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Simple to Complex: Note: Complex to simple এবং simple to complex করার

জন্যে complex sentence এর connectors গুলির
Simple, Complex, এবং Compound sentence - functions সম্পর্কে বিস্তারিত ধারণা থাকা প্রয়োজন।
transformation এর নিয়মগুলো বুঝার জন্যে clause এবং
phrase সম্পর্কে ধারণা থাকা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। Simple sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিবর্তনের
জন্যে simple sentence এর একটা clause কে ভেঙে অথবা
Clause এবং phrase এর মধ্যে প্রধান পার্থক্য হচ্ছে - নতুন শব্দ যোগ করে দুইটা clause তৈরি করতে হবে। সেই
একটি clause এ একটি verb থাকে আর একটি phrase এ কোন দুইটি clause কে যোগ করতে হবে উপরোক্ত connectors
verb থাকে না. phrase এ participle, gerund, infinitive, গুলো ব্যবহার করে। এর জন্যে নির্দিষ্ট নিয়মগুলোর
ইত্যাদি থাকলেও কোন verb থাকে না. simple sentence এ বাইরেও অনেকভাবে simple sentence কে complex
সাধারণত একটি clause এবং একটি phrase থাকে। sentence এ রূপান্তর করা যায় এবং সবগুলো নিয়মেরই
কিন্তু complex এবং compound sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে ব্যতিক্রম নিয়ম আছে।
সাধারণত দুইটি clause থাকে অর্থ্যাৎ দুইটি verb
থাকে। সেক্ষেত্রে simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মগুলো সব ক্ষেত্রেই ব্যবহার করা যাবে
verb থাকে। :

 Complex - If you study well, you will pass. (Two Rule 1:

clauses, two verbs)
 Simple – By studying hard, you will pass. (One If there is an extra phrase in the simple sentence,
phrase, one clause, and one verb. এখানে study expand that phrase to make a clause. Then choose a
কে present participle বানিয়ে দেয়া হয়েছে যাতে suitable connectors to connect the clauses.
প্রথম clause টা ভেঙ্গে একটা phrase বানানো
যায়, কারণ simple sentence এ একটা clause তথা Phrase টিকে clause এ রূপান্তর করার জন্যে একটি verb
একটাই verb থাকতে পারবে।) আনতে হবে এবং যদি subject না থাকে তাহলে একটা subject
ও আনতে হবে।
Complex sentences have some particular connectors
which connect the two clauses. The connectors for Example:
complex sentences are: - Simple: Seeing the teacher, the student stopped
Before, after, till, until, when, where, which, making noise.
who, whom, why, what, that, since, as, because,
if, unless, as if, as though, although, even এই sentence টিতে phrase হচ্ছে ‘Seeing the teacher’।
though, as soon as, so that, on condition that, এই phrase এ seeing কে সহজেই verb বানানো যায়। আর
and provided that. যেহেতু এই sentence এর subject একটাই সেহেতু আমরা একই
subject ব্যবহার করবো।
So, the two clauses we can get from this sentence are:
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Example:
*The students saw the teacher ---- *The students Simple: He pleaded for his innocence.
stopped making noise. Complex: He pleaded that he was innocence.
এখানে আমরা innocence শব্দটিকে সিলেক্ট করে একটি
Transformation এ tense পরিবর্তিত হয় না। তাই আমরা verb এনে আরেকটি clause তৈরি করেছি। innocence একটি
seeing কে saw বানিয়েছি। দুটি clause এ subject noun, তাই এই clause টি একটি noun clause .
যেহেতু একই, তাই একটিতে pronoun ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
তারপর উপযুক্ত একটি connector বাছাই করতে হবে। এ More Examples of noun clauses in complex
ধরনের sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে একের অধিক connector ও sentences:
থাকতে পারে এবং সব গুলোই সঠিক। Simple: Murphy knows Mr. Rashid.
The complex sentence could be: Complex: Murphy knows who Mr. Rashid is.
Simple: I prayed for your job.
 As the student saw the teacher, they stopped Complex: I prayed so that you could get the job.
making noise. (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the modal – ‘can/could’
 Since the student saw the teacher, they stopped in the following clause.)
making noise. (Note: Complex করার ক্ষেত্রে extra একটি verb আনা
 The students stopped making noises when they যাবে।)
saw the teacher. Simple: He admitted his guilt.
Complex: He admitted that he was guilty.
যদি clause এবং phrase এর subject ভিন্ন ভিন্ন হয়,
তাহলে দুই clause এর জন্যে দুই subject থাকবে। For words that are adjectives, you have to make an
Example: adjective clause.
Simple: Alex could not go to school due to his mother’s Example:
illness. Simple: He was an outstanding actor.
Complex: Alex could not go to school because his Complex: He was an actor who was outstanding.
mother was ill. এখানে outstanding শব্দটি একটি adjective এবং এই শব্দ
Or, Alex could not go to school since his mother was ill. কে কেন্দ্র করেই একটা clause তৈরি করা হয়েছে।
More Examples of adjective clauses in complex
sentences:
Simple: I lost the most beautiful pen yesterday.
Rule 2: Complex: I lost the pen which was most beautiful.
Simple: He was a remarkable man.
If there is no extra phrase in the simple sentence, you Complex: He was a man who was remarkable.
have to find a word which you can expand into a Simple: I want an extensive encyclopedia.
clause. The word can be an adjective, noun, or adverb. Complex: I want an encyclopedia which is extensive.
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In spite of/ despite = though/although + clause +

For words that are adverbs, you have to make an clause.
adverb clause.
Example: Example:
Simple: He is too weak to carry this heavy bag. Simple: In spite of being a good student, he could not
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot carry that do well on the exam.
heavy bag. Complex: Although he is a good student, he could not
Simple: He is working relentlessly to finish the work. do well on the exam.
Complex: He is relentlessly working so that he can Simple: Despite being sick, Robin went to school.
finish the work. Complex: Though Robin was sick, he went to school.
Simple: He was born in the year of liberation war.
Complex: He was born when it was the year of Without + v1(ing) = if + clause + clause. / clause +
liberation war. unless + clause.

Rule 3: Example:
Simple: Without playing well, we cannot win this
কিছু কিছু phrase কে clause এ রূপান্তর করে complex match.
sentence তৈরি করার জন্যে কিছু নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম Complex: If we do not play well, we cannot win this
রয়েছে। সেগুলো হল – match.
Or, We cannot win this match unless we play well.
Because of = clause + because/as/since + clause. Simple: Without being there myself, I cannot do it.
Complex: If I am not there myself, I cannot do it.
Example: Or, I cannot do it unless I’m there myself.
Simple: I could not do it because of my illness.
Complex: I could not do it because I was ill. Too . . (an adjective) . . too = clause + so . .(the
Or, I could not do it as I was ill. adjective). . that + clause.
Or, I could not do it since I was ill.
Example:
At the time of (indcation of time)= when + clause + Simple: He is too weak to continue walking.
clause / clause + When + clause. Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Simple: They are too strong to lose.
Example: Complex: They are so strong that they cannot lose.
Simple: At the time of my birth, my father was Note: (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the modal –
abroad. ‘can/could’ in the following clause.)
Complex: When I was born, my father was abroad.
Complex to Simple:
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A sentence characterized by one independent clause থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই formula follow করবে: 1st
and at least one dependent clause is called a Complex clause এর Verb+ ing + verb এর বাকি অংশ + comma +
sentence. 1st clause এর subject + বাকি অংশ ।

একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause Example:

এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে ।
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the
Such as, Although I was ill, I attended the meeting. meeting.

On the other hand, a sentence characterized by only Simple: Being ill, I could not attend the meeting.
one independent clause and no dependent clause is
called a Simple sentence. Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first
prize.
পক্ষান্তরে একটি Simple sentence এ একটি মাত্র
independent clause এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.
না।
Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran
Such as, In spite of my illness I attended the meeting. away.

The Rules for transforming complex sentence to simple Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.
sentence are discussed below.
Exception:
Complex sentence কে simple sentence এ
রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নিচে বর্ণিত হলো । Complex: When the chicken curry arrived, we started
having lunch.
Rule 1:
Simple: On the arrival of the chicken curry, we started
When the subject of two clauses of a complex having lunch.
sentence including since/as/when is same and both
clauses have the main verb, the simple sentence will
follow this formula: Verb+ing of 1st clause + the rest of
the verb + comma + subject of 1st clause + the rest. Rule 2:

যখন since/as/when সহ complex sentence এর দুটি When the subjects of two clauses of a complex
clause এর subject একই হয় এবং উভয় clause এর main verb sentence are different and have
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am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had, the simple sentence যখন দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং subordinate
will follow this Rule: Eliminate the since/as/when + clause এর be verb (am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had)
replacing am/is/are/was/were use being or in place of থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
has/have/had use having + 2nd clause.
since/as এর পরিবর্তে because of+ ১ম clause এর
যখন complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject ভিন্ন subject এর possessive form + (am/is/are/was/were) এর
হয় এবং am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had থাকে, তবে পরিবর্তে being অথবা (has/have/had) এর পরিবর্তে
simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে: having ব্যবহার করবে + comma+ ২য় clause ।

since/as/when উঠিয়ে দেবে + am/is/are/was/were এর Example: ‍

পরিবর্তে being অথবা has/have/had এর পরিবর্তে
having ব্যবহার করবে + ২য় clause । Complex: Since he was ill, he could not come.

Example: Simple: Because being ill, he could not come.

Complex: ‍ Since the weather was very bad, we did not Complex: He was loved by all, as he had honesty.
start the journey.
Simple: He was loved by all, because of his having
Simple: The weather being very bad, we did not start honesty.
the journey.

Complex: When the show was over, we came back

home. Rule 4:

Simple: The show being over, we came back home. When a complex sentence has relative pronoun, the
simple sentence will follow this Rule: From the
Rule 3: beginning up to the relative pronoun will be written +
the relative pronoun will be omitted+ the be verb will
When the subject of the two clauses is same, and the be omitted + the main verb + ing + the rest.
subordinate clause has be verb (am/ is/ are/ was/
were/ have/ has/ had), the simple sentence will follow যখন complex sentence এ relative pronoun থাকে, তখন
this Rule: Because of in the place of since/as + the simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
possessive form of subject of 1st clause + being in the
place of (am/is/are/was/were) or having in the place of
(has/have/had) + the rest + comma + 2nd clause.
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প্রথম থেকে relative pronoun পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + season (যদি উল্লেখ থাকে) + age থাকলে at the age of +
relative pronoun উঠে যাবে + be verb উঠে যাবে + the বাকি অংশ।
main verb + ing + বাকি অংশ ।
Example: ‍
Example: ‍
Complex: When it was midnight, I was awakened by
Complex: The doctor lived in a quarter that belonged the sound of construction.
to the hospital.
Simple: At midnight I was awakened by the sound of
Simple: The doctor lived in a quarter belonging to the construction.
hospital.
Complex: When it is summer, we can eat different
Complex: A cow that is very strong can plow this land. kinds of mango.

Simple: A cow being very strong can plow his land. Simple: In summer, we can eat different kinds of
mango.
Complex: The students who study seriously can get
good marks. Complex: When he was six, he left the country.

Simple: The students studying seriously can get good Simple: At the age of six, he left the country.
marks.
But if the when doesn’t mean time rather it means
that something is going on, then At the time of +
Verb+ ing + the rest.
Rule 5:
কিন্তু যদি when সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কিছু ঘটছে তা
If the complex sentence has “when” which indicates বোঝায় তবে, At the time of + Verb+ ing + বাকি অংশ, এই
estimate while transforming it into simple, when will নিয়ম ব্যবহার হবে ।
be omitted + subject and verb after when will be
omitted + little time at/in+ season (if mentioned) + (if Example: ‍
age is mentioned) at the age of+ the rest.
Complex: When it was raining, we were sitting in the
যদি complex sentence এ “when” থাকে যা সময়ের পরিমাপ coffee shop.
বোঝায় তবে একে simple করার সময়, when উঠে যাবে+ when
এর পরের ‍subject ও verb উঠে যাবে + ছোট সময় at/in + ‍
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Simple: At the time of raining, we were sitting in the Complex: If you do not struggle in life, you cannot
coffee shop. achieve your goal.

When the personal subject is used in the subordinate Simple: Without struggling in life, you cannot achieve
clause, the simple sentence will use a possessive your goal.
pronoun.
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will not get
যখন subordinate clause এ personal subject ব্যবহৃত হয়, good marks in the exam.
তখন simple sentence, possessive pronoun ব্যবহার করে
। Simple: Without studying hard, you will not get good
marks in the exam.
Example: ‍
If the clause is affirmative then by is used replacing
Complex: When they were studying, the teacher without.
came.
যদি clause টি affirmative হয়, without এর পরিবর্তে by
Simple: At the time of their studying, the teacher ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
came.
Example: ‍
Complex: When I was having tea, she came.
Complex: If you work hard, you will get promotion
Simple: At the time of my having tea, she came. quickly.

Rule 6: Simple: By working hard, you will get promotion

quickly.
To transform negative conditional complex sentence
having if, into a simple form, this Rule is followed:
Without+ Verb+ ing + 2nd clause.
Rule 7:
Negative conditional complex sentence যাতে if থাকে,
তা ‍simple করতে এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার করা হয়: Without+ If the complex sentence has “so that”, the simple
Verb+ ing + ২য় clause । sentence will follow this Rule:

Example: ‍
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From beginning up to so will be written + from “so that so এর জায়গায় too বসবে + that এর আগে পর্যন্ত একই
“up to may/might/can/could will be eliminated + to + জিনিস বসবে + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ উঠে যাবে +
the rest of the sentence. to + বাকি অংশ।

যদি complex sentence এ “so that” থাকে তবে, simple Example: ‍

sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে: শুরু থেকে so পর্যন্ত
লিখতে হবে + “so that “থেকে may/might/can/could Complex: ‍He is so sick that he cannot come.
পর্যন্ত উঠে যাবে + to + sentence এর বাকি অংশ ।
Simple: He is too weak to come.
Example: ‍
Rule 9:
Complex: The student studied hard so that he could
get good marks on the exam. When the complex sentence has though/although, to
transform it into simple form this Rule will be followed:
Simple: The student studied hard to get good marks on In spite of will be used in the place of though /although
the exam. + subject’s possessive form + being in the place of
am/is/are/was/were or having in the place of
Complex: The singer is trying hard so that she can get has/have/had or verb+ ing + the rest + the 2 nd clause.
the national award.
যখন complex sentence এ though/although থাকে, একে
Simple: The singer is trying hard to get the national simple form এ নিতে এই নিয়ম follow করতে হয়:
award.
Though/although এর স্থানে In spite of ব্যবহার হবে +
subject এর possessive form + am/is/are/was/were এর
স্থানে being অথবা has/have/had এর স্থানে having
Rule 8: অথবা verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে + বাকি অংশ + ২য় clause ।

If the complex sentence has “so……that” form, the Example: ‍

simple sentence will follow this Rule: too will be used
in the place of so + the same thing will be placed up to Complex: Though she was sick, she worked very hard.
that + from that up to not will be eliminated + to +
the rest. Simple: In spite of her being sick, she worked very
hard.
যদি complex sentence এ “so……that” form থাকে তবে,
simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
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Complex: Although he has a lot of books, he wants to The Rules for transforming simple sentence to
buy more. compound sentence are discussed below.

Simple: In spite of his having a lot of books, he wants

to buy more.
Rule 1:

যদি simple sentence এ বোঝানো হয় যে কেউ দুটো কাজ

Simple to Compound: করছে, একটি আগে ও আরেকটি পরে তবে Compound sentence
এ প্রথম কাজটিকে দ্বিতীয় কাজের আগে উল্লেখ করে
একটি simple sentence এ একটিমাত্র independent clause তাদেরকে “and” conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত করতে হবে।
থাকে এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না । Sentence এ দ্বিতীয় কাজের tense ব্যবহার করা হবে।

A simple sentence is characterized by only one If the simple sentence is stating that a person is doing
independent clause and no dependent clause. two things one after another, the compound sentence
will mention the first thing before the second thing and
Such as: Listening to music is my hobby. join them with a conjunction-“and” and the tense will
be same as of doing the second thing.
পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি
independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে Example:
ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে
যুক্ত থাকে । Simple: Coming home she had lunch.

On the other hand, a compound sentence is Compound: She came home and had lunch.
characterized by at least two independent clauses
which can be used as separate sentences and are Simple: Going to the office I will write the article.
connected with a coordinating conjunction.
Compound: I will go to the office and will write the
Such as: Listening to music and singing songs are my article.
hobbies.
Simple: Going to the varsity she will do the class.
Simple sentence কে compound sentence এ
রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো । Compound: She will go to the varsity and will do the
class.
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If the simple sentence has “in spite of,” the compound

sentence will use the conjunction “but” joining the two
Rule 2: different clauses.

Simple sentence এ “besides being” থাকলে compound Simple: In spite of his poverty the postman never
sentence এ “not only..….but also” structure ব্যবহার shirks his duty.
করা হবে।
Compound: The postman is poor, but he never shirks
If the simple sentence has “besides being,” the his duty.
compound sentence will use “not only..….but also.”
Simple: In spite of his illness he sat for the exam.
Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.
Compound: He was ill, but he sat for the exam.
Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also
intelligent. Rule 4:

Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে
singer. কোনকিছু অর্জন করতে must কিছু করতে হবে তবে
compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, ”person
Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also must do….or/otherwise the person will not…..”
a good singer.
If the simple sentence tells that a person must do
Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an something to achieve a certain thing, the compound
outstanding lecturer. sentence will follow this structure, ”person must
do….or/otherwise the person will not…..”
Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an
outstanding lecturer. Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the
exam.

Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you

Rule 3: will not get good marks in the exam.

যদি simple sentence এ “in spite of” থাকে তবে Simple: He must run fast to win the race.
compound sentence এ conjunction “but” দিয়ে ভিন্ন
clause দুটো যুক্ত করতে হবে।
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Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not Simple: The culprit must run away to avoid his arrest.
win the race.
Compound: The culprit must run away or/otherwise,
he will be arrested.

Rule 5:

যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে must Rule 6:

কিছু করতে হবে কোনকিছু escape/avoid করতে তবে
compound sentence এই structure follow করবে ”person যদি simple sentence এ একজন person এর কোন কাজ করার
must do….or/otherwise person will + verb’s simple কারণ বলা হয়, তবে compound sentence এ প্রথমে কারণ
form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person উল্লেখ করে result বা ফলাফলকে conjunction “and” দিয়ে
will be + verb’s past participle form যুক্ত করা হয়।

If the simple sentence dictates that a person must do If the simple sentence states any cause of a person’s
something to escape/avoid a certain thing, the doing something, the compound sentence will first
compound sentence will follow one of the following state the cause, then join the result or outcome with a
structures: conjunction “and.”

 ”person must do….or/otherwise the person will Simple: Being guilty he ran away.
+ verb’s simple form…..”
 ”person must do…...or/otherwise the person will Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.
be + verb’s past participle form.”
Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.
Simple: You must study hard to escape failure in the
exam. Compound: He was very happy, and he started to
dance.
Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise you
will fail the exam.

Simple: He must run fast to avoid losing in the race. Rule 7:

Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will যদি simple sentence এ “for” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ
lose the race. করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে তবে compound
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sentence এ “so”/”therefore” থাকবে এবংএর আগে কারণ If the simple sentence has “to” having the
ও পরে কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকবে। result/outcome before it and the cause/reason after it,
the compound sentence will have the conjunction
If the simple sentence has “for” having the result “and” all other things being the same.
before it and cause after it, the compound sentence
will contain the conjunction “so”/”therefore” having Simple: She came here to meet me.
the cause before it and the result after it.
Compound: She came here and met me.
Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.
Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.
Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him.
Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.
Compound: He worked hard, and therefore, the boss
praised him.

In the above sentence, the result is “the praise of the Rule 9:

boss, ” and the cause is “his(a person’s) hard work.”
যদি simple sentence এ “In the event of being” থাকে
Simple: The singer is very popular among people for তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে,
her sweet voice. “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise +
person will not be…….”।
Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very
popular among people. If the simple sentence has “In the event of being,” the
compound sentence will follow this structure “person
Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will
is very popular among people not be…….”

Rule 8: Simple: In the event of being late you will not be

allowed to participate in the meeting.
যদি simple sentence এ “to” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ
করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে তবে compound Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you
sentence এ conjunction “and” ব্যবহার হবে ও বাকি will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.
সবকিছু একই থাকবে।
Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be
allowed on the team.
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Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you If the compound sentence is stating that a person is
will not be allowed on the team. doing two things one after another and join them with
a conjunction-“and”; then while transforming it into
simple, “ing” will be added to the first verb; thus the
first clause will be shortened and tense will be same as
Compound to Simple: the second clause.

A compound sentence is characterized by at least যদি compound sentence এ বোঝানো হয় যে কেউ দুটো কাজ
two independent clauses which can be used as করছে, একটি আগে ও আরেকটি পরে এবং “and” conjunction
separate sentences and are connected with দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত
coordinating conjunctions. করার সময়

একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent প্রথম verb এর সাথে “ing” যোগ করে প্রথম clause টিকে
clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে সংক্ষিপ্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এর Tense
পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে । ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

Such as: Listening to music and singing songs are my Compound: I went there and met her.
hobbies.
Simple: Going there I met her.
On the other hand, a simple sentence is characterized
by only one independent clause and no dependent Compound: She will go to the office and will do the
clause. work.

Such as: Listening to music is my hobby. Simple: Going to the office she will do the work.

The Rules for transforming compound sentence to Compound: She will go to the theatre and watch the
simple sentence are discussed below. play.

Compound sentence কে simple sentence এ Simple: Going to the theatre she will watch the play.
রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।

Rule 2:
Rule 1:
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If the compound sentence has “not only..….but also”, my/his/her + subordinate clause এর adjective এর noun
the simple sentence will use “besides being.” form + main clause ব্যবহার করা হবে।

Compound sentence এ “not only..….but also” থাকলে, Compound: The book was long but interesting.
simple sentence এ “besides being” ব্যবহার করা হবে।
Simple: In spite of being long the book was
Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also interesting.
intelligent.
Compound: He was ill, but he came for rehearsal.
Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.
Simple: In spite of his illness he came for rehearsal.
Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also
a good singer. Rule 4:

Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good If the compound sentence has this structure, ”the
singer. person must do….or/otherwise, the person will
not…..”, the simple sentence will follow this structure,
Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an “ person must do….to + the result/outcome of doing
outstanding lecturer. the work.

Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে,
outstanding lecturer. ”person must do….or/otherwise person will not…..” ,
তবে simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, “ person
Rule 3: must do….to + কাজটি করার ফলাফল ।

If the compound sentence has the conjunction “but” Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you
joining the two different clauses, the simple sentence will not get good marks in the exam.
will use “in spite of” at the beginning following
my/his/her according to the person+ noun form of the Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the
adjective of the subordinate clause + main clause. exam.

যদি compound sentence এ conjunction “but” দিয়ে দুটো Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not
ভিন্ন clause যুক্ত থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ win the race.
শুরুতে “in spite of”, এর পরে person অনুযায়ী
Simple: He must run fast to win the race.
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Rule 5: Rule 6:

If the compound sentence follows this structure, If the compound sentence first states a cause behind a
”person must (do)….or/otherwise person will + verb’s work, then join the result or outcome with a
simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise conjunction “and ”, the simple sentence will follow this
person will be + verb’s past participle form, the simple structure, “ Being + adjective (cause)+ main clause.
sentence will follow this structure, ”person must (do)
….to escape/avoid……”. যদি compound sentence প্রথমে কোনো কাজ করার কারণ
উল্লেখ করে, কাজ করার ফলাফলকে conjunction “and ” দিয়ে
যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, যুক্ত করে, তবে simple sentence এই structure follow
”person must (do)….or/otherwise person will + verb এর করবে, “ Being + adjective (কারণ)+ main clause।
simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise
person will be + verb এর past participle form, simple
sentence এই structure follow করবে, ”person must (do)
….to escape/avoid……” । Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.

Compound: You must practice hard or/otherwise, you Simple: Being guilty he ran away.
will lose the game.
Compound: He was very happy, and he started to
Simple: You must practice hard to escape losing the dance.
game.
Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.
Compound: He must work hard or/otherwise, he will
be suspended. Rule 7:

Simple: He must work hard to avoid suspension. If the compound sentence contains the conjunction
“so”/”therefore” having the cause before it and the
Compound: The thief must run away or/otherwise, he result after it, the simple sentence will have “for”
will be beaten. having the result before it and cause after it.

Simple: The thief must run away to avoid being যদি compound sentence এ “so”/”therefore” থাকে
beaten. এবংএর আগে কারণ ও পরে কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে, তবে simple
 P a g e | 16

sentence এ “for” থাকবে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল ও পরে কারণ থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ “to” ব্যবহার
ও পরে কারণ থাকবে। হবে ও বাকি সবকিছু একই থাকবে।

Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him. Compound: She came here and met me.

Compound: He worked hard, and therefore the boss Simple: She came here to meet me.
praised him.
Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.
Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.
Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.
In the above sentence, the result is “the praising of
boss”, and the cause is “his(a person’s) hard work”.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very Rule 9:

popular among people.
If the compound sentence follows this structure,
Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise +
is very popular among people. person will not be…….”, the simple sentence will use
“In the event of being” in the beginning + adjective+
Simple: The singer is very popular among people for main clause.
her sweet voice.
যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে,
“person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise +
person will not be…….”, simple sentence শুরুতে “In
Rule 8: the event of being”+ adjective+ main clause ব্যবহার
করবে ।
If the compound sentence has the conjunction “and”
having the result/outcome before it and the Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you
cause/reason after it, the simple sentence will use “to” will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.
all other things being the same.
Simple: In the event of being late you will not be
যদি compound sentence এ conjunction “and” ব্যবহার allowed to participate in the meeting.
করে এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল
Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you
will not be allowed on the team.
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Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be Rule 1:

allowed on the team.
If the compound sentence uses the conjunction
“but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses, the
complex sentence will use “though”/”Although” in the
Compound to Complex: beginning and “but”/”yet” will be removed.

A compound sentence is characterized by at least Compound sentence “but”/”yet” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক
two independent clauses which can be used as clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করলে, Complex sentence এর
separate sentences and are connected with শুরুতে “though”/”Although” বসে “but”/”yet” উঠে যাবে ।
coordinating conjunctions.
Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.
একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent
clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.
পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।
Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.
Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my
hobbies. Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.

On the other hand, a complex sentence is Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was
characterized by one independent clause and at least enjoyable.
one dependent clause.
Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was
পক্ষান্তরে Complex sentence এ একটি independent enjoyable.
clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে।

Such as, I will wait here until you come.

Rule 2:
The rules for transforming compound sentence to
complex sentence are discussed below. If the compound sentence uses the conjunction
“or”/”otherwise” to connect different clauses and
Compound sentence কে complex sentence এ future tense is used in the second clause, the complex
রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো । sentence uses “lest” in the middle and “should” after
the person.
 P a g e | 18

যদি Compound sentence এ conjunction Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they
“or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে started shouting.
যুক্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয়, তবে
complex sentence এর মাঝে “lest” হবে এবং person এর Rule 4:
পরে “should” বসবে ।
If the compound sentence uses “and”/
Compound: Study hard or you will fail. ”so” /”hence” /”therefore” to connect the different
clauses, the complex sentence uses
Complex: Study hard lest you should fail. “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning removing “and”/
”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” from the middle.
Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of
the cricket team. যদি compound sentence “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/
”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে, তবে
Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/ ”as”/ ”when” বসে
cricket team. “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” উঠে যাবে ।

Rule 3: Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did
not take place.
If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “and”
to join the different clauses, the complex sentence will Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did
use “As soon as” in the beginning removing the “and” not take place.
from the middle.
Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.
যদি compound sentence “and” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক
clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে, তবে complex sentence এর Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.
শুরুতে “As soon as” বসে মাঝ থেকে “and” উঠে যাবে ।
Compound: The sun has set to the west, and
Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the therefore it is evening.
journey.
Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the
Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the west.
journey.

Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started

shouting. Rule 5:
 P a g e | 19

If the compound sentence uses “and” to connect two Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be
different clauses about the same person, the complex unable to learn it.
sentence will use relative pronoun “who” in place of
“and” removing the pronoun after it. Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn
it.
যদি compound sentence এ “and” ব্যবহৃত হয় একই
ব্যক্তি সম্পর্কে দুটো ভিন্ন clause যুক্ত করতে, তবে Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be
complex sentence “and” এর স্থানে relative pronoun unable to get good marks.
“who” ব্যবহার করে এর পরের pronoun উঠিয়ে দেবে ।
Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get
Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing. good marks.

Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.

Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer. Rule 7:

Complex: I have a friend who is a writer. If the compound sentence follows this structure, “Let+
object form of pronoun+ “and” between two clauses+
main clause”, the complex sentence starts with “if”
having first or third person after it and it is in
Rule 6: affirmative form.

If the compound sentence follows this structure, “Let+ Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে ,
object form of pronoun+ affirmative form of “Let+ pronoun এর object form + দুই clauses এর মাঝে
subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ main clause”, the “and” + main clause”, তবে complex sentence এর
complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person ব্যবহার করে
person after it and it bears a negative meaning. affirmative form এ থাকে ।

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে , “Let+ Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to
pronoun এর object form + subordinate clause এর get good marks.
affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause”, তবে
complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third Complex: If I study hard, I will be able to get good
person ব্যবহার করে negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে । marks.
 P a g e | 20

Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to with “if” having second person after it and it's in
learn it. affirmative form.

Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে , verb
learn it. এর affirmative form + and + main clause, Complex
sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person
Rule 8: ব্যবহার করে affirmative form এ থাকে ।

If the compound sentence uses an affirmative form of Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.
verb+ or/otherwise + main clause, the complex
sentence starts with “if” having the second person Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.
after it and expressing a negative meaning.
Compound: Read more, and your writing capability
Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে , verb will increase.
এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause,
complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will
person ব্যবহার করে negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে । increase.

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail. Rule 10:

Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a If the compound sentence has this form, “very….and
good singer. so/hence/therefore+ main clause”, the If the complex
sentence will use “so…that” form.
Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot
become a good singer. যদি compound sentence “very….and
so/hence/therefore+ main clause” এই from এ থাকে, তবে
complex sentence “so…that” form ব্যবহার করবে ।

Rule 9: Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I

cannot work.
If the compound sentence uses an affirmative form of
verb+ and + main clause, the complex sentence starts Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.
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Compound: The place is very crowded, and একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং
so/hence/therefore I cannot find a place to stand. কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে।

Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a Such as, I will wait here until you come.
place to stand.
On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least
two independent clauses which can be used as separate sentences and
are connected with coordinating conjunctions.
Rule 11:
পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি
If the compound sentence uses ”or” between two independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত
clauses stating an advice, the complex sentence starts হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।
with “Unless” following second person(you).
Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.
যদি compound sentence দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or”
ব্যবহার করে উপদেশ দেয়া বোঝায়, তবে Complex sentence The rules for transforming complex sentence to compound sentence
এর শুরুতে “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকে are discussed below.
।
Complex sentence কে compound sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার
Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।
to say prayers.

Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise

anyone to say prayers. Rule 1:

Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a If the complex sentence has “though”/”Although” in the beginning,
good singer. the compound sentence will use the conjunction “but”/”yet” to
connect the different clauses.
Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot
become a good singer. Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “though”/”Although” থাকলে,
compound sentence “but”/”yet” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause
Complex to Compound: গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

A complex sentence is characterized by one independent clause and Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.
at least one dependent clause.
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Compound: He is poor, but he is happy. Rule 3:

Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard. If the complex sentence has “As soon as” in the beginning, the
compound sentence will use the conjunction “and” to join the
Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard. different clauses.

Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable. Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “As soon as” থাকলে, compound
sentence “and” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত
Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable. করে ।

Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.

Rule 2: Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.

If the complex sentence has “lest” in the middle having “should” Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.
after the person, the compound sentence will use the conjunction
“or”/”otherwise” to connect the different clauses, and future tense Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.
will be used in the second clause.
Rule 4:
Complex sentence এর মাঝে যদি “lest” থাকে এবং person এর পরে
“should” থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction If the complex sentence has “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning,
“or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত the compound sentence will use “and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” to
করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয় । connect the different clauses.

Complex: Study hard lest you should fail. Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/”as”/”when” থাকলে,
compound sentence “and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail. clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team. Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.

Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.
team.
Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.

Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.

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Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west. Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person
থাকলে এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তবে compound
Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening. করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয় “Let+ pronoun এর object
form + subordinate clause এর affirmative form + or/otherwise +
main clause” ।

Rule 5: Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.

If the complex sentence has relative pronoun “who”, the compound Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.
sentence will use “and” in that place and object of the first clause
will be the subject of the second clause. Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.

Complex sentence এ relative pronoun “who” থাকলে, compound Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get
sentence সে স্থানে “and” ব্যবহার করে এবং প্রথম clause এর good marks.
object দ্বিতীয় clause এর subject হয়ে যায় ।

Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.

Rule 7:
Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.
If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person
Complex: I have a friend who is a writer. after it and it is in affirmative form while transforming it to
compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of
Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer. pronoun+ “and” between two clauses+ main clause”.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person

থাকলে এবং তা যদি affirmative form এ থাকে তবে compound
Rule 6: করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয়, “Let+ pronoun এর object
form + দুই clauses এর মাঝে “and” + main clause” ।
If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person
after it and it bears a negative meaning while transforming it to Complex: If I go there, I will be able to learn it.
compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of
pronoun+ affirmative form of subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ Compound: let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.
main clause”.
Complex: if I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.
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Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks. করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form +
and + main clause হয় ।
Rule 8:
Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.
When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person
after it and expressing a negative meaning, the compound sentence Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.
will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+
or/otherwise + the main clause. Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.
থাকলে এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তবে compound
করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form +
or/otherwise + main clause হয় ।
Rule 10:
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.
If the complex sentence has “so…that” form, the compound sentence
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail. will follow this rule, “very “ in place of “so”; ”and” in place of “that”
+so/hence/therefore+ main clause.
Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good
singer. Complex sentence যদি “so…that” form এ থাকে তবে compound
sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে, “so” এর স্থানে “very “; “that”
Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer. এর স্থানে ”and” +so/hence/therefore + main clause ।

Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.

Rule 9: Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.

When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to
after it and it’s in affirmative form, the compound sentence will omit stand.
“If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+ and + main
clause. Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I
cannot find a place to stand.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person
থাকলে এবং তা যদি affirmative form এ থাকে তবে compound
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Rule 11: the post.

Negative: None but the science students can apply
If the complex sentence starts with “Unless” following second for the post.
person(you), the compound sentence will follow this structure, Affirmative: Only they can do the work.
“Unless and you will be omitted + ”or” between two clauses+ main Negative: None but they can do the work.
clause.”
Note: বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে only এর পরিবর্তে nothing but
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “Unless” ও এর পরে second person বসে। তবে বয়সের ক্ষেত্রে বা সংখ্যার ক্ষেত্রে only
(you) থাকলে , compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, এর পরিবর্তে not more than বসে।
“Unless ও you উঠে যাবে + দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” + main
clause । Affirmative: He is only four.
Negative: He is not more than four.
Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say Affirmative: They have only two cars.
prayers. Negative: They have not more than two cars.

Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say Rule 2:

prayers.
Affirmative sentence এ must থাকলে negative করার সময়
Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good must এর পরিবর্তে can not but/ can not help বসে। তবে
singer. can not help এর পরে যে verb থাকে তার সাথে ing যুক্ত
করতে হয়।
Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.
Affirmative: You must yield to your fate.
Negative: You can not but yield to your fate.
Affirmative: We must obey our parents.
Affirmative to Negative: Negative: We can not but obey our parents.
Affirmative: You must care them.
Rule 1: Negative: You can not help caring them.

Only বা alone এর পরিবর্তে উত্তর বাক্যের শুরুতে Rule 3:

None but বসে। আর কোন পরিবর্তন হয়না।
Every কে Negative করতে হলে Every এর পরিবর্তে There
Affirmative: Only he can play good cricket. is no বসে + every এর পরের শব্দটি বসে + but +
Negative: None but he can play good cricket. প্রদত্ত sentence এর বাকী অংশ।
Affirmative: Only the science students can apply for
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Affirmative: Everyone hates a terrorist. Affirmative: This was an extra-ordinary ship.

Negative: There is no one but hates a terrorist. Negative: This was not an ordinary ship.
Affirmative: Everybody fears a lion.
Negative: There is no body but hates a liar. Rule 6:

Rule 4: Always যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে

হলে Always এর পরিবর্তে never বসে। Affirmative
As soon as যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে- শব্দটির Negative রূপ বসাতে হয়।

As soon as এর জায়গায় no sooner had বসবে + প্রদত্ত Affirmative: He was always punctual.
Sentence এর কর্তা বসে + সে Sentence এর মূল verb এর Negative: He was never late.
past participle form বসে + সে sentence বাকী অংশ বসে + Affirmative: I always tell truth.
than + দ্বিতীয় বাক্য বসে। Negative: I never tell lie.

Affirmative: As soon as he he saw the tiger, he ran Rule 7:

away.
Negative: No sooner had he seen the Tiger than he Superlative degree যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে
ran away. Negative করতে হলে –
Affirmative: No sooner had the boy saw the police, he
ran away. No other + superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb + as +
Negative: As soon as the boy seen the police than he superlative degree এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত
ran away. sentence এর subject.

Rule 5: Affirmative: He is the best batsman in the team.

Negative: No other batsman in the team is as good as
Affirmative sentence কে Negative করার সময় উক্ত him.
sentence এর Affirmative শব্দটির Negative রূপ বসাতে Affirmative: You are the best boy in the class.
হয়। এবং উক্ত Negative এর পূর্বে not বসাতে হয়। বাকী Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as you.
সব থিক থাকে।
Rule 8:
Affirmative: He is a good man.
Negative: He is not a bad man. Than any other/than all other যুক্ত comparative
Affirmative: Rakib is an honest boy. degree কে Negative করতে হলে –
Negative: Rakib is not a dishonest boy.
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No other + any other/all other এর পরের অংশ বসে + Affirmative: Robi and Rahat were as strong as Rakib.
প্রদত্ত verb + so/as বসে + comparative degree এর Negative: Robi and Rahat were not less strong than
positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject. Rakib.
Affirmative: He is as good as you.
Affirmative: He is better than any other boy in the Negative: He is not less good than you.
class.
Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as him. Rule 11:

Affirmative: Dhaka is bigger than all other cities in Less...than যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –
Bangladesh.
Negative: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Less এর জায়গায় not as বসবে এবং than এর জায়গায় as
Dhaka. বসবে।

Rule 9: Affirmative: He is less ugly than you said.

Negative: He is not as ugly as you said.
Than যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে Affirmative: You are less good than he said.
– Negative: You are not as good as he said.

Than এর শেষের অংশ প্রথমে বসে + verb (tense ও person Rule 12:
অনুযায়ী) + not + so/as + comparative degree এর
positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject. Too.....to যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –

Affirmative: He is stronger than you. Too এর জায়গায় so বসে + Too এর পরের adjective/adverb
Negative: You are not as/so strong as him. বসে + that বসে + পনুরায় subject বসে। + tense
Affirmative: I am taller than you. অনুযায়ী can not/could not + প্রদত্ত to এর পরের অংশ
Negative: You are not as tall as me. বসে।

Rule 10: Affirmative: He is too weak to walk.

Negative: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
As....as যুক্ত positive degree কে Negative করতে হলে – Affirmative: The sum was too difficult for me to work
out.
প্রথম as এর পরিবর্তে not less শেষ as এর পরিবর্তে Negative: The sum was so difficult for me that I could
than বসে। not work out.
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Auxiliary verb বিহীন Assertive sentence interrogative এ

রুপান্তর করার সময় –
Assertive to interrogative
Subject and tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t বসে +
Rule 1: subject + verb এর base form + verb এর পরের অংশ +?

অর্থের পরিবর্তন না করে সাহায্যকারী verb যুক্ত Assertive – He played good football.
Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার Interrogative – Didn’t he play good football?
সময় sentence টি যদি affirmative হয় তাহলে – Auxiliary Assertive – She likes ice-cream.
verb + n’t + subject + বাকী + ? Interrogative – Doesn’t she like ice-cream?

Note- assertive এ will, can, shall, am থাকলে Rule 4:

interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় won’t, can’t, shan’t,
ain’t হয়. Assertive sentence এ never থাকলে ever হয় এবং nothing
থাকলে anything হয়। auxiliary verb না থাকলে Subject
Assertive – He is in the school. and tense অনুযায়ী প্রথমে আনতে হয়। শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক
Interrogative – Isn’t he in the school? চিহ্ন বসে।
Assertive – You can do the work.
Interrogative – Can’t you do the work? Assertive – You never play football.
Interrogative - Do you ever play football?
Rule 2: Assertive – I have nothing to do?
Interrogative – Have I anything to do?
Auxiliary verb যুক্ত negative অর্থবোধক Assertive
sentence কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় Note – Assertive sentence এর subject এ যদি nothing
negative উঠে যায়। এবং সাহায্যকারী verb প্রথমে বসে। থাকে তাহলে nothing এর জায়গায় what বসে।
শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।
Assertive – Nothing can ruin him.
Assertive – He is not in the school. Interrogative – What can ruin him?
Interrogative – Is he in the school?
Assertive – I shall not go to Dhaka tomorrow. Rule 5:
Interrogative – Shall I go to Dhaka tomorrow?

Rule 3:
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Everybody/ everyone/all যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে প্রথমে subject বসে + verb + a/an + very/great +
interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় Everybody/ adjective + বাকী অংশ।
everyone/all এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + Subject and
tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t বসে + verb এর Exclamatory – What a nice flower it is!
base form + verb এর পরের অংশ +? Assertive – It is a very nice flower.
Exclamatory – What a genius student he is!
Assertive – Everybody wants to be win. Assertive – He is a very genius student.
Interrogative – Who doesn’t wish to be win?
Assertive – Everybody/All loves flowers. Rule 2:
Interrogative – Who doesn’t love flower?
Hurrah যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Rule 6:
Hurrah এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of joy + Hurrah এর
Nobody/none/no one interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার পরের অংশ।
সময় –
Exclamatory – Hurrah! We have won the game.
Nobody/none/no one এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + বাকী অংশ Assertive – It is a matter of joy that we have won the
+? game.
Exclamatory – hurrah! I got the first prize.
Assertive – Nobody could ever count my love for you. Assertive – It is a matter of joy that I have got the
Interrogative – Who could ever count my love for first prize.
you?
Assertive – No one can beat him. Rule 3:
Interrogative – Who can beat him?
If দ্বারা exclamatory sentence শুরু হলে উক্ত
sentence কে Assertive করার নিয়ম –

Exclamatory – If I were a player!

Exclamatory to assertive Assertive – I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory – If I could fly!
Rule 1: Assertive – I wish I could fly

Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে - .

Rule 4:
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প্রথমে had যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে poor.

হলে – Exclamatory - Fie! He don’t respect seniors.
Assertive – It is shameful that he don’t respect
Subject + wish + পুনরায় subject বসে + had + বাকী seniors.
অংশ।
Rule 8:
Exclamatory – Had I the pairs of birds!
Assertive – I wish I had the pairs of birds. প্রথমে Would that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ
Exclamatory – Had I been a king! করতে হলে –
Assertive – I wish I had been a king.
প্রদত্ত subject + wish + Would that এর পরের অংশ।
Rule 6:
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a player!
প্রথমে Alas যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে Assertive – I wish I could be a player.
হলে – Exclamatory - Would that I could be a child again!
Assertive – I wish I could be a child again.
Alas এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of sorrow that + alas
এর পরের অংশ। Rule 9:

Exclamatory – Alas! We lost the game! প্রথমে o that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that we lost the হলে –
game.
Exclamatory – Alas! He failed in the examination! Subject + wish + o that এর পরের অংশ।
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that he failed in
the examination. Exclamatory – O that you were a cricketer!
Assertive – I wish you were a cricketer.
Rule 7: Exclamatory – O that I were a poet!
Assertive – I wish I were a poet.
প্রথমে Fie যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে
–

Fie এর পরিবর্তে it is shameful that + fie এর পরের অংশ। প্রথমে what বা how বসে + adjective বসে + subject +
verb + বাকী অংশ( যদি থাকে) + !
Exclamatory - Fie! He can not tolerate the poor.
Assertive – It is shameful that he can not tolerate the
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Note – adjective এর পূর্বে a থাকলে what a বসে এবং a Voice is the form of the verb which indicates whether
না থাকলে how বসে. the subject does the work or something has been done
to it.
Assertive - It is a very beautiful place.
Exclamatory – What a beautiful place it is! ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভঙ্গিমাকেই voice বা বাচ্য বলে।
Assertive – The man is very honest. ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশভঙ্গি বলে দেয় কর্তা কাজটি নিজে
Exclamatory – How honest the man is! করছেন, না কর্তার দ্বারা কোন কাজ সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে।

Rule 2: অথবা

Assertive sentence এ wish থাকলে Exclamatory করার সময় Voice হলো verb এর গঠন যার দ্বারা subject নিজে কিছু
শুরুতে if/had বসে। করে বা অন্যের কাজ তার ওপর এসে পড়ে।

Assertive – I wish I had the wings of a bird.

Exclamatory – Had I the wings of bird!
Or, If I had the wings of a bird!
Types of voice:
Assertive – I wish I were a king.
Exclamatory – If I were a king! There are two types of voice:

Rule 3:  Active voice.

 Passive voice.
Assertive sentence এ wish/desire Exclamatory
sentence করার সময় এর শুরুতে If, had, o that, oh that,
ইত্যাদি বসে।

Assertive – I wish I were a player. Active voice:

Exclamatory – If I were a player!
Assertive – I desire I were young again. যে sentence এ subject নিজে সক্রিয় বা active হয়ে কাজ
Exclamatory – Oh that I were young again. সম্পন্ন করে সে sentence এ verb এর Active voice হয়।

Structure:
Subject + verb + object.
Voice
Example: I do the work.
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a) Present indefinite – am, is, are.

b) Past indefinite – was, were.
c) Future indefinite – shall be, will be.
Passive voice:
Continuous tense:
যে sentence এ subject নিজে কাজটি করে না বরং object এর
কাজটি তার ওপর এসে পড়ে তখন সে sentence এ verb এর a) Present Continuous- am being, is being, are being.
passive voice হয়। b) Past Continuous – was being, were being
c) Future Continuous - shall be being, will be being.
Structure:
Object + be verb + verb এর past participle+ by+ Perfect tense:
subject.
a) Present Perfect – has been, have been.
Example: The work is done by me. b) Past Perfect- had been.
c) Future Perfect- shall have been, will have been.

Rule 3:

Active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার a) Present indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে
নিয়ম: passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Rule 1: Structure:
Object এর subject + am/is/are + verb এর past
a) Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object participle form + by + subject এর object.
হয়ে যায়।
b) Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject এ Active – I play football.
রুপান্তর হয়। Passive- Football is played by me.
c) মূল verb এর past participle হয় এবং subject ও tense Active- They eat rice.
অনুসারে auxiliary verb/be verb হয়। Passive- Rice is eaten by them.

Rule 2: b) Present continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে

passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Indefinite tense:
 P a g e | 33

Structure: Active: They played football.

Object এর subject + am being/is being/are being Passive: Football were played by them.
+ verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর
object.

Active: I am playing football. e) Past continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে

Passive: football is being played by me. passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Active: He is eating rice.
Passive: Rice is being eaten by him. Structure:
Object এর subject + was being/were being + verb
এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

c) Present perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে Active: I was eating rice.
passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Passive: Rice was being eaten by me.
Active: They were catching fishes.
Structure: Passive: Fishes were being caught by them.
Object এর subject + have been/ has been + verb
এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: He has eaten rice. f) Past perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive
Passive: Rice has been eaten by him. voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Active: I have played football.
Passive: Football has been played by me. Structure:
Object এর subject + had been + verb এর past
participle form + by + subject এর object.

d) Past indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে Active: I had eaten rice.
passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Passive: Rice had been eaten by me.
Active: We had dug the cannel.
Structure: Passive: The cannel had been dug by us.
Object এর subject + was/were + verb এর past
participle form + by + subject এর object

Active: I ate rice. g) Future indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে

Passive: Rice was eaten by me. passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
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Structure: Object এর subject + shall be/will be + Active: I will have eaten rice.
verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর Passive: Rice will have been eaten by me.
object. Active: They will have caught the fish.
Passive: The fish will have been caught by them.
Active: I will eat rice.
Passive: Rice will be eaten by me.
Active: They will play football.
Passive: Football will be played by them. Rule 4:

May, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to active

voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
h) Future continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে
passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Structure:
Object এর subject + may, might, can, could,
Structure: must, ought to, going to এর পরে be + verb এর past
Object এর subject + shall be being/will be being participle form + by + subject এর object.
+ verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর
object. Active: I may help you.
Passive: You may be helped by me.
Active: I will be eating rice. Active: You must do the work.
Passive: Rice will be being eaten by me. Passive: The work must be done by you.
Active: They will be playing football. Active: We ought to obey our teachers.
Passive: Football will be being Passive: Our teachers ought to be obeyed by us.
Active: We are going to open a shop.
Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us.

i) Future perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive Rule 5:

voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Imperative sentence এর active voice কে passive voice এ
Structure: রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Object এর subject + shall have been /will have
been + verb এর past participle form + by + A) শুধু মাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত active voice
subject এর object. কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
 P a g e | 35

Structure: Active: Let me play football.

Let + object এর subject + be + verb এর past Passive: Let the football be played by me.
participle form Active: Let us sing a song.
Passive: let a song be sung by us.
Active: Close the door. Active: let him give the chance.
Passive: Let the door be closed. Passive: let the chance be given by him.
Active: Shut the window.
Passive: Let the window be shut. D) Never যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:
B) Do not দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত যুক্ত active voice কে Let not + object এর subject + ever be + verb এর
passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- past participle form

Structure: Active: Never tell a lie.

Let not + object এর subject + be + verb এর past Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.
participle form Active: Never do this.
Passive: Let not this ever be done.
Active: Do not close the door.
Passive: Let not the door be closed.
Active: Do not shut the window.
Passive: Let not the window be shut. E) মূল verb এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me,
us, you, them, him, her) থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative
sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
C) Let এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you,
them, him, her)থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence Structure: Let + direct object টি বসবে (মূল verb
হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর এর পর যে object টি থাকে + be + verb এর past
করার নিয়ম- participle form + for + ব্যক্তিবাচক object

Structure: Active: Buy me a shirt.

Let + object এর subject + be + verb এর past Passive: Let a shirt be bought for me.
participle form + by + ব্যক্তিবাচক object. Active: Give me a glass of water.
Passive: Let a glass of water be given for me.
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INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
B) Who যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ
Rule 6: রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Interrogative sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive Structure:

voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Who এর পরিবর্তে By whom + tense ও person
অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + object এর subject + অনেক
A) Structure: সময় tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে be/ being/ been
Interrogative sentence কে Assertive sentence এ বসাতে হয় + verb এর past participle form + ?.
রুপান্তর করে নিতে হবে + রুপান্তরিত Assertive
sentence এর active voice থেকে passive voice এ Active: Who is playing football?
রুপান্তর করতে হবে + এবার রুপান্তরিত passive voice Passive: BY whom is football being played?
এর auxiliary verb টিকে প্রথমে বসাতে হবে + শেষে Active: Who will help me?
প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে। **** Tense অনুসারে করতে হবে। Passive: By whom will I be helped?

Example 1:
Active: Have you eaten rice?
Assertive: You have eaten rice. C) Whom যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ
Assertive এর passive: Rice has been eaten by you. রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Passive এ রুপান্তর: Has rice been eaten by you?
Structure:
Example 2: Whom এর পরিবর্তে who + tense ও person অনুযায়ী
Active: Is he reading a book?
Assertive: He is reading a book. Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form +
Assertive এর passive: A book is being read by him. by + subject এর object +?
Passive এ রুপান্তর: Is a book being read by him?
Active: Whom did you see on the road?
Example 3: Passive: Who was seen by you on the road?
Active: Did you play football? Active: Whom has he murdered in this home?
Assertive: You played football. Passive: Who is murdered by him in this home?
Assertive এর passive: Football was played by you.
Passive এ রুপান্তর: Was football played by you?
D) What যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
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Structure: verb + প্রদত্ত বাকি object টি বসে + by + active

What + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + voice এর subject টি object রুপে হয়।
verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর
object +? Active: I gave him a flower. Passive: He was given a
flower by me. Active: He teaches us math. Passive: we
Active: What do you want? are taught English by him.
Passive: What is wanted by you?

Rule 7:
Rule 9:
Subject + verb + object + present participle যুক্ত
active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice
কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active
Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + voice এ রূপান্তরের সময় উভয় clause এর voice
present participle যুক্ত অংশটি + by + subject এর পরিবর্তন হয়।
object.
Active: I know that he did the work.
Active: I saw him playing cricket. Passive: It is known to me that the work was done by
Passive: He was seen playing cricket by me. him.
Active: I took him for a friend. Active: He told me that he had done the work.
Passive: He was taken for a friend by me. Passive: I was told that the work had been done by
him.

Note: Active voice “people say” দিয়ে শুরু হলে It is

Rule 8: said দিয়ে passive voice করাই ভাল।

Double object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ Active: People say that the lion is the king of forest.
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Passive: It is said that the lion is the king of forest.

Structure:
দুইটা object এর যে কোন একটি subject করতে হয় (personal
object কে subject এ রুপান্তর করলে ভাল) + verb এর past
participle form + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary
 P a g e | 38

Active: You killed yourself.

Passive: You were killed by yourself.
Rule 10:

Intransitive verb যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ

রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Rule 12:

সাধারনত Intransitive verb এর passive voice হয় না। Factitive object/Complementary object যুক্ত active
তবে Intransitive verb এর পরে preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যদি voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
group verb গঠন করে এবং তা Intransitive verb হিসেবে
ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে – Factitive object/Complementary object( select, elect,
nominate, make, call, name ইত্যাদি transitive verb
Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী থাকা সত্ত্বেও সম্পূর্ণ রুপে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে
Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + না। পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করার জন্য অতিরিক্ত object
প্রদত্ত preposition + by + subject টির object। আনতে হয়। এইরুপ অতিরিক্ত object কে Factitive
object/Complementary object বলে।
Active: The truck run over the boy.
Passive: The boy was run over by the truck.
Active: They looked at the poor man.
Passive: The poor man was looked at by them. Structure:
নামবাচক object টির (me, us, you, them, him, her)
Rule 11: object টি subject হয়। + tense ও person অনুযায়ী
Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form +
Reflexive object (myself, ourselves, yourselves, Factitive object + by + subject এর object।
yourself, themselves, himself, herself) যুক্ত active
voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Active: They made me captain.
Passive: I was made captain by them.
Structure: Active: We call him liar.
Active voice subject টি অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় passive Passive: He is called liar by us.
voice এর subject হিসেবে হবে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী
Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + by + Rule 13:
Reflexive object বসবে।
Cognate object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ
Active: He hanged himself. রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Passive: He was hanged by himself.
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Cognate object এর সংজ্ঞা – কিছু intransitive verb Structure:

তাদের সমর্থক object নিয়ে transitive verb হিসেবে প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that
ব্যবহৃত হয়। এ ধরনের object কে Cognate object বলে। + gerund এর পরের object টি + should be + প্রদত্ত
gerund টি verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে verb এর past
Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী participle form বসে।
Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form +
by + subject টির object। Active: He suggested giving up smoking.
Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given
Active: He caught a fish. up.
Passive: A fish was caught by him. Active: He wanted playing football.
Active: You ran a race. Passive: He wanted that football should be played.
Passive: A race was run by you.
Rule 16:

Agree, be anxious, arrange, determine, be determined,

Rule 14: decide, demand, + infinitive + object object যুক্ত
active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Infinitive যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Structure:
প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that
Structure: + infinitive এর পরের + object + should be +
প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle form.
infinitive এর পরের object (যদি থাকে) + to be +
infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle form. Active: He decided to buy the house.
Passive: He decided that the house should be bought.
Active: He wants someone to take camera. Active: You agreed to sell the house.
Passive: He wants camera to be taken. Passive: You agreed that the house should be sold.
Active: He wants you to write a letter.
Passive: He wants a letter to be taken.

Rule 15: Rule 17:

Gerund combinations অর্থাৎ advise/ propose/ One + should যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ
recommend/ suggest + gerund + object যুক্ত active রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
 P a g e | 40

Structure: Superlative Degree:

Object এর subject + should be + verb এর past
participle form সাধারণত অনেকের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে
রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Superlative Degree বলে।
Active: One should take care of one’s education. যেমন – Rony is the best player in the team.
Passive: Education should be taken care of.
Active: One should tell the truth.
Passive: Truth should be told.

Degree Change of Degrees:

Degree হল Adjective এর রূপভেদ। এটি ৩টি ভাগে বিভক্ত। Superlative Degree into Positive Degree
যথা-
Superlative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর
 Positive Degree করার নিয়মঃ
 Comparative Degree
 Superlative Degree Rule 1:

Positive Degree: No other + প্রদত্ত Superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb

+ so/as + Superlative Degree এর Positive form +
কোন sentence এ Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা as + মূল sentence এর subject.
ইত্যাদি বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে
Positive Degree বলে। Superlative: Rony is the smallest player in the team.
যেমন – Mr. Roni is a good man. Positive: No other player in the team is as small as
Rony.
Comparative Degree: Superlative: Sima is the best housewife.
Positive: No other housewife is as good as Sima.
সাধারণত দুটি Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা
ইত্যাদির তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় Rule 2: all other, most other, many other, few other,
তাকে Comparative Degree বলে। very few, one of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে
যেমন – Rahim is wiser than Karim. Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
 P a g e | 41

প্রথমে very few + Superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের Subject + verb + one
এর plural form + so/as + Superlative Degree এর of the + positive এর superlative form + very few
Positive form + as + মূল sentence এর subject. এর পর থেকে verb এর মাঝের অংশ।

Superlative: He is one of the best players in the Positive: Very few men in the village are as tall as
team. Kabir.
Positive: Very few players in the team are as good as Superlative: Kabir is one of the tallest men in the
he. village.
Superlative: Iron is one of the most useful metals. Positive: Very few people in the country are as good
Positive: Very few metals are as useful as Iron. as Rakib
Superlative: Rakib is one of the best people in the
Positive into superlative: country.

Rule 1: Comparative into positive

Rule 1:
No other যুক্ত positive degree কে superlative degree
তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ Than any other/all other যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে
Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের Subject + verb + the +
positive এর superlative form + no other এর পর থেকে No other + any other/all other এর পরের অংশ + verb
verb এর মাঝের অংশ। + so/as + Comparative Degree এর Positive form +
as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.
Positive: No other player in the team is as good as
Raju. Comparative: kibria is greater than any other boy in
Superlative: Raju is the best player in the team. the class.
Positive: No other man man in the society is as good Positive: No other boy in the class is as great as
as him. Kibria.
Superlative: He is the best man in the society. Comparative: Dhaka is larger than all other cities in
Bangladesh.
Rule 2: Positive: No other cities in Bangladesh is as large as
Dhaka.
Very few যুক্ত positive degree কে superlative degree
তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ Rule 2:
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Than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে No less/not less এর পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as বসে এবং
রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ than এর পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as বসে। আর কোন
পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Than এর পরের অংশ + verb + not + so/as +
Comparative এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত Comparative: He is no less intelligent than you.
sentence এর subject. Positive: He is as intelligent as you.
Comparative: Kripa is not less clever than shipa.
Comparative: Rony is bigger than Bony. Positive: Kripa is as clever as shipa.
Positive: Bony is not as big as Rony.
Comparative: He is stronger than I.
Positive: I am not as strong as he.
Rule 5:
Rule 3:
No sooner had ….than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে
Than most other / than few other যুক্ত Comparative Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
No sooner had এর পরিবর্তে as soon as + subject +
Very few + most other/few other এর পরের অংশ + verb এর পরিবর্তে past form + than এর পূর্বের অংশ
verb এর plural form + so/as + Comparative এর + than এর পরিবর্তে কমা বসে + বাকী অংশ।
Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.
Comparative: No sooner had he seen me than he ran
Comparative: The gold is most useful than most away.
other metals. Positive: As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
Positive: very few metals are as/so useful as gold.
Comparative: A. K. Fazlul Haque was greater than Positive into comparative
most other politicians in Bangladesh.
Positive: very few politicians in Bangladesh were Rule 1:
as/so great as A. K. Fazlul Haque.
No other যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative
Rule 4: Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

No less/not less ……..than যুক্ত Comparative Degree প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb +
কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ positive degree এর comparative form + than any
other + no other এর পর থেকে verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত।
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Positive: No other player in the team is as good as Positive: He is as good as his brother
him. Comparative: His brother is not better than him.
Comparative: He is better than any other player in
the team. Superlative into comparative
Positive: No other country in the world is so/as cold as
Canada. Rule 1:
Comparative: Canada is colder than any other
country in the world. Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative
form + than any other + প্রদত্ত sentence বাকী
অংশ।

Rule 2: Superlative: He is the best player in the team.

Comparative: He is better than any other player in
Very few যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative the team.
Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
Note: All of থাকলে All of এর পরিবর্তে than all other
প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + বসে।
positive degree এর comparative form + than
most other + no other এর পর থেকে verb এর পূর্ব Superlative: He is the best of all men.
পর্যন্ত। Comparative: He is better than all other man.

Positive: Very few students are so good as Lablu. Rule 2:

Comparative: Lablu is better than most other
students. One of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে Comparative
Positive: Very few metals are so costly as gold. Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
Comparative: Gold is costlier than most other metals.
Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative
Rule 3: form + than most other + প্রদত্ত sentence বাকী
অংশ।
As……as যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative
Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ Superlative: Kibria is one of the best players in the
team.
প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + not + Comparative: Kibria is better than most other players
positive degree এর comparative form + than + in the team.
প্রদত্ত sentence এর প্রথম subject। Superlative: Canada is one of the coldest countries in
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the world. Comparative: Vatican City is smaller than most other

Comparative: Canada is colder than most other countries in the world.
countries in the world. Superlative: Vatican City is one of the smallest
countries in the world.
Comparative: Dhaka is bigger than most other cities
in Bangladesh.
Superlative: Dhaka is one of the biggest cities in
Bangladesh.

Comparative into superlative

Rule 1:

Subject + verb + the + Comparative এর

superlative form + other এর পরের অংশ।

Comparative: He is better than any other player in

the team.
Superlative: He is the best player in the team.

Note – other এর পর plural noun থাকলে superlative এর পরে

of all বসে।
Comparative: He is bigger than of all boys.
Superlative: He is the tallest of all boys.

Rule 2:

Than most other/than few other যুক্ত Comparative কে

Superlative এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Subject + verb + one of the + Comparative

degree এর superlative form + most other/few
other এর পরের অংশ।
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