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Second Edition
INDUSTRIAL
FIRE
PROTECTION
HANDBOOK
INDUSTRIAL
FIRE
PROTECTION
HANDBOOK
R. Craig Schroll
CRC PR E S S
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
587 Front Matter 2/19/02 11:25 AM Page iv
Schroll, R. Craig.
Industrial fire protection handbook / R. Craig Schroll.—2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58716-058-7 (alk. paper)
1. Industrial buildings—Fires and fire prevention. I. Title.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot as-
sume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or re-
trieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for cre-
ating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for
such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
Dedication
To my wife Penny for her support of my work in spite of the time commitment in-
volved. To my parents Bert and Roy, whose support over the years has played a major
role in shaping me.
Preface
This book is designed to provide practical guidance that may be implemented to im-
prove fire prevention and protection within a work environment. The emphasis is on
techniques and methods that can be applied to improve actual performance. The
book is intended for both the student who has yet to begin practicing in the field and
for the practitioner who has chosen to be a student to expand his or her knowledge
of industrial fire protection. The primary focus of this book is fire protection in an in-
dustrial setting; however, much of the material applies to fire protection issues in any
type of occupancy.
Fire loss prevention and control are fundamentally about developing systems and
practices within a facility to increase the opportunities to avoid fires, limit the devel-
opment and spread of fires, and allow for the rapid and effective control of fires.
While codes and standards are occasionally referenced, this book is not con-
cerned with the detailed requirements of these documents. There are engineering as-
pects included herein, but the goal is not to make each reader an engineer.
If your goal is to focus exclusively on fire protection in your career, this text will
provide a good introduction to the body of knowledge involved. You should follow
this with additional detail on each of the specific areas. If you are a general practi-
tioner in the field of safety, this text will provide the fundamental information you
need to effectively handle your fire related responsibilities.
Additional illustrations are used throughout this second edition to improve un-
derstanding of many of the issues involved with effective fire loss prevention and
control. The introductory information and examples in Chapter 1 have been updated
from the previous edition. Chapter 2 provides significant information on new extin-
guishing agents including wet chemical and clean agents designed to replace halon.
The general loss control program coverage in Chapter 3 has been significantly ex-
panded. Life safety issues in Chapter 4 have been covered in more detail, and several
additional examples have been included. The hazard control discussion in Chapter 5
has been expanded to include more in-depth coverage of the issues dealt with in the
first edition as well as additional issues. Chapter 6’s coverage of installed fire pro-
tection systems has been expanded. Additional details on the systems covered in the
first edition are included and discussion of a broader array of systems has been
added. Chapter 7 on portable fire extinguishers has been improved, and new material
about the latest extinguisher types has been added. Additional examples covering se-
lection, placement, and maintenance have been included. The coverage of emer-
gency planning in Chapter 8 has been improved, and the emergency team and fire
brigade coverage in Chapter 9 has been enhanced with new information. Chapter 10
on coping with a fire has been updated and expanded. Finally, the appendix materi-
als have been changed completely to reflect the widespread availability of informa-
tion on the Internet.
Acknowledgments
Many people affect an individual in the course of a career. I would like to take this
opportunity to acknowledge some of the most noteworthy contributors to my pro-
fessional development. I owe my beginnings in the fire service to Paul Wise, retired
Chief of the Liberty Fire Company in New Holland, Pennsylvania. His efforts dur-
ing my first exposure to fire protection helped me select this as my career. I owe a
debt of gratitude to Chief Walter J. McNeil, who was my first supervisor as a paid
fire protection specialist in the U.S. Air Force. He suffered occasionally at the hands
of an often overzealous rookie, but he took it all in stride. He was always helpful,
encouraging, and provided an excellent example of what a professional was sup-
posed to be. I extend my thanks to the many colleagues I have been fortunate enough
to work with while participating in various professional associations. They have
given me an opportunity to contribute and have added much to my experience over
the years. Last, but far from least, I thank all of my students and clients for the op-
portunities they have given me and the source of learning and growth they have pro-
vided that has made this book possible.
If you have suggestions or comments regarding this book, please e-mail them to
the author at [email protected] or send them to FIRECON, P.O. Box 231, East
Earl, PA 17519, USA.
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Fire triangle.
Figure 2.2 Fire square.
Figure 2.3 Surface-to-mass ratio.
Figure 2.4 Old-style class symbols.
Figure 2.5 New class pictographs.
Figure 2.6 Class K symbol.
Figure 2.7 Pensky–Martens flashpoint tester.
Figure 2.8 Flammable limits.
Figure 2.9 Flammable range comparison.
Figure 2.10 Vapor pressure.
Figure 2.11 Vapor density.
Figure 2.12 Specific gravity.
Figure 2.13 Convection.
Figure 2.14 Radiation point source.
Figure 2.15 Radiation long source.
Note: All figures not otherwise attributed are ©Firecon and printed with permission
from Firecon.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Nature of the Problem
Chapter Objectives
Scope of the Fire Loss Problem
Past Losses
Loss Potential
Case Histories
Case One
Case Two
Case Three
Case Four
Factors that Affect Fire Loss
Can Loss Prevention and Control Have an Impact?
References
Basic Concepts
Adequate Number of Exits
Access to Exits
Exit Marking
Emergency Lighting
Evacuation Planning
Emergency Action Plan Exercises
Smoke and Fire Control
Personnel Training
Life Safety Evaluation
Active Systems
Why Installed Fire Protection Is Important
Justifying Installed Fire Protection
Fire Walls
Fire Wall Opening Protection
Alarm Systems
Standpipe Systems
Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Wet-Pipe Sprinkler Systems
Dry-Pipe Sprinkler Systems
Sprinkler Heads
Sprinkler System Inspection and Maintenance
Water-Spray Systems
Foam Systems
Water Supply Systems
Water Supply System Inspection and Maintenance
Carbon Dioxide Systems
Halon Systems
Halon Substitutes
Dry Chemical Systems
Flammable Vapor Detection Systems
Explosion Venting and Suppression Systems
Installed System Impairments
Inspection and Maintenance of Systems
Evaluate System Needs
Foam
Dry Chemical
Carbon Dioxide
Halon and Halon Replacements
Dry Powder
Wheeled Extinguishers
Personnel Training in the Use of Extinguishers
Inspection of Extinguishers
Maintenance of Extinguishers
PAST LOSSES
Losses from fire have escalated over the last century. In 1910, the per capita fire loss
was $2.32; by 1999, this figure had risen to $36.80. The total cost of fire loss is even
higher. Total fire costs include not only direct fire damage but also the costs of pre-
venting and controlling fires. While the cost of fire losses has continued to rise, the
number of deaths from fire has, fortunately, declined slightly.
In 1999, there were 523,000 structural fires in the United States. The estimated
direct property loss was $10.3 billion. An estimated 3570 civilians were killed in
fires and 21,875 were injured. The vast majority of these injuries and fatalities oc-
curred in residential fires.
LOSS POTENTIAL
Loss potential refers to the magnitude of the loss or losses which are reasonably pos-
sible and which are likely to occur at some point in time. Losses and their costs are
typically divided into human, direct, and indirect components.
Deaths of and injuries to personnel are a portion of human loss from an uncon-
trolled fire. Human loss also concerns nonmeasurable items such as pain, suffering,
and grief. The costs also include measurable items such as hospital expenses, dis-
ability compensation, and other benefits. Direct losses, such as burnt equipment,
material, and buildings, as well as smoke and water damage, are an immediate result
of fire. These losses can be seen and counted relatively easily. Indirect losses include
the expenses of lost production time, business interruption, reproduction of records,
and many more. Indirect losses can, to an extent, be measured but generally cannot
be seen. These losses are a direct result of the fire but are often overlooked when cal-
culating the true cost of fire losses.
The resources expended to deal with fire losses should also be considered part of
the cost of fire. The cost of installed fire protection, fire departments, and insurance
premiums, to name a few, are all resources devoted to dealing with uncontrolled fires.
Most organizations have a greater loss potential than the management of the or-
ganization realizes. Individuals tend to believe that things like a major fire loss will
not happen to them personally. The statistics presented here, however, vary only
slightly from previous years and offer a fair projection of next year’s numbers. These
losses occur to someone. It is safe to assume that, without effective action, someone
could just as easily be you as anyone else. This is an important point. To effectively
work for the prevention and control of losses, it is necessary to believe that a loss is
possible. One thing that often precedes a significant loss is the complacency brought
on by not having yet experienced a loss.
CASE HISTORIES
The following case histories are actual incidents and events used to illustrate more
fully the nature of the fire loss control challenge. The purpose of these cases is to
demonstrate how losses occur and to introduce the concept of learning from the ex-
periences of others. The cases presented here are designed to provide educational
illustrations; they are not intended to place blame or assign responsibility for the out-
comes of the incidents. Hopefully, over time, actions that have been successful are
repeated, and ones that have failed are avoided. Everyone should take the time to
learn from the experiences of others. This experience provides a valuable source of
information that is considerably less costly than personal experience.
CASE ONE1
Shortly after noon on April 16, 1984, welding operations were being performed on
equipment in a plywood manufacturing plant. In the area where the maintenance
work was taking place, deposits of oil, pitch, and wood dust were present on equip-
ment, structural members, and catwalks. The welding operations ignited a fire in
these deposits which spread rapidly. The fire department arrived approximately five
minutes after the fire ignited and found the plant heavily involved in fire. Within an-
other five minutes, the structure was fully involved in fire. Ten minutes later, the roof
began to collapse.
The fire caused an estimated direct loss of $32.5 million. Three major factors
were identified as contributing to the loss: (1) combustible deposits of oil, pitch, and
wood dust, (2) lack of adequate fire prevention during welding, and (3) obstruction
of piping in the installed fire protection system.
The plant was completed in 1970 and included a boiler house, cooling shed,
planing mill, stud mill, and the main plywood production building. The main ply-
wood manufacturing building was constructed of wood and contained over 200,000
square feet (18,580 square meters) of undivided floor area.
The plant building was protected by 12 dry-pipe sprinkler systems and two dry-
pipe standpipe systems which supplied 30 hose stations. The water supply to these
systems was limited to a municipal water connection. A 10-inch (25.4 cm) main fire
protection loop surrounded the plant, and this loop was fed by an 8-inch (20.3 cm)
and 12-inch (30.5 cm) city water main. Each system connection to the fire loop was
through a post indicator valve. These valves were locked open and inspected weekly.
The plant fire brigade had received training in the use of standpipe hoses and had
controlled several previous fires prior to the arrival of the fire department.
The welding was to be performed at a point approximately fifteen feet above floor
level on a piece of production equipment. The area surrounding the welding work was
wetted down with a 0.75-inch (1.9 cm) garden hose at floor level and a fire watch was
posted. Combustible materials at the level of welding and above were not wetted down.
Shortly after welding operations were started, the welder sensed heat coming from
above him. The employee discovered that a fire had started to burn on the catwalk and
equipment frame above. The fire watch then tried to control the fire with the 0.75-inch
(1.9 cm) hose. This hose did not provide sufficient reach or water volume, however, and
was ineffective. The fire spread rapidly to the top of the equipment and into a draft hood
above the equipment. An employee in a breakroom noticed the fire, sounded the alarm
over the public address system, and called the public fire department. This employee
attempted to use a 1.5-inch (3.8 cm) standpipe hose line, but when the line only spurted
water, he assumed the line was inoperative and went to get a 2.5-inch (6.4 cm) hand-
line from an outside hose cabinet. When he returned, the fire was beginning to break
out of the draft hood and appeared too large to control. This handline was not used on
the fire. None of the employees present during this period noticed any evidence of
sprinkler water flow.
Approximately 20 minutes into the incident, the roof collapsed, which ruptured
the sprinkler system piping and effectively eliminated any potential control of the
fire. Fire department operations were primarily confined to defensive measures to
prevent the spread of the fire to adjacent areas.
Although the plant had a hot work policy and established procedures for weld-
ing operations, these were not effective. The area surrounding the welding site was
not properly secured prior to welding. Ideally, combustible materials near the work
area in all directions must be considered. Fire watch personnel should be the first to
discover a fire. In this case, the welder was the first to notice the fire, indicating that
the fire watch person was not properly positioned to see all essential areas or was not
as attentive as he should have been. More effective fire control measures should have
been readily available. The 0.75-inch (1.9 cm) hose that was used did not provide the
reach or necessary volume of water to handle a fire in this area. The accumulations
of oil, pitch, and dust should have made the need for more adequate fire control ca-
pability evident.
The alert and evacuation operations were initiated promptly and carried out ef-
fectively. Calling the fire department immediately was also appropriate. These actions
were handled well by the employees, and no one was injured as a result of this fire.
The operation of the 1.5-inch (3.8 cm) standpipe hose may have been effective
because in dry-pipe systems there is a delay in obtaining full water flow at the noz-
zle while the air exhausts from the system. This delay could have been the only cause
of the spurting observed by the employee. The hose line may have been sufficient to
confine the fire to the area of the draft hood had it been operated. In post-fire inves-
tigations, deposits were found in the sprinkler and standpipe system piping. Internal
deposits in fire protection system piping can significantly reduce water flow and may
have been partially to blame for the minimal water flow. These deposits were also re-
sponsible for inadequate performance of the sprinkler system. Fire protection system
maintenance is critical. Effective maintenance and inspection procedures should
have revealed the blockage of system piping.
Fire loss experience documented by Factory Mutual over the past fifteen years
indicates that fires in structures with wood roofs, which have initiated the operation
of more than 20 sprinkler heads, have been successfully contained or controlled by
properly operating sprinkler systems.
CASE TWO2
On May 27, 1987, a small accidental spill of flammable liquid was ignited by sparks
from a forklift. The resulting fire consumed 1.5 million gallons (5.678 million liters)
of paint and automotive flammable liquids and destroyed the warehouse in which
they were stored. The direct loss from this fire was $49 million.
Construction of the facility was completed in 1977. The main structure contained
the warehouse, an office area was attached, and a covered drum storage area was ad-
jacent to the building. A fire wall divided the warehouse into two areas: the east side
had approximately 98,600 square feet (9160 square meters) of useable area and the
west side had about 82,000 square feet (7618 square meters). The fire wall should
have provided 4-hour fire resistance based on the construction. Four openings were
provided in the fire wall for vehicle traffic; each of these openings was protected with
a 3-hour sliding fire door on both sides of the opening. There were two personal
doors through the fire wall which were also protected by 3-hour doors.
The facility was protected by eight wet-pipe sprinkler systems and one deluge
system. A standpipe system and hose stations were provided throughout the ware-
house. Installed systems were supplied with water from a 16-inch (40.6 cm)
municipal water main. A 2500-gallon-per-minute (GPM) (9463 liters/minute) fire
pump was located on-site in a separate pump house and supplied a 10-inch (25.4 cm)
fire protection loop. Sprinklers were also provided in storage racks. Standpipe hose
stations were present throughout the facility. Manual alarm pull stations were located
next to exits. The sprinkler, standpipe, and manual alarm systems were monitored by
a central station. Fire extinguishers were provided in all areas of the warehouse.
CASE THREE3
The morning work shift of employees at a poultry processing plant had just begun
when a fire occurred at approximately 8:15 a.m. on September 3, 1991. The rapid
spread of heavy smoke throughout the structure ultimately resulted in 25 fatalities
and 54 people being injured in varying degrees.
Imperial Foods occupied a one-story brick and metal structure that had been used
over the years for various food product operations. The total area was approximately
30,000 square feet (2787 square meters).
Operations at this plant did not include the slaughter of poultry. Rather, poultry
parts were shipped to the plant which then prepared and cooked the chicken.
The plant employed approximately 200 people, with a normal shift having
around 90 employees. Preparation of the poultry products included trimming, mari-
nating, cutting, and mixing. The prepared meat would then be cooked, quick-frozen,
packed, and prepared for shipping.
Poultry products that had already gone through the various marinating and mix-
ing procedures were taken by conveyor to a cooking vat in the processing room
which contained soybean oil. The oil was maintained by a thermostat control at a
constant temperature of 375°F (190.6°C) plus or minus 15°F (9.4°C).
A maintenance worker who survived the fire indicated that the hydraulic line that
drove the conveyor had developed a leak. The hydraulic line was turned off and
drained of fluid. Then the maintenance worker disconnected the leaking line and re-
placed it with a factory prepared line.
The factory prepared line, however, was found to be too long and would have
dragged on the floor, possibly causing people working in the area to trip. So the
maintenance worker reportedly asked for and gained permission to cut the factory
prepared hydraulic line to an appropriate length, replaced the end connector with his
own connector, and put the line back in place. This line has been described as a 0.75-
inch (1.9 cm) flex line rated to carry 3000 psi (20,684 kilopascals). Information from
plant personnel indicated normal pressure was kept at approximately 800 psi (5516
kilopascals) but would at times fluctuate as high as 1200 to 1500 psi (8274 to 10,342
kilopascals).
The hydraulic line was brought back to operating pressure. Shortly afterward, it
separated at the repaired connector point. The connector was some 4 to 6 feet (1.2 to
1.8 meters) above floor level with hydraulic fluid being expelled at a pressure of 800
to 1500 psi (5516 to 10,342 kilopascals). It began to splatter off the concrete floor.
Droplets were bouncing back onto the gas heating plumbs for the cooking vat, which
turned them into vapor. The vapors were then going directly into the flame. The va-
pors had a much lower flashpoint than the liquid hydraulic fluid and, therefore,
rapidly ignited.
The pressurization of the hydraulic fluid combined with the heat was causing an
atomizing of the fuel which, in all probability, caused an immediate fireball in and
around the failed hydraulic line and the heating plumbs. The ignition of the fuel caused
an immediate and very rapid spreading of heavy black smoke throughout the building.
Seven workers were trapped between the area of origin and any escapable routes.
Measurement of the system during the investigation after the fire indicated 50 to
55 gallons (189 to 208 liters) of hydraulic fluid fueled the fire before electrical fail-
ure shut the system down. In addition to the hydraulic fluid, the fire reached a natural
gas regulator that, in turn, failed and caused an induction of natural gas to the fire in-
creasing the intensity and buildup of toxic gases.
Witness reports indicated much of the plant was enveloped in flames in less than
two minutes. Workers throughout the plant found their visibility eliminated and oxy-
gen quickly consumed. Hydrocarbon-charged smoke, particularly as heavy as this, is
extremely debilitating to the human body and can disable a person with one or two
breaths. This was confirmed as autopsies conducted on all of the fatalities found that
virtually all died of smoke inhalation as opposed to direct flame injury.
Language: Finnish
BUCHHOLZIN PERHE
Kuvailuja Berliinin elämästä
Kirj.
JULIUS STINDE
Kadulta katsoen.
Syntymäpäivä.
Musikillinen vävynpyynti.
Näyttelyssä.
Herra Buchholzin hammastauti.
Kummitusjuttuja.
Uudenvuoden aatto.
Magneetillinen koetus.
Perhevaunuissa.
Morsianilta kolmannessa kerrassa.
Meidän pitää lähteä kylpypaikkaan.
Kylpypaikassa.
Herra Bergfeldtin onnettomuus.
"Voille leivälle."
Ristiäiset.
Kesällä.
Elonkorjuu-juhla.
Salaisuuksia.
Emmin varasto.
Häät.
Häiden jälkeen.
Ensi pidot.
Eno Fritzin joulu.
Kotoista taidetta.
Muotokuva.
Uusi sukulaisuus.
Hieno seura.
Betti.
Onnettomuuden torstai.
Koetuksia.
Vävyni.
Eno Fritz.
Mitenkä kullekin käy.
KADULTA KATSOEN.
Syntymäpäivä.
Nyt taas rouva Heimreich torui. Minun, koska olen äiti, ei pitäisi
sallia kuljettaa semmoisia kirjoja kotiini; johon minä vastasin, että
minulla on muutakin tekemistä kuin sen valvominen; minun
kodissani ei pidä vieraissakävijäin saaman kirjoittaa käyntikortin
sijasta nimeänsä tomuun, jota sormen paksulta on huonekaluilla.
Sanasta kasvoi toinen ja rouva läksi meiltä, ei sanoen enää koskaan
tulevansa eikä myöskään päästävänsä lapsiaan semmoiseen
Gomorraan, kuin meidän kotimme on. Se minulle olikin mieleen, sillä
minun molemmat lapseni ovatkin oikeastaan jo liian suuret
Heimreichin kolmen nuorimman kumppaniksi, ja vaikka Heimreichin
rouva ylvästelee siveydestään, niin on minulla kuitenkin oma luja
vakuutukseni, että hän ainoastaan niin kauan on hurskas, kun
pyhinä istuu kirkossa.
Nyt minä kysyn, herra toimittaja, eikö ole perin väärin, että
tehtailijat ja kauppiaat tuolla viattomalla ilmoituksella "lasten
teaattereille soviteltu" myöskentelevät kirjasia, jotka soveltuvat yhtä
vähän lapsille kuin nyrkinisku vasten silmää? Missä on terveyspoliisi
tarkastamaan ja estämään henkisen ravinnon väärennystä?
Kunnioituksella
Vilhelmiina Buchholz, omaa sukua Fabian.
Kirjan lähetän mukaan. Siitä näette, ett'en minä vielä ole
maininnutkaan pahimpia paikkoja.
Musiikillinen vävynpyynti.
"Mitä aiot nyt rahalla tehdä?" kysyi mieheni. — "Sen minä säilytän
ikuiseksi muistoksi", vastasin minä, "taikkapa ehkä ostan sillä
itselleni uuden hatun, kun vanha ei enää ole vähääkään nykyisen
muodin mukainen. Krausen rouvakin on äsken juuri hankkinut
itselleen uuden." — Lapsetkin arvelivat sitä keinoa paraimmaksi
kaikista. Niinpä minä taivuin heidän pyyntöönsä, ja kolmen kesken
läksimme sitte muotikauppaan. Mutta kun siitä rahasta vielä jäi
jokseenkin paljo, jonka postimies toi, niin sanoin minä: "Nyt me sillä
hankimme itsellemme vähän hauskuutta. Tänä iltana menemme
Bilsen konserttisaliin; minä panen uuden hatun päähäni ja pappa
tulee sitte meitä noutamaan."
Siihen minä vastasin, että minuun hän kyllä saa luottaa ja että
minä olen pitävä huolen, ett'eivät meidän lapsemme pääse
semmoisia liittoja tekemään; minä toki osaan karkoittaa semmoiset
nuoret herrat, joilla ei ole varmaa tulevaisuuden pohjaa. Niinpä
syntyi sana sanasta, eikä siitä ennen tullut rauhaa, kuin Kaarle jäi
vaiti. Niin hän aina tekee, milloin emme ole yksimieliset, ja siitä minä
olen vielä enemmin pahoillani, kun en silloin tiedä, mitä hän
itseksensä ajattelee. Vaikeapa onkin monesti tulla toimeen miesten
kanssa.
*****
Näyttelyssä.
Kun siitä aloin vähän parata eikä ihoni enää ollut niin inhottavan
keltainen, jommoiseksi suuttumukseni sen oli tehnyt, sanoi Kaarle:
"Vilhelmiina, kuinkahan olisi, jos itseäsi vähän huvittelisit? Emmekö
lähde kaikki yhdessä näyttelyä katsomaan, sinä ja minä ja lapset; en
minä parista groshenista lukua pidä, kun saamme iloita sinun
paranemisestasi." — Ensin minä hyvin ihastuin ehdotuksesta, mutta
sitte minulle heti johtui mieleen, ett'eiköhän Kaarlen ystävällisyys
minua kohtaan vain johtunut jostakin salaisesta syyllisyyden
tunnosta, jota tuo Bergfeldtin rouvan äskeinen kirje oli virkistänyt.
En minä kuitenkaan virkkanut mitään tunteistani, vaan taivuin
mielelläni hänen tahtoonsa. Lapset olivat juuri saaneet uudet
kesäpukunsa ja koska Kaarle jo oli melkein varmasti luvannut minulle
uusmuotisen japanilaisen saalin, niin mikäpä sitte olisikaan estänyt
hänen aikeensa toimeenpanoa. Vaan jospa olisin tiennyt, mitä
minulle oli tänä päivänä tapahtuva, niin olisinpa toki jäänyt kauniisti
kotiin.