relation.
x2
b. = m.As .(d − x))
2
x
(ii) Determine lever arm, z = d −
3
(iii) B.M . =  st .As .z is used to find out the actual stress in steel σsa.
(iv) To compute the actual stress in concrete σcba, use the following relation.
 cba
BM = .b.x.z
2

Doubly Reinforced Beam Sections by Working Stress Method

Very frequently it becomes essential for a section to carry bending moment more than it can resist as a
balanced section. Such a situation is encountered when the dimensions of the cross section are limited because
of structural, head room or architectural reasons. Although a balanced section is the most economical section
but because of limitations of size, section has to be sometimes over-reinforced by providing extra
reinforcement on tension face than that required for a balanced section and also some reinforcement on
compression face. Such sections reinforced both in tension and compression are also known as “Doubly
Reinforced Sections”. In some loading cases reversal of stresses in the section take place (this happens when
wind blows in opposite directions at different timings), the reinforcement is required on both faces.
 9

MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS

Consider a rectangular section reinforced on tension as well as compression faces as shown in Fig.2.4 (a-c)

Let b = width of section,

d = effective depth of section,
D = overall depth of section,
d’= cover to centre of compressive steel,
M = Bending moment or total moment of resistance,
Mbal = Moment of resistance of a balanced section with tension reinforcement,
Ast = Total area of tensile steel,
Ast1 = Area of tensile steel required to develop Mbal
Ast2 = Area of tensile steel required to develop M2
Asc = Area of compression steel,
σst = Stress in steel, and
σsc = Stress in compressive steel

Fig.2.4 (a-c)

Since strains are proportional to the distance from N.A.,

Strain in top fibre of concrete x

=
Strain in Compression Steel x−d'
 cbc E C x
=
 sc Es x−d'
 cbc Es x
. =
 sc Ec x − d '
x
 = . .m
x−d
sc cbc '
 10

x−d'
Since  cbc . is the stress in concrete at the level of compression steel, it can be denoted as
x
 cbc
'

 sc = m. cbc
'

As per the provisions of IS:456-2000 Code , the permissible compressive stress in bars , in a beam or
slab when compressive resistance of the concrete is taken into account, can be taken as 1.5m times the
compressive stress in surrounding concrete (1.5m σ’cbc) or permissible stress in steel in compression (σsc)
whichever is less.

 = 1.5m  '
sc cbc

Total equivalent concrete area resisting compression

(x . b-Asc) +1.5m Asc = x .b +(1.5m-1)Asc

Taking moment about centre of tensile steel

Moment of resistance M = C1.(d-x/3)+C2(d-d’)

Where C1 = total compressive force in concrete,

C2= total compressive force in compression steel,

 cbc
x x − d' x−d'
M = b.x. .(d − ) + (1.5m −1) A . . .(d − d ') = Q.b.d 2 + (1.5m −1) A . . (d − d ')
sc cbc sc cbc
2 3 x x
= M1 + M 2
Where M1 = Moment of resis tan ce of the balanced section = Mbal
M 2 = Moment of resis tan ce of the compression steel
M1
Area of tension steel = Ast1 = .
 st . j.d
M2
Area of tension steel equivalent to compression steel = Ast 2 =
 st (d − d ')

Thus the total tensile steel Ast shall be:

 Ast = Ast1 + Ast 2

The area of compression steel can be obtained as

(1.5m − 1) Asc (x − d ') = mAst 2 .(d − x)

 11

Design Concept of T-Beam

Fig.2.5

Flanged beam sections comprise T-beams and L-beams where the slabs and beams are cast
monolithically having no distinction between beams and slabs. Consequently the beams and slabs are so
closely tied that when the beam deflects under applied loads it drags along with it a portion of the slab also as
shown in Fig.2.5 .this portion of the slab assists in resisting the effects of the loads and is called the ‘flange’ of
the T-beams. For design of such beams, the profile is similar to a T-section for intermediate beams. The
portion of the beam below the slab is called ‘web’ or ‘Rib’. A slab which is assumed to act as flange of a T-
beam shall satisfy the following conditions:

(a) The slab shall be cast integrally with the web or the the web and the slab shall be effectively bonded
together in any other manner; and
(b) If the main reinforcement of the slab is parallel to the beam, transverse reinforcement shall be provided
as shown in Fig.2.6, such reinforcement shall not be less than 60% of the main reinforcement at mid-
span of the slab.

Fig.2.6
 12

CHAPTER- 2

PHILOSOPHY OF

LIMIT STATE METHOD

SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS

In the method of design based on limit state concept, the structure shall be designed to withstand safely
all loads liable to act on it throughout its life; it shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as
limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements
before failure occurs is called a ‘limit state’. The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the
structure will not become unfit for the use for which it is intended that it will not reach a limit state.
All relevant limit states shall be considered in design to ensure an adequate degree of safety and
serviceability. In general, the structure shall be designed on the basis of the most critical limit state and shall be
checked for other limit states.
For ensuring the above objective, the design should be based on characteristic values for material
strengths and applied loads, which take into account the variations in the material strengths and in the loads to
be supported. The characteristic values should be based on statistical data if available; where such data are not
available they should be based on experience. The ‘design values’ are derived from the characteristic values
through the use of partial safety factors, one for material strengths and the other for loads. In the absence of
special considerations these factors should have the values given in 36 according to the material, the type of
loading and the limit state being considered.
Limit State of Collapse
The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of the structure could be assessed from rupture of one or
more critical sections and from buckling due to elastic or plastic instability (including the effects of sway
where appropriate) or overturning. The resistance to bending, shear, torsion and axial loads at every section
shall not be less than the appropriate value at that section produced by the probable most un favourable
combination of loads on the structure using the appropriate partial safety factors.

Limit State Design

For ensuring the design objectives, the design should be based on characteristic values for material
strengths and applied loads (actions), which take into account the probability of variations in the material
strengths and in the loads to be supported. The characteristic values should be based on statistical data, if
available. Where such data is not available, they should be based on experience. The design values are derived
from the characteristic values through the use of partial safety factors, both for material strengths and for loads.
In the absence of special considerations, these factors should have the values given in this section according to
the material, the type of load and the limit state being considered. The reliability of design is ensured by
requiring that

Design Action  Design Strength.

 13

Limit states are the states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the performance requirements
specified. The limit states are classified as

a) Limit state of strength

b) Limit state of serviceability

a) The limit state of strength are those associated with failures (or imminent failure), under the action of
probable and most unfavorable combination of loads on the structure using the appropriate partial safety
factors, which may endanger the safety of life and property. The limit state of strength includes:

a) Loss of equilibrium of the structure as a whole or any of its parts or components.

b) Loss of stability of the structure (including the effect of sway where appropriate and overturning)
or any of its parts including supports and foundations.

c) Failure by excessive deformation, rupture of the structure or any of its parts or components.

d) Fracture due to fatigue.

e) Brittle fracture.

b) The limit state of serviceability include

a) Deformation and deflections, which may adversely affect the appearance or, effective, use of the
structure or may cause improper functioning of equipment or services or may cause damages to
finishes and non-structural members.

b) Vibrations in the structure or any of its components causing discomfort to people, damages to the
structure, its contents or which may limit its functional effectiveness. Special consideration shall
be given to floor vibration systems susceptible to vibration, such as large open floor areas free of
partitions to ensure that such vibrations is acceptable for the intended use and occupancy.

c) Repairable damage due to fatigue.

d) Corrosion and durability.
Limit States of Serviceability
To satisfy the limit state of serviceability the deflection and cracking in the structure shall not be
excessive. This limit state corresponds to deflection and cracking.
Deflection
The deflection of a structure or part shall not adversely affect the appearance or efficiency of the
structure or finishes or partitions.
Cracking
Cracking of concrete should not adversely affect the appearance or durability of the structure; the
acceptable limits of cracking would vary with the type of structure and environment. The actual width of
cracks will vary between the wide limits and predictions of absolute maximum width are not possible. The
surface width of cracks should not exceed 0.3mm.
 14

In members where cracking in the tensile zone is harmful either because they are exposed to the effects of the
weather or continuously exposed to moisture or in contact soil or ground water, an upper limit of 0.2 mm is
suggested for the maximum width of cracks. For particularly aggressive environment, such as the ‘severe’
category, the assessed surface width of cracks should not in general, exceed 0.1 mm.
CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES AND PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS
1. Characteristic Strength of Materials
Characteristic strength means that value of the strength of the material below which not more than 5
percent of the test results are expected to fall and is denoted by ƒ. The characteristic strength of concrete (ƒck)
is as per the mix of concrete. The characteristic strength of steel (ƒy) is the minimum stress or 0.2 percent of
proof stress.
2. Characteristic Loads
Characteristic load means that value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not being exceeded
during the life of the structure. Since data are not available to express loads in statistical terms, for the purpose
of this standard, dead loads given in IS 875 (Part l), imposed loads given in IS 875 (Part 2), wind loads given
in IS 875 (Part 3), snow load as given in IS 875 (Part 4) and seismic forces given in IS 1893-2002(part-I) shall
be assumed as the characteristic loads.
Design Values
Materials
The design strength of the materials ƒd is given by
f
ƒd =
m
where
f = characteristic strength of the material
 m =partial safety factor appropriate to the material and the limit state being considered.
Load
The design load, F, is given by
F
ƒd=
 f

Where, F=characteristic load

and  f = partial safety factor appropriate to the nature of loading and the limit state being considered.

Consequences of Attaining Limit State

Where the consequences of a structure attaining a limit state are of a serious nature such as huge loss of life
and disruption of the economy, higher values for  f and  m than those given under 36.4.1 and 36.4.2 may be

applied.
 15

Partial Safety Factors:

1. Partial Safety Factor  f for Loads

Sr. No. Load Combination Ultimate Limit State Serviceability Limit State
1 DL + LL 1.5 (DL + LL) DL + LL
DL + WL
i) DL contribute to
stability 0.9 DL + 1.5 WL DL + WL
2
ii) DL assists 1.5 (DL + WL) DL + WL
overturning

3 DL + LL + WL 1.2 (DL + LL + WL) DL + 0.8 LL + 0.8 WL

2. Partial Safety Factor  m for Material Strength

Serviceability Limit
Sr. No. Material Ultimate Limit State
State
1 Concrete 1.50 Ec = 5000 fck MPa
2 Steel 1.15 Es = 2 x 105 MPa

When assessing the strength of a structure or structural member for the limit state of collapse, the values of
partial safety factor, should be taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: FLEXURE

Assumptions for Limit State of Collapse (Flexure):
1) Plane section normal to the axis remains plane even after bending. i.e. strain at any point on the cross
section is directly proportional to the distance from the N.A.
2) Maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending.
3) The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in concrete may
be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results in prediction of
strength in substantial agreement with the results of test. An acceptable stress strain curve is as shown
below.
 16

For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67
times the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor  m = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this.

NOTE - For the above stress-strain curve the design stress block parameters are as follows:
Area of stress block = 0.36.fck.xu
Depth of centre of compressive force = 0.42xu from the extreme fibre in compression
Where
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete, and
xu = depth of neutral axis.

4) the tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.

5) the stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress – strain curve for the type of
steel used.
 17

6) the maximum strain in tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less than
fy 0.87 f y
+ 0.002 = + 0.002
1.15Es Es
 18

CHAPTER -3
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SINGLY AND DOUBLY REINFORCED MEMBERS

Limit state method of design

• The object of the design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an acceptable probability, that a
structure will not become unsuitable in it’s lifetime for the use for which it is intended, i.e. It will not reach a
limit state

• A structure with appropriate degree of reliability should be able to withstand safely.

• All loads, that are reliable to act on it throughout it’s life and it should also satisfy the subs ability
s deflection and cracking.
requirements, such as limitation on

• It should also be able to maintain the required structural integrity, during and after accident, such as
fires, explosion & local failure.i.e. limit sate must be consider in design to ensure an adequate degree of safety
and serviceability

• The most important of these limit states, which must be examine in design are as follows Limit
state of collapse

- Flexure
- Compression
- Shear
- Torsion
This state corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity.
Types of reinforced concrete beams
a) Singly reinforced beam
b) Doubly reinforced beam
c) Singly or Doubly reinforced flanged beams
Singly reinforced beam
In singly reinforced simply supported beams or slabs reinforcing steel bars are placed near the bottom of the
beam or slabs where they are most effective in resisting the tensile stresses.
 19

TYPES OF BEAM SECTIONS

Section in which, tension steel also reaches yield strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the
failure strain in bending are called, ‘Balanced Section’.
Section in which, tension steel also reaches yield strain at loads lower than the load at which concrete
reaches the failure strain in bending are called, ‘Under Reinforced Section’.
Section in which, tension steel also reaches yield strain at loads higher than the load at which concrete
reaches the failure strain in bending are called, ‘Over Reinforced Section’.

Sr. Types of
Data Given Data Determine
No. Problems

Xu X u max
If =  Balanced
d d
Xu X u max
If ˂  Under Reinforced
d d
Xu X u max
If ˃  Over Reinforced
Identify the Grade of
d d
type of Concrete &
section, Steel, Size of Xu 0.87 f y .Ast
1. balance, under beam & =
reinforced or Reinforcement d 0.36b.dfck
over
provided
reinforced X u max
ƒy
d

250 0.53

415 0.48

500 0.46
 20

xu xu,max
= ,balanced
d d
1) If
xu,max xu ,max
M .R = M = 0.36. (1− 0.42 )b.d 2. f
u ck
d d

Grade of
Concrete & Xu X u max
Calculate 2) If ˂ Under Reinforced
Moment of Steel, Size of d d
2 Resistance beam &

Reinforcement M.R=Mu =
Ast. f y xu
Provided 0.87 f .A .d (1 − )or M .R = 0.87 f .A .d (1 − 0.42 )
y st y st
b.d. f ck d

3) If

Xu Xu max
˃  over reinforced, Revise the depth
d d

Grade of
Concrete & We have to design the beam as a ‘Balanced Design’.
Steel, width of
Design the For finding ‘d’ effective depth use the equation;
beam. Find out beam & Bending
x x
the depth of Moment or M .R = Mu = 0.36 . u,max (1 − 0.42 u,max )b.d 2 . f ck
3 loading on the d d
Beam D &
Reinforcement beam with the
For finding Ast use the equation
required Ast. span of the beam
Ast. f y xu
Reinforcement 0.87 f y .Ast.d (1− )or M .R = 0.87 f .A
y
.d
st
(1− 0.42 )
b.d. f ck d
Provided

Where
d = effective depth of beam in mm.
b = width of beam in mm
xu = depth of actual neutral axis im mm from extreme compression fibre.
xu, max = depth of critical neutral axis in mm from extreme compression fibre.
Ast = area of tensile reinforcement
ƒck = characteristic strength of concrete in MPa.
ƒy = characteristic strength of steel in MPa.
Mu, lim = Limiting Moment of Resistance of a section without compression reinforcement
 21

Doubly Reinforced Section or sections with Compression Reinforcement

Doubly Reinforced Section sections are adopted when the dimensions of the beam have been
predetermined from other considerations and the design moment exceeds the moment of resistance of a singly
reinforced section. The additional moment of resistance is carried by providing compression reinforcement and
additional reinforcement in tension zone. The moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced section is the sum
of the limiting moment of resistance Mu,lim of a single reinforced section and the additional moment of
resistance Mu2.
Mu2 = Mu – Mu,lim

The lever arm for the additional moment of resistance is equal to the distance between the centroids of tension
and compression reinforcement, (d – d’).
Mu2 = 0.87 ƒy.Ast2(d – d’) =Asc.(ƒsc – ƒcc)(d – d’)
Where : Ast2 = Area of additional tensile reinforcement
Asc = Area of compression reinforcement
ƒsc = Stress in compression reinforcement
ƒcc = Compressive stress in concrete at the level of compression reinforcement
Since the additiona reinforcement is balanced by the additional compressive force.
Asc.(ƒsc – ƒcc) =0.87 ƒy.Ast2

The strain at level of compression reinforcement is

Total area of reinforcement shall be obtained by
Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
Ast1 = Area of reinforcement for a singly reinforced section for M u,lim
Asc ( f sc − fcc )
Ast2 =
0.87 f y
 22

EXAMPLE 4.1

Calculate the area of steel of grade Fe 415 required for section of 250mm wide and overall depth 500mm with
effective cover 40mm in M20, if the limit state of moment be carried by the section is
a) 100 KN b) 146 KN c) 200KN
SOLUTION:

Xu max
For ƒy =415N/mm2, = 0.48
d
xu ,max xu ,max
M = 0.36. (1 − 0.42 )b.d 2. f
u ,lim ck
d d
= 0.36 X .48(1-0.42 X 0.48) X 250 X 4602 X 20

= 146 X 106N.mm

a) For Mu = 100 KN.m ˂ 146 KN.m

Ast. f y
Area of steel required is obtained from , Mu = 0.87 f y .Ast .d (1− b.d. f )
ck

Ast X 415
100 X 106 = 0.87 X 415 X Ast X460 (1- )
250 X 460 X 20

Ast =686 or 4850 mm2, taking minimum steel 686mm2

b) Mu = 146 KN.m =Mu,lim= 146 KN.m

xu = xu,max

Area of tension reinforcement required

X u ,max 0.87 f y .Ast

=
d 0.36b.dfck

0.48X 0.36X 20X 250X 460

Ast = = 1100mm2
0.87 X 415

c) Mu = 200 KN.m ˃Mu,lim= 146 KN.m

Reinforcement is to be provided in the compression zone also along with the reinforcement in tension zone.

Mu=Mu,lim=ƒsc.Asc(d – d’)
 23

ƒ is stress corresponding to strain of 0.0035(xu,max − d ') 0.0035(0.48X 460 − 40)

sc = = 0.002866
xu ,lim 0.48X 460

ƒsc=360.8N/mm 2

(200-146) X 106 = 360.8. Asc(460-40)

Asc= 356mm2

Ast1= Area of tension reinforcement corresponding to M u,lim

Ast X 415
146 X 106 = 0.87 X 460 X 415A st1(1 - )
250 X 460 X 20

Ast1 = 1094mm2

Ast2 = Asc. ƒsc / 0.87 X415 =356mm2

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1094 + 356 = 1450mm2

EXAMPLE: 4.2

Design a rectangular beam which carries a maximum limiting bending moment of 65 KN.m. Use M20 and Fe
415 as reinforcement.

At balanced failure condition

Mu = Mu,lim

xu ,max xu ,max
M = 0.36. (1 − 0.42 )b.d 2 . f
u ,lim ck
d d
Mu,lim = 0.36 X 0.48 X 20(1-0.42 X 0.48) bd2

= 2.759b d2

Assuming width of beam as 250 mm

65 X106
d = = 307mm
2.759 X 250

Area of reinforcement

X u ,max 0.87 f y .Ast

=
d 0.36b.dfck

0.87 X 415XAst
0.48 =
0.36X 20X 250X 307

Ast =734.66 mm2

 24

EXAMPLE: 4.3

Find out the factored moment of resistance of a beam section 300mm wide X 450mm effective depth
reinforced with 2 X 20mm diameter bars as compression reinforcement at an effective cover of 50mm and 4 X
25mm diameter bars as tension reinforcement. The materials are M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 HYSD bars.

Solution:

Given;

Width= b =300mm

Effective depth = d = 450mm

Cover to compression reinforcement = d’ = 50mm

d 50
= = 0.11, next higher value 0.15 may be adopted.
d ' 450

Asc =area compression reinforcement = 2 π 16 2 = 628mm2

Ast = area of reinforcement in tension = 4 x n252= 1964mm2

ƒsc = stress in compression steel=342 N/mm2

Equating total force

0.36ƒck.b.xu + ƒsc. Asc =0.87 ƒy.Ast

0.36 X 20 X 300 xu + 628 X 342 = 0.87 X 415 X 1964

xu = 228.85mm

But xu,max = 0.48d for Fe415

xu,max = 0.48 X 450 = 216mm

So xu ˃ xu,max,  `over reinforced

The moment of resistance can be found out by takin moments of compressive forces about centroid of
tensile reinforcement.

Mu = 2160xu(450-0.42xu) + 214776 (450-50) X 10-6

Putting xu = 216mm

Mu = 253.54 KN.m
 25

BEHAVIORS OF ‘T’ AND ‘L’ BEAMS (FLANGED BEAM)

A ‘T’ beam or ‘L’ beam can be considered as a rectangular beam with dimensions bw. D plus a flange
of size (bf - bw) X Df . It is shown in the figure beam (a) is equivalent to beam (b) + beam (c).

The flanged beam analysis and design are analogous to doubly reinforced rectangular beam. In doubly
reinforced beams additional compressive is provided by adding reinforcement in compression zone, whereas in
flanged beams, this is provided by the slab concrete, where the spanning of the slab is perpendicular to that of
beam and slab is in compression zone.

If the spanning of the slab is parallel to that of the beam, some portion of slab can be made to span in
the direction perpendicular to that of the beam by adding some reinforcement in the slab.

A flanged beam can be also doubly reinforced.

The moment of resistance of a T beam is sum of the moment of resistance of beam (a) is the sum
moment of resistance of beam (b) and moment of resistance of beam (c)
26
 27

CHAPTER-4

SHEAR,BOND, DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS

5. BOND:

One of the most important assumption in the behavior of reinforced concrete structure is that there is
proper ‘bond’ between concrete and reinforcing bars. The force which prevents the slippage between
the two constituent materials is known as bond. In fact , bond is responsible for providing ‘ strain
compatibility ’ and composite action of concrete and steel. It is through the action of bond resistance
that the axial stress ( tensile or compressive) in a reinforcing bar can undergo variation from point to
point along its length. This is required to accommodate the variation in bending moment along the
length of the flexural member.

When steel bars are embedded in concrete, the concrete, after setting, adheres to the surface of
the bar and thus resists any force that tends to pull or push this rod. The intensity of this adhesive
force bond stress. The bond stresses are the longitudinal shearing stress acting on the surface between
the steel and concrete, along its length. Hence bond stress is also known as interfacial shear. Hence
bond stress is the shear stress acting parallel to the reinforcing bar on the interface between the bar
and the concrete.

5.1 TYPES OF BOND:-

Bond stress along the length of a reinforcing bar may be induced under two loading situations, and
accordingly bond stresses are two types :

1. Flexural bond or Local bond

2. Anchorage bond or development bond

Flexural bond (τbf ) is one which arises from the change in tensile force carried by the bar, along its
length, due to change in bending moment along the length of the member. Evidently, flexural bond is
critical at points where the shear (V=dM/dx) is significant. Since this occurs at a particular section,
flexural bond stress is known as local bond stress [Fig- 5.1(b)].
 28

Anchorage bond (τbd) is that which arises over the length of anchorage provided for a bar. It also
arises near the end or cutoff point of reinforcing bar. The anchorage bond resists the ‘pulling out’ of
the bar if it is in tension or ‘pushing in’ of the bar if it is in compression. Fig.[8.1 (a)] shows the
situation of anchorage bond over a length AB(=Ld ). Since bond stresses are developed over specified
length Ld, anchorage bond stress is also known as developed over a specified length L d, anchorage
bond stress is also known as development bond stress.

Anchoring of reinforcing bars is necessary when the development length of the reinforcement is
larger than the structure. Anchorage is used so that the steel's intended tension load can be reached
and pop-outs will not occur. Anchorage shapes can take the form of 180 or 90 degree hooks.

5.2. ANCHORAGE BOND STRESS:

Fig- 5.2 shows a steel bar embedded in concrete And subjected to a tensile force T. Due to this force
There will be a tendency of bar to slip out and this tendency is resisted by the bond stress developed
over the perimeter of the bar, along its length of embedment .
 29

Let us assume that average uniform bond stress is developed along the length. The required length
necessary to develop full resisting force is called Anchorage length in case of axial tension or
compression and development length in case of flexural tension and is denoted by Ld.

5.3 DESIGN BOND STRESS:-

The design bond stress in limit state method for plain bars in tension shall be as given below
(Table 6.1)

Table- 6.1

Grade of concrete M 20 M 25 M 30 M 35 M 40 and above

Design bond stress τbd (N/mm2) 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9

Design bond stresses for deformed bars in tension : For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786.
These values shall be increased by 60%.

Design bond stress for bars in compression : For bars in compression, the values of bond stress for
in tension shall be increased by 25%.

5.4 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS (IS 456 : 2000)

The development length is defined as the length of the bar required on either side of the
section under consideration, to develop the required stress in steel at that section through bond. The
development length Ld given by

Ld=ϕϬs/4 τbd=kdϕ ............................................... 5.4.1

Where ϕ= nominal diameter of the bar

Ϭs= stress in bar at the section considered at design load

kd= development length factor = Ϭs/4 τbd

Note : The development length includes the anchorage values of hooks in tension reinforcement

Taking Ϭs= 0.87 fy at the collapse stage, kd= 0.87 fy/4 τbd ..................................................5.4.2

For bars in compression, the value of τbdgiven in table 1.1 are to be increased by 25%. Hence
developed length (Ldc) for bars in copressio is given by

Lds=ϕ Ϭsc/5 τbd........................................................................................................................... 5.4.3

 30

Hence the values of kd for bars In compression will be =0.87 fy/5 τbd

Table 6.2 gives the values of development length factor for various grades of concrete and the
various grades of steel, both in tension as well as compression. The values have been rounded-off to
the higher side.

TABLE 6.2- VALUES OF DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FACTOR

Grade of concrete M 20 M 25

Grade of steel Fe 250 Fe 415 Fe 500 Fe 250 Fe 415 Fe 500

Bars in tension 46 47 57 39 41 49

Bars in comp. 37 38 46 31 33 39

Grade of M30 M35 M40

concrete

Grade of Fe 250 Fe 415 Fe 500 Fe 250 Fe 415 Fe 500 Fe 250 Fe 415 Fe 500
steel

Bars in 37 38 46 32 34 40 29 30 36
tension

Bars in 29 31 37 26 27 32 23 24 29
comp.

Note : When the actual reinforcement provided is more than that theoretically required, so that the
actual stress (Ϭs) in steel is less than the full deign stress (0.87 f y), the development length required
may be reduced by the following relation :

Reduced development length Ldr= Ld (Ast required ÷Ast provided )

This principle is used in the design of footing and other short bending members where bond is
critical. By providing more steel, the bond requirements are satisfied.

Bars bundled in contact : The development length of each bar bundled bars shall be that for
the individual by 10% for two bars in contact,20% for three bars in contact and 33% for four bars in
contact.

5.5 STANDARD HOOKS & BENDS FOR END ANCHORAGEANCHORAGE LENGTH

 31

Fig- 5.5 shows a right angled bend, with dimensions in terms of K, the value of which may be taken
as 2 for ordinary mild steel for diameters below 25 mm and 3 for diameters above 25 mm.

In the case of deformed bars , the value of bond stress for various grades of concrete is greater by
60% than the plane bars. Hence deformed bars may be used without hooks, provided anchorage
requirements are adequately met with.

5.6 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR ANCHORING REINFORCING BARS (IS 456 : 2000)

(i) Anchoring Bars in Tension :- Deformed bars may be used without end anchorages
provided development length required is satisfied. Hooks should normally be provided for
plain bars in tension. The anchorage value of bend shall be taken as 4 times the diameter
of the bar for each 45° bend subject to a maximum of 16 times the diameter of the bar.
The anchorage value of a standard U-type hook shall be equal to 16 times the diameter of
the bar.
(ii) Anchoring Bars in Compression :- The anchorage length of straight bar in compression
shall be equal to the development length of bars in compression. The projected length of
 32

hooks, bends and straight lengths beyond bends if provided for a bar in compression, shall
be considered for development length.
(iii) Anchoring Shear Reinforcement :-
Inclined bars :- The developments length shall be as for bars in tension ; this length shall
be measured as under : (1) in tension zone from the end of the sloping or inclined portion
of the bar and (2) in the compression zone, from mid depth of the beam.
Stirrups :- Notwithstanding any of the provisions of this standard, in case of secondary
reinforcement , such as stirrups and traverse ties, complete development lengths and
anchorage shall be deemed to have been provided when the bar is bent through an angle of
atleast 90° round a bar of atleast its own diameter and is continued beyond the end of the
curve for a length of atleast eight diameters, or when the bar is bent through an angle of
135° and is continued beyond the end of curve for a length of atleast six bar diameters or
when the bar is bent through an angle of 180° and is continued beyond the end of the
curve for a length atleast four bar diameters.
5.7 CHECKING DEVELOPMENTS LENGTH OF TENSION BARS :-

As stated earlier, the computed stress (Ϭs) in a reinforcing bar, at every section must be
developments on both the sides of section. This is done by providing development length L d to both
sides of the section. Such a developments length is usually available at mid-span location where
positive (or sagging) B.M. is maximum for simply supported beams. Similarly, such a developments
length is usually available at the intermediate support of a continuous beam where negative (or
hogging) B.M. is maximum. Hence no special checking may be necessary in such locations. However
special checking for developments length is essential at the following locations :

1. At simple supports
2. At cantilever supports
3. In flexural members that have relatively short spans
4. At points of contraflexure
5. At lap splices
6. At points of bar cutoff
7. For stirrups and transverse lies.

5.8.DEVELOPMENTS LENGTH REQUIREMENTS AT SIMPLE SUPPORTS :

DIAMETER OF REINFORCING BARS :-

The code stipulates that at the simple supports (and at the point of inflection), the positive moment
tension reinforcement shall be limited to a diameter such that

Ld≤M1/V + Lo ............................................................................. 5.8.1

Where Ld = developments length computed for design stress fyd (=0.87 fy) from Eqn

M1= Moments resistance of the section assuming all reinforcement at the section to be
stressed to fyd(= 0.87 fy)
 33

V= Shear force at the section due to design loads

Lo= sum of anchorage beyond the centre of supports and the equivalent anchorage value of
any hook or mechanical anchorage at the simple support ( At the point of inflexion, L o is limited to d
or 12ϕ which ever is greater).

The code further recommends that the value of M1/V in eqn - 5.8.1 may be increased by 30%
when the ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction. This condition of
confinement of reinforcing bars may not be available at all the types of simple supports.

Four type of simple supports are shown in fig-5.8.2. In fig- 5.8.2 (a) , the beam is simply
supported on a wall which offers a compressive reaction which confines the ends of reinforcement.
Hence a factor 1.3 will be applicable. However in fig-5.8.1 (c) and (d) though a simple support is
available , the reaction does not confine the ends of the reinforcement, hence the factor 1.3 will not be
applicable with M1/V term.Simillarly for the case of a slab connected to a beam Fig- 5.8.2€ or for the
case of secondary beam connected to a main beam [Fig-5.8.2(f)]

Tensile reaction is induced and hence a factor 1.3 will not be available.

Thus at simple supports where the compressive reaction confines the ends of reinforcing bars we have
Ld ≤ 1.3 M1/V + L0 ............................................................... 5.8.2

Computation of the Moment of Resistance M1 of bars available at supports:

In eqn 5.8.1 , M1 = Moment of Resistance of the section corresponding to the area of steel (Ast)
continued into the support and stressed to design stress equal to design stress equal to 0.87fy.
 34

M1 = 0.87fy. Ast ( d- 0.416 Xu)............................................................... 5.8.3

Where Xu = 0.87fy. Ast / 0.36fck b............................................................. 5.83(a)

Computation of Length (L0) :

For the computation of L0 , the support width should be known.Fig- 5.8.3 (a) and (b) show abeam
with end support with a standard hook and 900 bend respectively.

Let X be the side cover to the hook ( Or bend) and X0 be the distance of the beginning of the hook (
Or Bend) from the center line of the support.

(a) Case-I : Standard Hook at the end [Fig-5.8.3(a)]:- The dark portion shows the hook
which has an anchorage value of 163 ( IS 456: 2000) for all types of steel. The distance of
the beginning of the hook from its apex of the semi circle is equal to (K+1)3 . For mild steel
bars K=2 and for HYSD bars, K=4, Hence the distance 3 for mild steel and 53 for HYSD
bars. Let l be the width of the support.
35
 36

Conditions for termination of tension reinforcement in flexural members:

Curtailment of Flexural tension reinforcement results in the loss of shear strength in the region of
cutoff and hence it is necessary to make provision to guard against such loss. Flexural reinforcement
shall not be terminated in a tension zone unless any one of the following condition is satisfied.
 37

5.10 SPLICING:

(a) The purpose of splicing is to transfer effectively the axial force from the terminating bar to the
connecting bar with the same line of action at the junction. [Fig-5.10 (a)].
 38

Slicing of a bar is essential in the field due to either the requirements of construction or non
availability of bars of desired length. The Figures given are as per the recommendation of the IS 456 :
2000.

(a) Lap slices shall not be used for bars larger than 36 mm. For larger diameters bars may be weld. In
case where welding is not practicable , lapping of bars larger than 36mm may be permitted, in which
case additional spiral should be provided around the lapped bars [Fig-5.10(d)].

Strength of Welds :
The following values may be used where the strength of weld has been proved by tests to be at least as
great as that of the parent bars.

(a) Splices in compression:

For welded splices and mechanical connection, 100 percent of the design strength of joined bars.

(b) Splices in tension:

(1) 80% of the design strength of welded bars ( 100% if welding is strictly supervised and if at
any c/s of the member not more than 20% of the tensile reinforcement is welded)
(2) 100% of the design strength of mechanical connection.

End Bearing Splices: End bearing splices should be used only for bars in compression. These are of
square cut and concentric bearing ensured by suitable devices.
 39

EXAMPLE-6.1

A SIMPLY SUPPORTED IS 25 cm X50cm and has 2 – 20 mm TOR bars going into the support. If
the shear force at the center of the support is 110 KN at working loads, determine the anchorage
length.assume M20 mix and Fe 415 grade TOR steel .

Solution:-

For a load factor equal to 1.5,the factored SF= 1.5 x 110=165 kN.

Assuming 25 mm clear cover to the longitudinal bars

Effective depth = 5000- 25 – 20/2 = 465 mm.

 40

Ld ≤ 1.3 M1/V + L0.

6
47∅ ≤ [
1.3 X 93.45 X 10
]+ 320
165 X 1000

Or. ∅ ≤ 22.47 mm

Actual bar diameter provided is 20 mm < 22.47 mm.

The arrange ment of U- Bend is shown in Fig-Ex 1.2.

In High strength reinforced bars U- Bend should be avoided as far as possible since they may be
brittle and may fracture with bending.
 41

Example 5.2:

A continuous beam 25 cm X 40 cm carries 3-16 mm longitudinal bars beyond the point of inflection
in the sagging moment region as shown in Fig.Ex 1.3,.If the factored SF at the point of inflection is
150 KN, ack = 20 N/mm2 and ay = 415 N/mm2, check if the beam is safe in bond ?
42
 43

CHAPTER 06

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF T- BEAM IN LIMIT STATE METHOD

Beams (LSM)
7.1 Control of deflection and ensuring lateral stability in beams as per Clause 23.2 & 23.3 of IS-456.

7.2 Design of singly reinforced rectangular beams, Design of doubly reinforced beams as per IS 456/SP-
16 for bending and shear
Design of T beams as per IS 456 for bending and shear

Course Objectives:
7.1 Control of deflection and ensuring lateral stability in beams as per Clause 23.2 & 23.3 of IS-456.

Introduction
Structures designed by limit state of collapse are of comparatively smaller sections than those designed
employing working stress method. They, therefore, must be checked for deflection and width of cracks.
Excessive deflection of a structure or part thereof adversely affects the appearance and efficiency of the
structure, finishes or partitions. Excessive cracking of concrete also seriously affects the appearance and
durability of the structure. Accordingly, cl. 35.1.1 of IS 456 stipulates that the designer should consider all
relevant limit states to ensure an adequate degree of safety and serviceability. Clause 35.3 of IS 456 refers to
the limit state of serviceability comprising deflection in cl. 35.3.1 and cracking in cl. 35.3.2. Concrete is said to
be durable when it performs satisfactorily in the working environment during its anticipated exposure
conditions during service. This lesson discusses about the different aspects of deflection of beams and the
requirements as per IS 456. In addition, lateral stability of beams is also taken up while selecting the
preliminary dimensions of beams.

Short- and Long-term Deflections

Short-term deflection refers to the immediate deflection after casting and application of partial or
full service loads, while the long-term deflection occurs over a long period of time largely due to
shrinkage and creep of the materials The following factors influence the short-term deflection of
structures:
(a) magnitude and distribution of live loads,
(b) span and type of end supports,
(c) cross-sectional area of the members,
(d) amount of steel reinforcement and the stress developed in the reinforcement,
(e) characteristic strengths of concrete and steel, and
(f) amount and extent of cracking
.
 44

The long-term deflection is almost two to three times of the short-term deflection. The following
are the major factors influencing the long-term deflection of the structures.
(a) Humidity and temperature ranges during curing,
(b) age of concrete at the time of loading, and
(c) type and size of aggregates, water-cement ratio, amount of compression reinforcement, size of
members etc., which influence the creep and shrinkage of concrete.

Control of deflection and ensuring lateral stability in beams as per

Clause 23.2 & 23.3 of IS-456.
Clause 23.2 of IS 456 stipulates the limiting deflections under two heads as given below:
(a) The maximum final deflection should not normally exceed span/250 due to all loads including the
effects of temperatures, creep and shrinkage and measured from the as-cast level of the supports of floors,
roof and all other horizontal members.
(b) The maximum deflection should not normally exceed the lesser of span/350 or 20 mm including the
effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring after erection of partitions and the application of
finishes.
It is essential that both the requirements are to be fulfilled for every structure.
Selection of Preliminary Dimensions :

The two requirements of the deflection are checked after designing the members. However, the structural
design has to be revised if it fails to satisfy any one of the two or both the requirements. In order to avoid
this, IS 456 recommends the guidelines to assume the initial dimensions of the members which will
generally satisfy the deflection limits. Clause 23.2.1 stipulates different span to effective depth ratios and
cl. 23.3 recommends limiting slenderness of beams, a relation of b and d of the members, to ensure lateral
stability. They are given below:

(A) For the deflection requirements

Different basic values of span to effective depth ratios for three different support conditions are prescribed
for spans up to 10 m, which should be modified under any or all of the four different situations:
(i) for spans above 10 m,
(ii) depending on the amount and the stress of tension steel reinforcement,
(iii) depending on the amount of compression reinforcement,
(iv) for flanged beams.
(B) For lateral stability as per clause 23.3 of IS-456
 45

The lateral stability of beams depends upon the slenderness ratio and the support conditions. Accordingly
cl. 23.3 of IS code stipulates the following:
(i) For simply supported and continuous beams, the clear distance between the lateral restraints shall not
2
exceed the lesser of 60b or 250b /d, where d is the effective depth and b is the breadth of the compression
face midway between the lateral restraints.
(ii) For cantilever beams, the clear distance from the free end of the cantilever to the lateral restraint shall
2
not exceed the lesser of 25b or 100b /d.

Span/depth ratios and modification factors

Sl. No. Items Cantilever Simply Continuous
supported
Basic values of span to effective depth
1 7 20 26
ratio for spans up to 10 m
Not applicable as Multiply values of row 1 by
deflection 10/span in metres.
2 Modification factors for spans > 10 m
calculations are to
be done.
Modification factors depending on area Multiply values of row 1 or 2 with the modification
3
and stress of steel factor from Fig.4 of IS 456.
Modification factors depending as area Further multiply the earlier respective value with that
4
of compression steel obtained from Fig.5 of IS 456.
(i) Modify values of row 1 or 2 as per Fig.6 of IS 456.
Further modify as per row 3 and/or 4 where
5 Modification factors for flanged beams reinforcement percentage to be used on area of section
equal to b d.
f

7.2 Design of singly reinforced rectangular beams, Design of doubly reinforced

beams as per IS 456/SP-16 for bending and shear
Design of singly reinforced rectangular beams as per IS 456/SP-16 for bending
and shear

Types of Problems
Two types of problems are possible: (i) design type and (ii) analysis type.
In the design type of problems, the designer has to determine the dimensions b, d, D, Ast and other

detailing of reinforcement, grades of concrete and steel from the given design moment of the beam. In the
analysis type of the problems, all the above data will be known and the designer has to find out the
moment of resistance of the beam
Design of the singly reinforced beam for bending
 46

Type 1 :To design a singly reinforced rectangular section for a given width and applied factored moment
Mu
dbaS = J
QliN Xb

1. Assume 5% larger effective depth for d ≤ 500 more &10% larger depth for 1000 mm ≥ 500 mm
2. Assume one layer of 20mm diameter for (case 1) & two layers of 20mm diameter, bars (case 2)
3. If the clear cover to main reinf is 30mm Effective cover = 30+10 (Assume 1 – Layer 20ø) = 40 mm
=40+20 (Assume 2 Layers 20ø)
4. Over all depth D over all = d+40 D over all = d+60
5. Now d = D overall – 40mm (case1)
D overall – 60 mm (case-2)
6. Determine Mu , p , Ast, Ast
t lim
bd2

7. Select the bar size and number such that Ast > Ast required & also Ast < Astlim

Type 2 :- To find the steel area for a given factored moment

Mu
We know dbaS = J (Assume b)
QliN Xb

For a given factored moment, width & depth of Section,final

mulim = Qlimxbd2
Mu < Mulim, design as under reinforced Section
Mu= Mulim, design as balanced Section
Mu> Mulim, design as doubly reinforced Section

Design of the singly reinforced beam for shear

Shear reinforced In beams
The shear reinforcement shall be provided by the reinforcement which cross the cracks. These shear
reinforcement. minimize the size of diagonal tension crack & carry diagonal tension stress from one side
of crack to the other. The provision of shear reinforcement is made by the following forms.
(i) Vertical Stirrups
(ii) Inclined Stirrups
(iii) Bent up bars along with Stirrups
 47

Design for Shear

1. Find the Maximum S.F
2. Find the factored S.F (Vu)
Vu
3. Find the nominal shear stress vv = bd

4. Obtain the design shear strength of concrete corresponding to percentage of tensile reinforcement
provided for flexure from table 19,pg-73 IS 456.
Design shear strength (vc) :- It is the capacity of concrete along with tensile reinforcement. To take
the amount of shear force without providing any reinforcement for shear.
5. Find the excess shear force for which shear reinforcement. is required to be provide i.e. Vus . Vus =
Applied shear – shear force to be resisted by concrete without any shear reinforcement.
Vuc = Vu− vc bd
6. To determine the quantity of shear reinforcement in terms of stirrup spacing as under.

(i) For vertical stirrups

0.87fy Æcv × d
(ii) Vuc =
Sv
Vus =Exces S.F to be resisted
Asv=Area of shear reinforcement.
SV = Spacing of strirrups
0.87fy Asv
Sv = Vus
d

(iii) For inclined stirrups

0.87 fy Æcv ×d (cinα + coc α )
Vuc =
Sv

Or
0.87 fy Æcv d(Sinα+Cocα)
Sv
Vuc
(iv) For Bent up bars

Vuc = 0.87 fy Asv . sinα

IS 456 says the contribution of bent up bars towards shear resistance shall not exceed half of the shear
resistance.
α =angle between bent up the inclined stirrups or bent up bar and total axis of member not less than 45o
 48

Minimum shear reinforcement .

Spacing of shear stirrups should not exceed the following.

Asv 0.4
≥
bSv 0.87 fy

0.87 fy Æcv
(i) Sv = 0.4 b

(ii) 0.75 d ( d = Effective depth)

(iii) 300 mm c/c distance

Example 1
A simply supported rectangular beam of 4 m span carries a uniformly distributed characteristic load
including self-weight of 20 kN/m. The beam section is 230 mm x 450 mm overall. Design the beam for
bending and shear. The materials are grade M20 concrete and HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe 415. The
beam is suspended from the upper floor level.
PG 356 fig 9.5
Solution:
Pu = 1.5 x 20 = 30 kN/m
2
Mu,max = 30 x 4 = 60 kNm and V = 30x4 = 60 kN.
8 u,max
2

(a) Moment steel

The section is 230 mm x 450 mm overall. Assuming one layer of 16 mm diameter bars,
effective depth shall be
d = 450 – 30(cover)-8 (centre of reinforcement) = 412 mm.

Depth required for singly reinforced section

60s106
= J
2.76 × 230

= 308 mm < 412 mm

Design as singly reinforced section.

Mu 60 s 106
2
= = 1.54
bd 230 s 412 s412

From SP 16 table no 2 Pt = 0.474

0.474 × 230 × 412
Act = = 449mm2
100
 49

Minimum steel required

0.205
Ac = × 230 × 412 = 194 NN2
100
0.96
A = = 230 × 412 = 910 NN 2
cbaS 100

194 mm2< Ast, provided< 910 mm2.

Provide 4 no. 12mm # =4x113 =452 mm2

Let 2 bar be bent at 1.25 D

= 1.25 X 450 =562.5 mm, say 600 mm, from the face of the support

Check for shear :

As support Vu =60 k N
60 s 103
τv = =0.633 N/mm2.
230 s 412
100 Æc 2 s 113 s 100
= = 0.238
bd 230 s 412

.vc =0.332 N/mm 2 <0.633 N/mm2.

Shear design is necessary

Note that the critical section for checking the shear stress in this case is the face of the support (and not at
distance d from the face of the support ) because the reaction at support induces tension in end region.

As support 2 bent bras can be used to carry shear stress. These give a shear resistance of

sin 45o x 2 x 113 x 0.87 x 415 x 10-3 = 57.69 kN.

tc bd = 0.332 x 230 x 412 x 10-3 = 31.46 kN.

Vus = Vu - τc bd = 60 – 31.46 = 28.54 kN.

Bent bars share 50% = 14.27 kN.

Stirrups provide 50% = 14.27 kN.

0.87fy .Æcv.d
Using 6 mm ø two legged M.S. stirrups, spacing can be given by
Vuc

Where Asv = 2 x 28 = 56 mm2

0.87× 250 × 56 × 412
Sv = = 351 mm ................................. (1)
14.27 103
 50

At distance of 550 mm from support, where two bars are bent

Vu = 60 –(0.55 x 30 )= 43.5 kN

Vus = 43.5 – 31.46 = 12.04 kN

This will give larger spacing than above.

Minimum shear reinforcement .

Spacing of shear stirrups should not exceed the following.

Asv 0.4
≥
bSv 0.87 fy

0.87 fy Æcv
(i) Sv = 0.4 b

(ii) 0.75 d ( d = Effective depth)

(iii) 300 mm c/c distance

0.87× 250×56
Using 2legged 6 mm ø mild steel stirrup Sv = = 132.4 mm
0.4×232

For 230 mm wide beam minimum shear reinforcement is 6 mm ø about 130 mm c/c ............... (2)

From (1) and (2) minimum shear reinforcement shall be provided, i.e., 6 mm ø about 130 mm c/c.

Design of doubly reinforced beams as per IS 456/SP-16 for bending and shear
DOUBLY REINFORCEMENT BEAMS

When the applied moment is greater than M.R of a singly reinforced section, then steel reinforcement is
added in compression zone to increase the M.R of the section, then this is known as doubly reinforced
section
There are three alternatives
i. Increase the dimensions of the section i.e. depth
ii. Higher grades of concrete can be increased to increase the M.R of the section.
iii. Steel reinforcement. may be added in compression zone to increase the M.R of the section.

Design of doubly reinforced beams

Type -1: To find out reinforcement for flexure for a given section & factored moment.
 51

(i) Find out Mulim & reinforcement Astlim for a given section by using the equation
Mulim = Qlim x bd2

= 0.36fck b. xuNas (d − 0.42xuNas )

MuliN
& Astlim =
0.81 fy (d–0.42suNas)

087xA.stx fy (d-0.42 Xumax)

(ii) Obtain moment Mu2 = Mu-Mulim
(iii) Find out compression steel from equation Mu2 = Asc (fcc . fc)(d − d′)

Mu2
Neglecting fcc, Acc =
fcc (d–du)

(iv) Corresponding Ast Tensile stepAst2 can be found out from

Æcc fcc
Act2 =
0.87 fy

(v) Act = ActSiN + Act2

(vi) Provide the reinforcement

Example 2
Design a simply supported rectangular beam of size 230 mm x 600 mm overall for a super-imposed load of 46
kN/m. Span of the beam is 5 m. The materials are M 20 grade concrete and HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe
415.
Solution:
Self weight of beam =0.3 x 0.60 x 25 = 3.45 kN/m
Super-imposed load = 46.00 kN/N
kN Say 50 kN/N
TotaS 49.45 ,
N

Factor load = 1.5 x 50 = 75 kN/m

2
Mu= 5 x 75 = 243.4 kNm
8
5
V = x 75 = 187.5 kN
u
2
Moment steel:
Assuming 2 layers of 20 mm diameter bars
D = 600 – 30 – 20 -10 = 540 mm
Mu 243.4.s 106
bd2
= 230 s 5402= 3.63 > 2.76

Doubly reinforced section

Mu,lim = 2.76 x 230 x 5402 x 10-6 = 185.10 kNm

 52

Mu2 = 243.4 – 185.10 = 58.3 kNm.

Let the compression reinforcement be provided at an effective cover of 40 mm
d′ ′
= 40 = 0.07, consider d = 0.1
d 545 d

Stress in compression steel, fsc = 353 N/mm2 (refer to table f of S.P-16)

Mu2 58.3 s 106
Acc = =
353(540–40)
= 330 mm2
fcc (d–d′)
Corresponding tension steel
Æcc fcc 330×353
A = = =323 mm2
ct2 0.87 fy 0.87×415

bd
Ast1 = Ast,lim = Pt,lim × 100
230 × 540
= 0.96× = 1192 mm2
100

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1192 + 323 mm2 = 1515 mm2

Asc = 2-16 # = 402 mm2
Ast = 5-20# = 1570 mm2 (all straight). Provide 3 bars in first layers and 2 bars in second layer.
For designed section, equating total compression and total tension
0.36 fck bxu + Asc fsc = 0.87 fyAst
0.36 x 20 x 230 xu + 402 x 353 = 0.87 x 415 x 1570
xu = 256.6 mm
xu,max = 0.48d = 0.48 x 540 = 259.2 mm
xu˂ xu,max
Hence the beam is under reinforced section.
(b) Check for shear:
3
vv= 187.5s 10 = 1.51 N/mm2 < 2.8 N/mm2
230 s 540

100 Æc 100 s5 s 314

= = 1.26
bd 230 s 540

vc = 0.672 N/mm2
As the ends are confined with compressive reaction, shear at distance d will be used for checking shear at
support. At 540 mm, shear is equal to
0.87fy .Æcv.d
Using 8 mm # two legged stirrups, spacing can be given by
Vuc

Where Asv = 2 x50 = 100 mm2

 53

0.87× 415 × 100 ×540

Sv = = 307 mm ............................... (1)
63.5× 103

At distance of 550 mm from support, where two bars are bent

Vu = 187.5 –(0.540 x 75 )= 147 kN

Vus = 147 – 0.672 x 230 x 540 x10-3 = 63.5 kN

This will give larger spacing than above.

Minimum shear reinforcement .

Spacing of shear stirrups should not exceed the following.

Asv 0.4
≥
bSv 0.87 fy

0.87 fy Æcv
(i) Sv = 0.4 b

(ii) 0.75 d ( d = Effective depth)= 0.75 x 540 =405 mm

(iii) 300 mm c/c distance

0.87× 415×100
Using 2legged 8 mm # stirrup Sv = = 392.4 mm
0.4×230

For 230 mm wide beam minimum shear reinforcement is 8 mm # about 300 mm

c/c ........................................................................................................................... (2)

Hence provide mm # about 300 mm c/c through out the beam.

 54

7.3:Design
of T beams as per IS 456 for bending and shear
DESIGN OF T BEAM
Case-1:To design the beam for a given loading condition
(i) Fixe the width of the beam using architectural consideration. Also the width shall be sufficient to
accommodate the reinforcement satisfying the requirement of spacing of bars
S0
(ii) Effective width of flange for T beam = bƒ = + bw + 6Dƒ
6

(iii) Assume overall depth D equal to 1/12 th to 1/10 of the span and subtracting effective concrete cover
from overall depth, find out the effective depth d
(iv) Assume lever arm Z=d-Df/2
Mu
(v) Find out the reinforcement Act =
0.87׃y×Z

(vi) Provide the reinforcement as per requirement.

bf Dƒ
(vii) Then find out and then from table 58 of S.P16 find out the value of M ulim.T .And check
bw d

whether under reinforced or over reinforcement assuming the position of neutral axis
If the moment of resistance is less than the applied moment,revise the section.
When D ≤ 3 x
f 7u
Mu = 0.36ƒ b. x (d — 0.42x ) + 0.446 ƒ (b — b ) × D (d — ƒD)
ck u u ck ƒ w ƒ 2

When D ≥ x 3
f 7u
Mu = 0.36ƒ b. x (d — 0.42x ) + 0.446 ƒ (b — b ) × D (d — ƒF)
ck u u ck ƒ w ƒ 2

Where Yf =0.15 xu+0.65Dƒ

 55

Design for Shear

7. Find the Maximum S.F
8. Find the factored S.F (Vu)
Vu
9. Find the nominal shear stress vv = bd

10. Obtain the design shear strength of concrete corresponding to percentage of tensile reinforcement
provided for flexure from table 19,pg-73 IS 456.
Design shear strength (vc) :- It is the capacity of concrete along with tensile reinforcement. To take
the amount of shear force without providing any reinforcement for shear.
11. Find the excess shear force for which shear reinforcement. is required to be provide i.e. Vus . Vus =
Applied shear – shear force to be resisted by concrete without any shear reinforcement.
Vuc = Vu− vc bd
12. To determine the quantity of shear reinforcement in terms of stirrup spacing as under.

(v) For vertical stirrups

0.87fy Æcv × d
(vi) Vuc =
Sv
Vus =Exces S.F to be resisted
Asv=Area of shear reinforcement.
SV = Spacing of strirrups
0.87fy Asv
Sv = Vus
d
(vii) For inclined stirrups
0.87 fy Æcv ×d (cinα + coc α )
Vuc =
Sv
Or
0.87 fy Æcv d(Sinα+Cocα)
Sv Vuc
(viii) For Bent up bars

Vuc = 0.87 fy Asv . sinα

IS 456 says the contribution of bent up bars towards shear resistance shall not exceed half of the shear
resistance.
α =angle between bent up the inclined stirrups or bent up bar and total axis of member not less than 45o
e Minimum shear reinforcement .
Spacing of shear stirrups should not exceed the following.
Asv 0.4
≥
bSv 0.87 fy
 56

0.87 fy Æcv
(i) Sv = 0.4 b

(ii) 0.75 d ( d = Effective depth)

(iii) 300 mm c/c distance

57
 As sha end ar e corif'lned
uneJ RR (h 6 âuppo rt.

•’• ts h ear deal qfi \s rzeceaxer y.

2•2O P bar a ssn rasi‹t e yheur nf

- i‹s.c - o,.ssi • c;9 • sio • io-• - s« to @

B rnt b« r» th are 6tl - ‘d I. 7 kN
Stirrups 9hcre sU9t - .1 \ .7 k if.
76
 77

CHAPTER O7
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SLABS AND STAIRCASE BY LIMIT STATE METHOD
SLABS
8.1 : One way slab & two way slab
8.2 : One way & cantilever slabs as per IS-456 for bending & shear.
8.3: Explain the action of two way slabs with defected shape.
8.4 : Provision for two way slab as per IS-456-2000
8.4.1: Middle strip & edge strip
8.4.2 : B.M Co-Efficient
8.4.3 : Torsion reinforcement
8.4.4 : Design of two way slab as per IS-456-2000 & SF-16 hand hook
8.4.5 : Check for deflection, development length & reinforcement. Requirement & spacing as per Sp-16 &
IS-456
Slabs: Slabs are plate elements & carry loads primarily by flexure. They usually carry Vertical loads
Classification of Slab:
1. One way spanning slab
2. Two-way spanning slab
3. Flat slab
4. Grid slab
5. Circular and other shapes
6. Ribbed slab
One way spanning slab: The slab supported on two opposite supports is a one way spanning slab.
On the other way a slab which transfer is load on one of the set of two opposite edge supports is called one-
way slab. In this case ly/lx is greater than two.

Two way spanning Slab: The Slab which is supported on all four edges and if ly 2lx slabs bend in both

directions. Such slabs are called two way spanning slab.

Sy
Ss
<2
8.2 One way & cantilever slabs as per IS: 456 for bending & shear.
One way spanning slab
1. Effective Span = Clear Span + Effective depth
or
Centre to centre of Support whichever is less
Moment Steel: The reinforcement In the direct of span is known as moment steel. The moment steel
is known as main reinforcement.
 78

Distribution Steel: The reinforcement perpendicular to the main reinforcement. Is known as distribution
steel & placed in second layer. This reinforcement resists temp & shrinkage stresses,
keeps the main reinforcement in position and distributes the concentrated or non
uniform loads throughout the slab.

For a continuous slab at support, top reinforcement is provided as main steel to resist negative B.M.
area of one bar s 1000
Spacing of slab bar =
required area in NN 2 per Neter

D d

Main Step Distributi

Distribution Steel on Step Main Steel
l
(Simply supported one way slab)

Main Steel Distribution Steel

l l l

2. Reinforcement requirement
(i) Minimum reinforcement:- The reinforcement in either direction in slabs shall not be less than
0.15% of the total c/s area. For HYSD bars, it shall not be less than 0.12%. thus in slabs,
minimum reinforcement less than 0.85/fy is permissible .
(ii) Maximum diameter: The diameter of reinforcing bar shall not exceed 1/8th the total thickness of
slab.
(iii) Minimum diameter: For main bars, minimum diameter shall be 10mm for plain bars & 8 mm for
deformed bar for distribution bars, the minimum diameter shall be 6mm

Shear Stress:

Design shear strength = K vccmax

Nominal shear stress 0.5 vc max

This shall be checked

Deflection: It shall be checked as per beam

 79

Cracking:

(i) The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement. shall not be more than 3 times the
effective depth of a solid slab or 300mm whichever is smaller.
(ii) The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars against shrinkage & temperature shall not be
more than 5 times the effective depth of a solid slab or 450 mm whichever is smaller.

Cover: For mild exposure, clear over = 20mm

When ø 12 mm clear cover = 15mm

Ø> 12mm, clear cover = 20mm

Development Length:

0.15L 50% 50%, 0.15L

Beam

l
( With out Bent bars)

(Typical details of simply supports slab)

The bars can be bent up or curtailed only if continuing bars provide minimum reinforcement. & check for
development length is satisfied.
80
 81

Lx
82
 83

Design the slab S2 – S1 of above figure , if it is to be used for residential purpose at the free end of slab S1
there is a concrete parapet of 75mm thick and 1 m high. The materials are M20 grade concrete and HYSD
reinforcement of grade Fe 415 . Use IS:875 for live loads.

Solution

Estimation of loads:

For slab S2 live load shall be 2 kN/m2. For slab s1 which is a balcony slab live load shall be 3 kN/m2. Assume
120 mm thick slab.

Slab S2 : Self load =0.12X25 = 3 + 0kN/m2

Floor finish = 1 + 0 kN/m2

Live load = 0 + 2 kN/m2

Total = 4 + 2 kN/m2

Pu = 1.5(4+2)

= (6+3) kN/m2

Slab1: Self load = 3 + 0kN/m2

Floor finish = 1 + 0 kN/m2

Live load = 0 + 3 kN/m2

Total = 4 + 3 kN/m2

Pu = 1.5(4+3)

= 6+4.5 kN/m2

Weight of parapet

0.075 × 25 × 1 = 1.875 kN/m.

pu = 1.5 × 1.875 = 2.8 kN/m.

 84

Analysis :

Consider 1m long strip.

1 To get maximum positive moment in slab s2 only dead load on slab s1 and total load on slab s2 shall be
considered. The parapet load is a dead load but will not be considered as sometimes the owner of the building
or architect may change his mind and would provide simply a railing.

Considering above figure

2
Cantilever moment =1.2 × 6 = 4.32 kNm.
2
4.32
Reaction at A =9×3 − = 12.06 kN
2 3

Point of zero shear from A = 12.06 = 1.34 m.

9
2
Maximum positive moment = 12.06 1.34 – 1.34 × 9
2

=16.16 – 8.08 kNm.

To check shear and devlopement length at A, shear may be considered as 12.06 kN. Note that for the
cantilever, clear span is considered

2 To get maximum negative moment and maximum shear at B , the slab is loaded with full loads
2
Maximum negative moment = 1.2 × 10.5 + 1.2 × 2.8
2

= 7.56 + 3.36=10.92kNm.
9×3 10.92
Maximum shear at B, V ,BA = + = 13.5 + 3.64 = 17.14 kN
u
2 3

Vu,BC = 10.15 × 1.2 + 2.8 = 15.4 kN.

C) Moment steel:

Maximum moment = 10.92 kN.

10.92×10 6
drequired = J 1000×2.76 = 62.9 NN

dprovided = 120 – 15 – 5 (assume 10# bar)

= 100 mm............................................................. (O.K)

Mu 8.08×106
(+) = = 0.81
bd2 1000×100×100

Pt =0.236
 85

0.236×1000×100
Ast (+) = = 2.36 NN 2
100

Mu 10.92 × 106
(−) = = 1.09
bd2 1000×100×100

Pt =0.324
0.324×1000×100
Ast (−) = = 324 NN 2
100

For positive moment provide 8 mm # about 170 mm c/c giving 294 mm2 alternate bent up and for negative
moment provide 8 mm # about 340 mm c/c (bent bar extended) + 10 mm # 340 mm c/c giving 378 mm2 area .
The arrangement of reinforcement is shown in the below figure.

Note that at simple support, the bars are bent at o.1 L whereas at continuity of slab it is bent at 0.2 L.
0.12
Minimum steel = × 1000 × 120 = 144 NN 2 .
100

Remaining positive moment bars give As = 294 = 147 mm2 Thus bar can be bent up.
2

0.15
Distribution steel = × 1000 × 120 = 180 NN 2 .
100

Provide 6 mm about 150 mm c/c =187 mm2 .

For negative moment reinforcement

Ld = 47 #
(8+10)
Ld = 47 × = 423 mm.
2

The bars must be anchored upto 423 mm. also they should be extended upto 12 # beyond the poin of
contraflexure, which may be found out . Alternatively as a thumb rule, a bar shall be given an anchorage equal
to the length of the cantilever. Adopting this, carry the top bars upto 1200 mm in the internal span. This is
shown in above figure.

d) Check for Development length :

fy Æct
At A, Mul =0.87 fy Act (d − )
bfck

415 × 417
= 0.87 × 415 × 147 (100 − ) × 10–6
1000 × 20
= 5.15 kNm.

Vu = 12.06 kN.
 86

Consider L0 = 8 #
Mul
Then 1.3 + Lo ≥ Ld
Vu

5.15 ×10 6
1.3 × + 8 # ≥ 47 #
12.06 ×10 3

At B, Mul = 5.15 kNm.

Near point of contraflexure, i.e. 0.15 L from B

Vu = 17.14 – 0.45 x 9 = 13. 09 kN.

1.3x(5.15x106/13.09x103 )+8#≥47#

#≤13.11 mm

Check for Shear

Span AB:At A,Vu,AB=12.06 KN

At B,shear at point of contraflexure=13.09 kN

Hence Vu=13.09 KN

Shear stress τv=13.09x103/1000x100=0.131N/mm2

100 Æc
= 100x147/1000x100= 0.147
bd

τc=0.28

kx τc=0.28x1.3=0.364N/mm2>τv

Span BC

:,Vu, =17.14 KN

Shear stress τv=17.14 x103/1000x100=0.171N/mm2

100 Æc
= 100x378/1000x100= 0.378
bd

τc=0.28

kx τc=0.421x1.3=0.547N/mm2>τv
 87

Two way Slabs:

The two way spanning slab Lx = Short er side

B1
Occurs when the slab is supported Ly = Longer side
Ly B2 B2
On all four edges Membrane
B1 Support
When Sy <2, it is called two way slab.
Ss

Design

Mx = &x.w.Lx2 Mx, My = Moments on strips of unit width

My = &y.w.ly2 spanning Lx & Ly respectively.

= &x, dy = Co- efficient

= Lx, Ly = Lengths of shorter span & Longer span

Respectively

W = Total design load per unit area.IS -456 also states that at least 50% of the tension reinforcement. Provided
at mid span intend to within 0.1 Lx or 0.1 Ly of the support.
1M Load shear at Support

45o

Beam A
45o

Load carried
by beam ‘A’

45o

For slabs spanning in two direction, the shorter of two spans should be used for calculating the span to
effective step ratios. beam “B” Load carried by beam “B”

For two way slabs for span up to 3.5 with mild steel reinforcement. cpan = 35 for simply supported slabs
d

cpan
= 40 for continuous slab for HYSD of grade Fe 415, there values are multiplied by 0.8.
d

Provison two way slab as per IS 456:2000

 88

Middle Strip and edge strip

Bending moment Coefficients with torsion reinforcement

Table 8.6 Maximum bending Short span Long span

moments of Problem 8.2 For ax M (kNm/m) αy M (kNm/m)
x y
Negative moment at continuous 0.075 18.6 0.047 11.66
edge
Positive moment at mid-span 0.056 13.89 0.035 8.68
 89

Problem 1:
 90

Step 1: Selection of preliminary depth of slab

The span to depth ratio with Fe 415 is taken from cl. 24.1, Note 2 of IS 456 as 0.8 (35 + 40) / 2 = 30. This
gives the minimum effective depth d = 4000/30 = 133.33 mm, say 135 mm. The total depth D is thus 160 mm.
Step 2: Design loads, bending moments and shear forces
2
Dead load of slab (1 m width) = 0.16(25) = 4.0 kN/m
2
Dead load of floor finish (given) = 1.0 kN/m
2
Factored dead load = 1.5(5) = 7.5 kN/m
2
Factored live load (given) = 8.0 kN/m
2
Total factored load = 15.5 kN/m
The coefficients of bending moments and the bending moments M and M per unit width (positive and
x y

negative) are determined as per cl. D-1.1 and Table 26 of IS 456 for the case 4, “Two adjacent edges
discontinuous” and presented in Table 8.6. The l / l for this problem is 6/4 = 1.5.
y x

Table 8.6 Maximum bending moments of Problem 8.2

For Short span Long span
xα M (kNm/m) yα M (kNm/m)
x y
Negative moment at 0.075 18.6 0.047 11.66
continuous edge
Positive moment at mid- 0.056 13.89 0.035 8.68
span
Maximum shear force in either direction is determined from Eq.8.1 (Fig.8.19.1) as
V = w(l /2) = 15.5 (4/2) = 31 kN/m
u x

Step 3: Determination/checking of the effective depth and total depth of slab

Using the higher value of the maximum bending moments in x and y directions from Table 8.6, we get from
Eq.3.25 of Lesson 5 (sec. 3.5.5):
2
M = Q bd
u,lim lim
6 3 1/2
or d = [(18.6)(10 )/{2.76(10 )}] = 82.09 mm,
2
where 2.76 N/mm is the value of Q Since, this effective depth is less than 135 mm assumed in Step 1, we
,lim

retain d = 135 mm and D = 160 mm.

Step 4: Depth of slab for shear force
2
Table 19 of IS 456 gives the value of τc = 0.28 N/mm when the lowest percentage of steel is provided in the
slab. However, this value needs to be modified by multiplying with k of cl. 40.2.1.1 of IS 456. The value of k
2
for the total depth of slab as 160 mm is 1.28. So, the value of τc is 1.28(0.28) = 0.3584 N/mm .
2 2
Table 20 of IS 456 gives τcmax = 2.8 N/mm . The computed shear stress τ v= V /bd = 31/135 = 0.229 N/mm .
u
 91

Since, τv < τ c< τcmax, the effective depth of the slab as 135 mm and the total depth as 160 mm are safe.
Step 5: Determination of areas of steel
The respective areas of steel in middle and edge strips are to be determined. It has been shown that the areas of
steel computed from Eq.3.23 and those obtained from the tables of SP-16 are in good agreement. Accordingly,
the areas of steel for this problem are computed from the respective Tables 40 and 41 of SP-16 and presented
in Table 8.7. Table 40 of SP-16 is for the effective depth of 150 mm, while Table 41 of SP-16 is for the
effective depth of 175 mm. The following results are, therefore, interpolated values obtained from the two
tables of SP-16.
Table 8.7 Reinforcing bars of Problem 8.2
Particulars Short span l Long span l
x y
Table No. M Dia. & Table No. M Dia. & spacing
x y
(kNm/m) spacing (kNm/
m)
Top steel for negative 40,41 18.68 10 mm @ 40,41 12.314 8 mm @ 200
moment > 18.6 200 mm c/c > 11.66 mm c/c
Bottom steel for positive 40,41 14.388 8 mm @ 40,41 9.20 8 mm @ 250
moment > 13.89 170 mm c/c > 8.68 mm c/c
The minimum steel is determined from the stipulation of cl. 26.5.2.1 of IS 456 and is
2 2
A = (0.12/100)(1000)(160) = 192 mm and 8 mm bars @ 250 mm c/c (= 201 mm ) is acceptable. It is worth
s

mentioning that the areas of steel as shown in Table 8.7 are more than the minimum amount of steel.
Step 6: Selection of diameters and spacing of reinforcing bars
The advantages of using the tables of SP-16 are that the obtained values satisfy the requirements of diameters
of bars and spacing. However, they are checked as ready reference here. Needless to mention that this steel
may be omitted in such a situation.
Maximum diameter allowed, as given in cl. 26.5.2.2 of IS 456, is 160/8 = 20 mm, which is more that the
diameters used here.
The maximum spacing of main bars, as given in cl. 26.3.3(1) of IS 456, is the lesser of 3(135) and 300 mm.
This is also satisfied for all the bars.
Step 7: Determination of torsional reinforcement
 92

Torsional reinforcing bars are determined for the three different types of corners as explained in sec. 8.19.6
(Fig.8.19.4). The length of torsional strip is 4000/5 = 800 mm and the bars are to be provided in four layers.
Each layer will have 0.75 times the steel used for the maximum positive moment. The C1 type of corners will
have the full amount of torsional steel while C2 type of corners will have half of the amount provided in C1
type. The C3 type of corners do not need any torsional steel. The results are presented in Table 8.8 and
Figs.8.19.10 a, b and c.
Table 8.8 Torsional reinforcement bars of Problem 8.2

Type Dimensions along Bar diameter & No. of Cl. no. of IS 456
spacing bars
along
x (mm) y (mm) x y
C1 800 800 8 mm @ 5 5 D-1.8
200 mm c/c
C2 800 1600 8 mm @ 5 8 D-1.9
250 mm c/c
C2 1600 800 8 mm @ 8 5 D-1.9
250 mm c/c
 93

Problem No 2
94
95
 96

CHAPTER – 8

DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS AND FOOTINGS

Introduction –

A column may be defined as an element used primarily to support axial compressive loads and with a
height of at least three times its least lateral dimension. All columns are subjected to some moment which may
be due to accidental eccentricity or due to end restraint imposed by monolithically placed beams or slabs. The
strength of a column depends on the strength of the materials, shape and size of the cross-section, length and
the degree of the positional and directional restraint at its end.

A column may be classified as short or long column depending on its effective slenderness ratio. The
ratio of effective column length to least lateral dimension is referred to as effective slenderness ratio. A short
column has a maximum slenderness ratio of 12. Its design is based on the strength of the materials and the
applied loads. A long column has a slenderness ratio greater than 12. Its design is based on the strength of the
materials and the applied loads. A long column has a slenderness ratio greater than 12. However , maximum
slenderness ratio of a column should not exceed 0. A long column is designed to resist the applied loads plus
additional bending moments induced due to its tendency to buckle.
ASSUMPTIONS -
The following assumptions are made for the limit state of collapse in compression.
1. Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
2. The relationship between stress-strain distribution in concrete is assumed to be parabolic. The
maximum compressive stress is equal to 0.67 ðck / 1.5 or 0.446 ðck.
3. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
4. The stresses in reinforcement are derived from the representative stress-strain curve for the type of
steel used.
5. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.
6. The maximum compression strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete subjected to
axial compression and bending, but when there is no tension on the section, is taken as 0.0035 minus
0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fibre.
7. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete subjected to
axial compression and bending, when part of the section is in tension, is taken as 0.0035. in the
limiting case when the neutral axis lies along one edge of the section, the strain varies from 0.0035 at
the highly compressed edge to zero at the opposite edge.
 97

The types of failures to the columns –

Columns, when centrally loaded , fails in one of the three following modes, depending on the slenderness ratio.
Fig.

Mode :1 Pure compression failure

The columns fails under axial loads without undergoing any lateral deformation. Steel and
concrete reach the yield stress values at failure. The collapse is due to material failure.
Mode :2 Combined compression and bending failure
Short columns can be subjected to direct load (P) and moment (M). slender columns even when
loaded axially undergo deflection along their length as beam columns, and these deflection produce additional
moments in the columns. When material failure is reached under the combined action of these direct loads and
bending moment. It is called combined compression and bending failure.
Mode : 3 Failure by elastic instability
Very long columns can become unstable even under small loads well before the material reaches
yield stresses. Under such cases the member fails by lateral ‘ elastic bulking’ .
failure by third mode is unacceptable in practical construction. R.C.C members that may fail by this
type of failure is prevented by the codal provision that columns beyond a specified slenderness should not be
allowed in structure.
Braced and unbraced columns :
The columns in a building are classified as braced or unbraced according to the method applied to provide
the lateral stability of the building.
(1) Braced column : In braced frames, the lateral loads like wind , earthquake etc. are resisted by some
special arrangements like shear walls , bracings or special supports. In other words, the sidesway or
joint translation is not possible in such columns. Sidesway or joint translation means that one or both
the ends of a column can move laterally with respect to each other. The columns occurring in braced
buildings are called braced columns.
 98

(2) Unbraced columns : A unbraced frames no special bracing systems are provided to resist
horizontal forces. In other words the sidesway or joint translation do occur in such columns. The
columns shall have to be designed to resist the lateral loads. The column those occur in the buildings
where the resistance to lateral loads is provided by the bending in the columns and beams in that plane
are called unbraced columns.
Effective length of columns :
The unsupported length or height of a column (Lo) is generally taken as the clear height of the
columns. It is defined in IS 456, clause 25.1.3 for various cases of constructions. The effective length of
column is different from unsupported length. Effective length (Le) is dependent on the bracing and end
conditions. It should be noted that for braced columns the effective column height is less than the clear
height between restraints , whereas for unbraced and partially braced columns the effective height is
greater than the clear height.
 99

Design formula for Short column –

A rectangular column section bearing pure axial load. The design stress in mild steel at strain of 0.002
is 0.87 ƒy, however for , HYSD bars it is not so. The stresses corresponding to 0.002 strain in HYSD bars
are as follows.

Fe 415 0.79 ƒy
Fe 500 0.75 ƒy

The code adopts the critical value of 0.75 ƒy for all grades of steel for finding out the pure axial load carrying
capacity of the column. Accordingly
Puz = 0.446 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Acc
This is approximated as
Puz = 0.446 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Acc
Puz = Pure ultimate axial load carrying capacity of column.
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
fy = Characteristic strength of reinforcement.
Ac = Area of concrete in column section.
Acc = Area of reinforcement in column section.
Axially loaded practical columns are subjected to moments due to minimum eccentricity . thus all the columns
, even if the design load is axial, shall be designed for moments also.
The code simplifies the work for the columns in which minimum eccentricity eNin ≤ 0.05 D. Thus , when eNin
≤ 0.05 D , the above equation is midified as
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Acc ………
It can be seen that , the load carrying capacity of the column is reduced by about 10 percent when eNin ≤ 0.05
D. however if eNin ≤ 0.05 D , the column shall be designed for moment also.
The above equation can written as –
PÆg PÆg
Pu = 0.4 fck ( Ag - 100
+ 0.67 fy 100

Where Ag = Gross area of cross section

 100

P = Percentage of reinforcement.
Dividing both sides by Ag
PÆg P
Pu = 0.4 ƒ (1 - ) + 0.67 f
Æg ck 100 y 100

P
= 0 .4 fck 100
( 0.67 fy – 0.4 fck )….

The compression in steel fc at failure ( €c = 0.002) will be

fc = 0.87 fy for steel with bilinear stress-strain curve as in Fe 250 steel.
= 0.75 fy for steel with stress-strain curve as in Fe 415 steel.
Hence , the ultimate carrying capacity of the column eu is given by the expression
1. For Fe 415 steel, P = Ac ( 0.45 fck ) + Ac ( 0.75 fy - 0.45 fck )
2. For Fe 250 steel , P = Ac ( 0.45 fck ) + Ac ( 0.87 fy - 0.45 fck )
However it is never possible to apply the load centrally on a column. Accidental eccentricities are bound to
happen. Indian and British codes allow an accidental eccentricity of 5 percent of the lateral dimension of the
column in the plane of bending ( 0.05 D ) in the strength formula itself. For this purpose the ultimate load eu
for Fe 415 steel reduces to
Pu = 0.9 ( 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Ac )
Pw = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Ac as given in IS 456, clause 38.3
With Fe 250 steel the corresponding expression will be
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Ac )
It should be clearly noted theses formula already take into account a maximum accidental eccentricity of ( 0.05
D) or ( 0. 05b) in theses columns.
Check for Minimum Eccentricity
Minimum eccentricities are caused by imperfections in construction, inaccuracy in loading etc. The BS code
8110 (1985) Cluase 3.8.2.4 assumes that its value will be equal to 0.05 D, but not more than 20mm.
L0
IS 456, Cluase 25.4 gives an expression for the possible minimum eccentricity as eNin = + D but not
500 30

less than 20mm.

Where L0 = the unsupported length
D = lateral dimensions in the plane of bending.
For sections other than rectangular, the Explanatory handbook SP 24 recommends a value of Le / 300 , where
Le is the effective length of the column.
Thus for example , for a column 600 x 450 of unsupported height 3 m, considering the long direction
according to IS formula,
L0
eNin = + D = 3000/500 + 600/30 = 26mm.
500 30
 101

e Nin
As 26mm is greater than the minimum specified 20mm, use eNin = 26mm. then = 26/600 = 0.043
D

Considering the short direction, we have

eNin = 3000/500 + 450/30 = 21mm > 20mm.
e
Hence = 21/450 = 0.047.
b

Both these values are less than the specified ratio of 0.05, and hence the simple column formula is applicable
to the above column. If the eccentricities are more, then the column has to be designed as subjected to direct
load P and moment Pe.
Minimum Longitudinal and Transverse reinforcement –
The reinforcement requirements are set out in clause 26.5.3 of IS 456.
1. Longitudinal Reinforcement:
(i) The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8 percent of gross
cross sectional area of the column.
The minimum area of the reinforcement is specified to avoid the sudden non-ductile failure of the
column, to resist creep and shrinkage and to provide some bending strength to the column.
(ii) In any column that has a larger cross sectional area than that required to support the load, the
minimum percentage of steel should be based upon the area of concrete required to resist the direct
stress and not upon the actual area.
Because of the architectural or the other reasons, sometimes the columns are made larger in
section than that required to resist the load. In such a case , according to this criteria , the minimum
percentage of steel is based on concrete area required to resist the direct load. A concrete pedestal
used to transfer the load from steel stanchion to the foundation in an industrial building is a typical
example for this case. In this case , the size of the pedestal is governed by the size of the base plate
under the steel column.
(iii) The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not more than 6 percent of the gross
cross sectional area of the column.
The use of 6percent reinforcement may involve practical difficulties in placing and compacting of
concrete, hence lower percentage is recommended where bars from the columns below have to be
lapped with those in the column under consideration, the percentage of steel usually should not
exceed 4 percent.for the column with more than 4 percent steel, the laps may be staggered.
(iv) The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular
columns and six in circular columns.
(v) The bar shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter.
(vi) A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six bars of
longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement.
 102

(vii) In a helical reinforced column , the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the helical
reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference.
(viii) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not exceed 300
mm. this is a cracking requirement.
(ix) In case of the pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken into account in
strength calculation, nominal reinforcement not less than 0.15 percent of the cross sectional area
shall be provided.
(2) Transverse Reinforcement:
(i) General : a reinforcement concrete compression member shall have transverse or helical
reinforcement so disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to thecompression face has
effective lateral support against bulking subject to provisions in (b). The effective lateral
support is given by transverse reinforcement either in the form of circular rings capable of
taking up circumferential tension or by polygonal links (lateral ties) with internal angles not
exceeding 135 degree. The ends of the transverse reinforcement shall be properly anchored.
(ii) Arrangement of transverse reinforcement :
(a) If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75mm on either side, transverse
reinforcement need only to go round the corner and alternate bars for the purpose of
providing effective lateral supports.
(b) If the longitudinal bars spaced at a distance of not exceeding 48 times the diameter of the
tie are effectively tied in two directions, additional longitudinal bars in between theses
bars need to be tied in one direction by open ties.
(c) Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars in a compression member are placed in more than
one row, effective lateral support to the longitudinal bars in the inner rows may be
assumed to have been provided if-
(1) Transverse reinforcement is provided for outer most row in accordance with (b) and
(2) No bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the
diameter of the largest bar in the inner row.
(d) Where the longitudinal bars ina compression member are grouped and each group
adequetly tied transverse reinforcement in accordance with the above requirements, the
transverse reinforcement for the compression member as a whole may be provided on the
assumption that each group is a single longitudinal bar for purpose of determining the
pitch and diameter of the transverse reinforcement in accordance with above requirements.
The diameter of such transverse reinforcement need not, however exceed 20mm.
(iii) Pitch and diameter of lateral tie :
 103

(a) Pitch : the pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the following
distances:
(1) The least lateral dimension of the compression member.
(2) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied.
(3) 300mm.
(b) Diameter : the diameter of the polygonal links or ties shall be not less than one fourth of the
diameter of the largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6 mm.
(iv) Helical reinforcement :
(a) Pitch : Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation with the turns of the helix
spaced evenly and its ends shall be anchored properly by providing one and a half extra
turns of the spiral bar. Where an increase load on the column on the strength of the helical
reinforcement is allowed for, the pitch of helical turns shall be not more than 75 mm, nor
more than one-sixth of the core diameter of the column, nor less than 25mm, nor less than
there times the diameter of the steel bar forming the helix.
(b) Fiameter : the diameter of the helical reinforcement shall be as per lateral ties.
(v) Cover : the longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column shall have concrete cover, not less than
40mm, nor les than the diameter of such bar. This requirements gives a fire protection of 0.5 h
to 4h (h = hour) and is suitable for moderate exposure assuming a maximum of 10 mm
diameter tie. However the cover to the ties may be governed by exposure conditions. In the
case of columns the minimum dimensions of 200 mm or under, whose reinforcing bars do not
exceed 12mm, a cover of 25mm may be used.
 104

Design of short column by IS 456 and SP 16 –

Charts 24 to 26 of the IS publication design aids SP 16 can be used for routine office design of short
columns. These charts are made from the column formula
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Acc
Ag = area of cross section
Æc
P = eercentage of steel = 100
Æg

Tℎe area of steel and concrete are given by

P Æg
Ac=
100

Ac = Ag - Ac = Ag (1 - P )
100

Rewritting tℎe equation witℎ above quantities , we obtain

Pu P
= 0.4 f (1 - P ) + 0.67 f
Æg ck 100 y 100
P
P =[ 0.4 f ( 0.67 f - 0.4f ]A
u ck 100 y ck g
 105

Chart 24 to 26 of SP 16 have been prepared from these formula for Fe 250 , Fe 415 and Fe 500 and ƒck = 15,
20, 30, 35, and 40.
To use design chart , choose the value of the factored design load Pu , and proceed horizontally till the Ag
corresponding to the size of the column selected is reached. The value of percentage of steel required for the
adopted value of fck is read off from the lower half of chart 13.1.
Procedure for design of centrally loaded short column:
The step-by-step procedure for design of a centrally loaded column can be arranged as follows:
Step 1 : compute the factored load on the column.
Step 2 : Choose a suitable size for the column, depending on the size of the beam that has to be placed on it
and the architectuerral requirements. Usually the beams are accommodated inside the column. Check also the
minimum eccentricity.
 106

Step 3: Determine the effective length length and slenderness of the column about the principal axes. If it is
less than 12, it can be can be considered as a short column. If it is 12 or more, it is to be designed as a long
column.
Step 4 : compute the area of the longitudinal steel required by either (a) by using the formula or (b) by using
SP 16 in the following manner.

Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Acc

P
or Pu =[ 0.4 fck ( 0.67 fy - 0.4fck ] Ag
100

The minimum percentage of steel adopted should be greater than 0.8. As regards the maximum percentage , it
should be less than 4 in normal designs where lapping becomes essentials. Where lapping is not adopted, one
may accept a percentage of up to 6.
Step 5: Detain the steel by choosing a suitable size and number (size not to be less than 12mm and for a
symmetrical arrangement with at least four bars for a rectangular column and six bars for a circular ciolumn).
Adopt a suitable cover to teh steel ( clause 26.4.1) and check perimeter spacing of bars (IS clause 26.5.3.1) is
not more than 300mm.
Step 6: Detail the transverse steel. Adopt a suitable size, determine spacings, etc.
Strength of helically reinforced short column:
IS 456, clause 26.5.3.2(d) deals with design of helically reinforced column. In working stress design, it was
practice to consider the strength of spirals also in contributing to the strength of the column. Tests on spirally
reinforced reinforced columns show that the additional strength due to spirals in working stress design can be
estimated by considering the volume of spiral steel per unit height of the column is approximately twice as
effective as the same volume were put as longitudinal steel. Hence the equation for strength of spiral columns
in working load (Pc) is usually written as
Pc = ( Load taken by core ) + (load taken by longitudinal steel ) + 2 ( Vch) ( stress in spiral)
Where Vch is the volume of the spiral per unit length of the column which is also termed as the equivalent area
of helical steel per unit height of the column. However when dealing with ultimate loads and limit state design,
it has been observed that
1. The containing effect of spirals is useful only in the elastic stage and it is lost when the spirals also
reach yield point.
2. The spirals become fully effective only after the concrete cover over the spirals spalls off after
excessive deformation.
Hence in ultimate load estimation , the strength of spirally reinforced columns is expressed by
1. Pu (spirally reinforced column) = 1.05 Pu (tied column)
2. The volume of spirals to be provided which is calculated on the principle that it should be adequate to
offset the loss of strength of the cover which cracks up at ultimate stage.
 107

Calculation of spacing of spirals:

S = Pitch or spacing of spirals used.
a = area of spiral steel .
D = diameter of the column.
Dk = diameter of the core.
The condition is that the loss of strength due to spalling of cover should be equal to the contribution due to
spirals.

Taking Ak as the area of the core and Ag as the area of cross section and using the same assumption about the
action of the spiral as is used in the elastic design, the relationship at failure is given by
2Vch( 0.87ƒy) = 0.63 ƒck (Ag - Ak)

Vch = 0.36 (Ag - Ak)( ƒ ck)

ƒy

Which can be reduced to the form given in IS 456, clause 38.4.1 as

Æg
Vch = 0.36 ( - 1) ( ƒ ck)
Æk Æk ƒy

Where Ag = gross area of section

Ak = area of core.
This expression gives the ratio of the volume of the helical reinforcement required for the volume of the core
per unit height of the column.
Simplifying this expression further, one can write
Vch = (Volume of the spiral in one ring) x (No. Of rings per unit length)
Taking Dk as the diameter of the core , we get
(area of cpriaS ) n Dk anDk
Vch = Spacing (pitch)
=
c
 108

Rewriting the IS equation by using the above value for Vch, we get
aDk 0.36 ( D2–D2) fck
k
c
= 4 fy

4aDk) fy
S=
0.36 ( D2–Dk2) fck

11.1aDkfy )
S= .............(1)
fck( D 2–D 2
k)

Which can be used as the expression for calculating the pitch of the spirals for a given steel of cross section
area a.
The rules regarding detailing of helical steel are given IS 456, clause 26.5.3.2. the main considerations are:
1. The diameter of the helicals shall be at least 6mm or one fourth the diameter of longitudinal steel.
2. The pitch shall be (a) as derived from formula equation (1) (b) not more than 75mm, (c) not more than
1/6th core diameter , (d) not less than 25mm, (e) not less than three times the diameter of the steel bar
forming the helix.
If the diameter and the pitch of the spirals do not comply with the above rules, the strength is to be
taken as only that of a tied column of similar dimension.
Problem 1:
A column of 400 x400mm has an unsupported length of 7m and effective length of 4.5 m. Can it be designed
as a short column under axial compression , if the load placed centrally on it?
Solution:
Step 1: Slenderness ratio consideration
Le
= 4500 / 400 = 11.25 (IS456 Cl.25.1.2)
D

As columns with slenderness less than 12 can be considered as short , the column is short.
Step 2: Eccentricity considerations
L0 D
eNin = +
500 30
not less than 20mm. (IS 456 Cl . 25.4)
= 7000/ 500 + 400/30
= 14 + 13.3
27.3 mm is greater than 20mm. Adopt 27.3mm
The eccentricity for which short column formula is applicable id D/20
D/20 = 400/20 = 20mm ( IS 456 Cl.39.3)
eNin > D/20
Hence forNula for axial load is not aeelicable.
Column should be designed as subject to axial load and moment due to eNin.
(M = P eNin )
 109

Problem – 2
Design an axially loaded tied column 400 x 400 mm pinned at both ends with an unsupported length of
3m for carrying a factored load of 2300 KN. Use grade 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Step 1: Factored load on column
Pu = 2300KN
Stee 2: Size of column and check eNin ( IS 456 Cl. 25.4)
Size of coluNn = 400 x400 , D/20 = 20mm
L0 D
eNin = +
500 30
= 3000/500 + 400/30 = 19.33 < 20mm
eNin less than D/20 is assumed in the formula. Hence short column formula for axial load can be used.
Stee 3: Calculation of slenderness ( IS456 Cl. 25.1.2)
Le = 1.0L = 3000mm
Le
= 3000/400 = 7.5 < 12
b

Stee 4: Find area of steel and check percentage

(a) By formula, Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Acc (IS 456 Cl. 39.3)
2300 x 10³ = 0.4 x 20 x ( 400² - Ac ) + 0.67 x 415 x Ac
Ac = 3777 mm², P = 3777/ 400² x 100 = 2.36%
Tℎis is Nore tℎan 0.8% and less tℎan 6%. ℎence o. k
(b) By SP 16 , Ag = 1600 cm², P = 2300 KN. P = 2.4% (SP 16 chart 25)
Ac = ( 2.4x400x400) / 100 = 3840mm² ( Use 8T -25 / 3927mm²)
Stee 5 ∶ Detail the longitudinal steel
Use cover = 40mm (Cl. 26.4.2.1)
Steel spacing = ( 400 – 40 – 40 -25) / 2 = 147.5
Clear spacing between bars = 147.5 – 25 = 122.5 < 300 (Cl.26.5.3.1 g)
Step 6: Design transverse steel
Diameter of links : not less than 25/4 or 6mm.
Use 10mm
Spacing least of [ Cl. 26.5.3.2 (c)]
(a) Dimension of column = 400mm
(b) 16 times Ø of long steel = 16 x25 = 400mm
(c) 300 mm adopt 300mm.
Use Fe250 steel for ties.
11.1aDkfy )
(a) S = =( 11.1 x 28 x 400 x 145) / (57600 x 30)
fck( D2–Dk2)

= 30mm Cl. 39.4.1

 110

Spacing not more than 75mm

(b)
Spacing not more than 320 / 6 = 53.3mm
(c)
Spacing not less than 25
(d)
Spacing not less than 6 x 3 = 18mm
(e)
Choose 30mm spacing.
(Design helically reinforced columns)
Problem 1 :
Design a circular pin ended column 400 mm dia and helically reinforced , with an unsupported length of 4.5 m
to carry a factored load of 900 KN. Assume M30 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Step 1: Factored load, Pu = 900 Kn.
Step 2: Size of column D = 400mm, cover = 40mm
Dcore = 320mm
D/20 = 400/20 = 20mm.
L0 400 4500 400
emin = + = + = 22.3mm > 20mm.
500 30 500 30

As emin > D/20, theoretically short column formula for centrally loaded column is not applicable. However
the column is designed as centrally loaded, as the moment to be considered is small.

Step 3: Slenderness of column

Le
= 4500/40 = 11.25 < 12. (centrally loaded Short Column)
D

Step 4: Area of longitudinal steel

Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Ac (IS456 Cl. 39.4)
900
Ac=n x 400² / 4 = 125.6 x 10 ³ mm², P = = 857 KN.
1.05 1.05

857 x 10³ = [ .4 x 30 x ( 125600 - Ac ) + 0.67 x 415 Ac]

= 1507 x 10³ + Ac ( 278 – 12)
Concrete itself can carry more than the required load.
Hence provide minimum steel.
Ac(min ) = 0.8% ( of area required to carry P ) IS 456 Cl 26.5.3.1 (a) (b)
900s 10³
Ac to resist given P = = 71428mm²
1.05 s 0.4 s 30
0.8
Ac(min ) = 100 x ( 71428) = 571.4 mm².
Provide 6 nos. Of 12mm bars giving area 678 mm² as minimum number of bars allowed is 6 nos.
Step 5: Design Spirals CL.26.5.3.1(c)
Choose 6mm, a = 28 mm² (area) , s = pitch.
 111

Detailing at junctions with reinforcement footing –

 112
Reference book:
Design of reinforced concrete structures
By:N.Subramanian
Fundamentals of reinforced concrete
By:N.C. Sinha,S.K.Roy
Reinforced Concrete
By:H.J.Saha
Reinforced concrete structure
By:pillai & menon