A

Class : XII Marks : 70

BIOLOGY SOLUTIONS Duration : 3 hour

Section -A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A B D D D D A C
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
B D C D B C C A

Section -B
17. The composition of oral pills comprises: Either progestogens alone or progestogen –
estrogen combination. Saheli is a Non-steroidal preparation. It inhibits ovulation
and implantation. It also alters the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/ retard the
entry of sperms.
18. Disorder-Down’s Syndrome
Symptoms:
i)The affected individual is short statured with small round head; has furrowed
tongue; partially open mouth; Palm is broad with characteristic palm crease,
ii) Physical psychomotor and mental development is retarded
iii. They help to decrease the probability of diseases spread by mosquitoes,
horseflies and deer flies.
19. Sticky ends are overhangs of single-stranded DNA molecules after being cut with
a restriction enzyme. Sticky ends are important because they allow for recombinant
DNA to be made by cutting and pasting molecules of DNA together.
OR
A single stranded DNA or RNA is tagged with a radioactive molecule(probe).
It is allowed to hybridize to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by
detection using autoradiography.
The clone having the mutated gene will hence not appear on the photographic film,
because the probe will not have complementarity with the mutated gene.
Hence, cancer induced mutation can be detected.
20. Advanced techniques are being used now for ex situ conservation. Gametes of
threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods
using cryopreservation techniques. Eggs can, thus, be fertilized in vitro.
In plants, the explants can be propagated using tissue culture methods and can be
kept for long periods in seed banks.
21. Flocs are masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like
structure. They separate the organic matter from waste water. Flocs digest most of
the organic material from the sludge. Thus, flocs helps in reducing the BOD
(Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of the effluent. This helps in further treatment of
sludge.

Section-C
22. The structure of insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains—chain A and
chain B linked together by disulphide bridges. In mammals, including human
beings, insulin is synthesised as a pro-hormone which contains an extra stretch
called the C peptide which is removed during maturation into insulin. The rDNA
technique is used for assembling insulin into the mature form.
In 1983, Eli Lily, an American company, prepared two DNA sequences
corresponding to A and B chains of human insulin and introduced them in the
plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains. Chains A and B were produced
 separately, extracted and combined by creating disulphide bonds to form human
insulin.

23. By performing a test cross with a homozygous recessive plant, we can determine
the genotype of the violet-flowered pea plant
In test cross, an organism showing a dominant phenotype for a particular
character is crossed with the plant showing recessive phenotype for the same
character. Hence, the plant producing violet flowers is crossed with a plant
producing white flowers (pp). If all the offspring obtained from this cross produce
violet flowers then the genotype is homozygous dominant (PP). If offspring obtained
in the cross produce violet and white flowers in the ratio of 1 : 1, then the genotype
is heterozygous dominant (Pp).

OR
a) Endemism is that state where the specific species are found in some specific region
only. For example: Kangaroos were originally endemic to the country Australia
means they are found in that specific country only and are not found anywhere
else. ‘The Evil Quartet’ is describes the four major causes which are responsible
for extinction of species at an accelerated rate.
b) Overexploitation-
(i) Overexploitation means harvesting species at a faster rate that any natural
population cannot recover at this accelerated rate. Overhunting and overfishing are
both types of overexploitation.
ii) Loss of habitat- When a natural habitat is not capable of supporting species that
are native to it is called loss of habitat or habitat destruction.
iii) Extinction of species- Extinction of any species occur when species are
decreased because of environmental forces and sometimes also because of
evolutionary changes in their members.
iv) Introduction of exotic species- When foreign species or a species living in some
other habitat move to the habitat of other species due to human disturbances or
accidentally it is called introduction of exotic species.
24. Strategy based on the process of RNA interference (RNAi) - as a method of cellular
defence can be used.This method involves silencing of a specific mRNA due to a
complementary dsRNA molecule that binds to and prevents translation of the
mRNA(silencing).The source of this complementary RNA can be from an infection
by viruses having RNA genomes or mobile genetic elements (transposons) that
replicate via an RNA intermediate. Using Agrobacterium vectors, nematode-specific
genes are introduced into the host plant. The introduction of DNA produces both
sense and anti-sense RNA in the host cells. Two RNA’s being complementary to
each other form a double stranded (dsRNA) that initiate RNAi and thus, silence the
specific mRNA of the nematode. As a consequence, the parasite cannot survive in a
transgenic host expressing.
25. a) The DNA fragments resolve according to their size through sieving effect provided
by the agarose gel. Hence, the smaller the fragment size, the farther it moves.
b). The given agarose gel electrophoresis shows migration of undigested DNA
fragments in lane 1 and digested set of DNA fragments in lane 2 to 4.
c). TheseparatedDNAfragmentscanbevisualizedonlyafterstainingtheDNAwitha
compound known as Ethidium Bromide followed by exposure to UV radiation.
26. As the male partner is suffering from low sperm count, Intra cytoplasmic sperm
injection(ICSI) technique should be used to directly inject sperm into the ovum. As
the female partner is having blockage in the fallopian tube, In vitro fertilization,
followed by embryo transfer (ET) will help her conceive.
In this case, sperms from the male partner will be collected and injected into the
ovum of the female partner to form zygote under simulated conditions in the
laboratory and embryo with more than 8 blastomeres will be transferred into the
uterus IUT – intra uterine transfer, to complete its further development.
27.

(b) Transcribed RNA

28. a) Dominant. b) Autosomal.

c) Genotype of parents in generation I – Female – aa and Male – Aa. Genotype of
third child in generation II - Aa. Genotype of first grandchild in generation III -Aa.

Section. D
29. 1) a 2) d 3) b 4) d
OR
a) Vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs.
Activated sludge - some of it is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the
inoculum
b) During this digestion, a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide is
made and carbon dioxide. These gases form biogas.
c) This sludge is removed using a skimmer and then is transferred to a tank where
it is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria to produce biogas. This biogas is used as
fuel for heating, cooking & also used to produce electricity.
30. Specific Bt toxin genes isolated from Bacillus thuringiensisis incorporated into
cotton is coded by the gene scryI A candcry II Ab that control the cotton bollworms.
Bacillus forms protein crystals that contain a toxic insecticidal protein. Once an
 insect ingest the in active toxin, it is converted into an active form.
The toxin in the form of crystals gets solubilized due to alkaline pH in the gut
The activated toxin binds to the surface of gut epithelial cells and perforate the
walls causing the death of insect larva
OR
a) Chemical evolution–First form of life originated from pre-existing non-living
organic molecules.
b) Amino acids, sugars, nitrogen bases, pigments and fats
c) H2
Section- E
31. a) The fallopian tube, which attaches an ovary to the uterus, is where fertilization
takes place
b) Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tubes where the sperm cell and egg cell
fuse with each other and thus, forming a zygote (diploid). An egg must be fertilized
by a single sperm only. To prevent polyspermy, the zona pellucida, a structure that
surrounds mammalian eggs, becomes impermeable upon fertilization, preventing
the entry of further sperm.
c) Blastocyst.
d) The process of attachment of a fertilized egg at the blastocyst stage and sinking
into the uterine endometrium is called implantation.
e) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL, produced
by the placenta) and relaxin (prduced by the ovary) are produced only during
pregnancy in women
OR
a) The process of formation of a megaspore mother cell is known as
megasporogenesis. The megaspore mother cell or MMC is a large cell containing
dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus.
The MMC undergoes reductional division or meiosis and forms four haploid
megaspores. Out of those four, only one remains functional and the other three are
non-functional.
b). Now, in the majority of the angiosperms, only one of the four megaspores
develops into a female gametophyte and the rest three degenerate. This particular
type of development is known as monosporic embryo sac development.
The nucleus of the chalazal functional megaspore (4th megaspore from the
micropylar end) divides mitotically into two nuclei which move to opposite poles,
forming the 2-nucleate (binucleate) embryo sac.
Again, two subsequent mitotic divisions in these cells result in formation of an 8-
nucleate cell. One nucleus from each pole moves into the middle where they form
polar nuclei. Then, at this stage, cytokinesis results in, and the following changes
are observed:
Three of the nuclei get organized at the micropylar end and form the egg apparatus
(n). One becomes the egg cell (n), and the other two become the synergids (n).
Three nuclei form the antipodal cells (n) at the chalazal end. Two nuclei in the
center are called polar nuclei (n + n). This ultimately results in a 7-celled and 8-
nucleated embryo sac.
32. Transcription in prokaryotes:
Transcription is the process in which a DNA sequence is transcribed into an RNA
molecule with the help of enzyme RNA polymerase. Transcription in prokaryotes
occurs in the cytoplasm. In prokaryotes, it occurs in three phases- Initiation,
elongation, and termination.
i) Initiation : The enzyme binds at the promoter site of DNA and initiates the
process of transcription. It causes the local unwinding of the DNA double helix. An
initiation gamma factor σ present in RNA polymerase initiates the RNA synthesis.
ii) Elongation : The RNA chain is synthesized in the 5-3 direction. RNA polymerase
uses nucleoside triphosphate as substrate and polymerisation occurs according to
complementarity.
iii) Termination : Termination occurs when termination factor rho alters the
specificity of RNA polymerase to terminate the transcription. As the RNA
polymerase proceeds to perform elongation a short stretch of RNA remains bound
to the enzyme. As the enzyme reaches the termination region this nascent RNA
falls off and transcription is terminated.

OR
a) X –Estrogen, Y –progesterone b) Corpus luteum
c) Formation of Graaffian follicle releases estrogen is followed by the formation of
corpus luteum releases progesterone.
d) Role of X (Estrogen)-leads to changes in the ovary and uterus/regeneration of
endometrium through proliferation. Role of Y (Progesterone) - Maintenance of
endometrium for implantation of the fertilized ovum/maintenance of other events of
pregnancy.
e) In case of pregnancy.
33. i)

ii) ROP(Replication of plasmid) codes for the protein which plays the role
of regulating the copy number in a plasmid. It is also called the repressor of
primer. In pBr322, the gene ROP codes for the proteins involved in the replication
of the plasmid.
iii) If a cloned vector does not have a selectable marker, it will be impossible to
distinguish between transformants (host bacteria with rDNA) and non-
transformants.
Therefore, an ideal cloning vector should have selectable markers for the selection
of transformants.
iv) Insertional inactivation is preferred over the use of selectable markers in cloning
vectors because it allows for easy identification of recombinant plasmids without
the need for additional selection steps
OR
a) i) Growth curve ‘A’: Represents exponential growth with abundant resources,
minimal competition, and ideal environmental conditions. Population grows rapidly.
ii) Growth curve ‘B’: Represents logistic growth as population approaches carrying
capacity (K). Initially exponential growth, but levels off as resources become limited
and competition increases. Population stabilizes near K.
b)‘K’: Represents carrying capacity of environment, the maximum sustainable
population size. Influenced by factors like food availability, habitat space,
competition, predation, disease, etc. When population reaches K, growth slows and
stabilizes.

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