Class – X

MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER – 1
NUMBER SYSTEM

Euclid’s Division Lemma (or Euclid’s Division Algorithm)

Let a and b be any two integers and b>0. Then there exists unique integers q and r
such that a = bq + r and 0 ≤ r < b.
• Lemma
A lemma is a provable statement used in proving another statement.
• Algorithm
An algorithm is a well defined sequence of steps forming a process of solving given
problem.
Euclid’s Algorithm for finding HCF of two given positive integers
1. Find the quotient and remainder of the division of the greater number by the smaller.
2. If the remainder is zero, then the divisor is the HCF.
3. Else, taking the previous remainder as the new divisor and the previous divisor as the
new dividend, find the quotient and remainder.
4. Continue the process till the remainder is zero.
The last divisor is the required HCF.
Theorem: If a = bq + r, then a, b = b, r .
Note: The symbol a, b denotes the HCF of two positive integers a and b.

SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE 1.1

1. Using Euclid’s algorithm find the HCF of

(i) 1240 and 1984
Solution: We have
1984 = 1240 ×1+744
1240 = 744 ×1+496
744 = 496 ×1+248
496 = 248 ×2+0
∴ (1984,1240) =248
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 (ii) 348 and 504
Solution: We have
504 = 348 ×1+156
348 = 156 ×2+36
156 = 36 ×4+12
36 = 12 ×3+0
∴ (504,348) =12

(iii) 986 and 899

Solution: We have
986 = 899 ×1+87
899 = 87 ×10+29
87 = 29 ×3+0
∴ (986,899) =29

(iv) 4216 and 1240

Solution: We have
4216 = 1240 ×3+496
1240 = 496 ×2+248
496 = 248 ×2+0
∴ (4216,1240) =248

(v) 10605 and 5256

Solution:-
We have
10605 = 5256 ×2+93
5256 = 93 ×56+48
93 = 48 ×1+45
48 = 45 ×1+3
45 = 3 ×15+0
∴ (10605, 5256) =3

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 (vi) 10005 and 9269
Solution:-
We have
10005 = 9269 ×1+736
9269 = 736 ×12+437
736 = 437 ×1+299
437 = 299 ×1+138
299 = 138 ×2+ 23
138 = 23 ×6+ 0
∴ (10005, 9269) =23

2. Show that the product of two consecutive integers is divisible by 2.

Solution:
Let a and a+1 be any two consecutive integers.
The integer a is of the form 2 or 2 + 1 for some integer q.
If =2 , + 1 = 2 2 + 1 which is divisible by 2.
If = 2 + 1, +1 = 2 +1 2 +1+1
= 2 +1 2 +2
= 2 +1 ×2 +1
=2 2 +1 + 1 which is divisible by 2.
Thus, the product of two consecutive integers is divisible by 2.

3. Show that the product of two consecutive even integers is divisible by 8.

Solution:
Let 2 and 2 + 2 be any two consecutive even integers.
The integer is of the form 2 or 2 + 1 .
If = 2 , 2 2 +2 = 2×2 2×2 +2
=4 4 +2
=4 ×2 2 +1
= 8 2 + 1 , which is divisible by 8.

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 If = 2 + 1, 2 2 +2 =2 2 +1 2 2 +1 +2
=2 2 +1 4 +2+2
=2 2 +1 4 +4
=2 2 +1 ×4 +1
=8 2 +1 + 1 , which is divisible by 8.
Thus, the product of two consecutive even integers is divisible by 8.
4. Show that every integer is of the form 4q, 4q+1, 4q+2 or 4q- 1.
Solution:
Let be any integer.
Taking = 4 and applying Euclid’s division lemma we get
= 4 + , where = 0, 1, 2 or 3
If = 0, =4 +0=4
If = 1, =4 +1
If = 2, =4 +2
If = 3, =4 +3
=4 +4−1
=4 +1 −1
= 4 − 1 , where = + 1 is an integer.
Hence, every integer is of the form 4 , 4 + 1, 4 + 2 or 4 − 1.

5. Show that the product of three consecutive integers is divisible by 6.

Solution:-
Let − 1, and + 1 be three consecutive integers.
The integer is of the form 6 , 6 + 1, 6 + 2, 6 + 3, 6 − 2 or 6 − 1.
If =6 , −1 +1 = 6 −1 ×6 6 +1
= 6 6 − 1 6 + 1 which is divisible by 6.
If = 6 + 1, −1 +1 = 6 +1−1 6 +1 6 +1+1
= 6 6 + 1 6 + 2 which is divisible by 6.
If = 6 + 2, −1 +1 = 6 +2−1 6 +2 6 +2+1
= 6 +1 6 +2 6 +3
= 6 +1 ×2 3 +1 ×3 2 +1
= 6 6 + 1 3 + 1 2 + 1 which is divisible by 6.

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 If = 6 + 3, −1 +1 = 6 +3−1 6 +3 6 +3+1
= 6 +2 6 +3 6 +4
=2 3 +1 ×3 2 +1 ×2 3 +2
= 6 × 2 3 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 2 which is divisible by 6.
If = 6 − 2, −1 +1 = 6 −2−1 6 −2 6 −2+1
= 6 −3 6 −2 6 −1
=3 2 −1 ×2 3 −1 6 −1
= 6 × 2 − 1 3 − 1 6 − 1 which is divisible by 6.
If = 6 − 1, −1 +1 = 6 −1−1 6 −1 6 −1+1
= 6 −2 6 −1 ×6
= 6 6 − 2 6 − 1 which is divisible by 6.
Thus, the product of three consecutive integers is divisible by 6.

6. Show that the square of an odd integer is of the form + !.

Solution:-
Let be any odd integer.
Then is of the form 4 ± 1.
# #
Now, = 4 ±1
#
= 4 ± 2 × 4 × 1 + 1#
#
= 16 ±8 +1
#
=8 2 ± +1
#
= 8 + 1 , where = 2 ± is an integer.
Thus, the square of an odd integer is of the form 8k + 1.

7. If & is divisible by neither 2 nor 3, show that &' − ! is divisible by 24.

Solution:-
As is divisible by neither 2 nor 3, is of the form 12 ± 1 or 12 ± 5.
# '
If = 12 ± 1, − 1 = 12 ± 1 −1
#
= 12 ± 2 × 12 × 1 + 1# − 1
#
= 144 ± 24 + 1 − 1
#
= 24 6 ± , which is divisible by 24.

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 # '
If = 12 ± 5, − 1 = 12 ± 5 −1
#
= 12 ± 2 × 12 × 5 + 5# − 1
#
= 144 ± 120 + 24
#
= 24 6 ± 5 + 1 , which is divisible by 24.
Thus if is divisible by neither 2 nor 3, then a# − 1 is divisible by 24.
8. Show that any square number cannot be put in the form ) + '.
Solution:-
We have,
4k+2=2(2k+1).
For this product to be a perfect square, the number 2k+1 must have 2 as its prime
factor, which is impossible as the number 2k+1 is odd. Therefore, the number 4k+2
cannot be a perfect square.
Hence, any square number cannot be put in the form 4k+2.
9. Show that any square number is of the form 3n or 3n+1.
Solution:-
Let a be any integer. Then a is of the form 3 , 3 +1 or 3 −1
If a = 3 , *' = 3 #

#
= 3×3
#
= 3+ where + = 3 is an integer.

If = 3 + 1, *' = 3 + 1 #

#
= 3 + 2 × 3 × 1 + 1#
#
=9 +6 +1
#
=3 3 +2 +1
#
= 3+ + 1, where + = 3 + 2 is an integer.

If = 3 − 1, *' = 3 − 1 #

#
= 3 − 2 × 3 × 1 + 1#
#
=9 −6 +1
#
=3 3 −2 +1
#
= 3+ + 1, where + = 3 − 2 is an integer.

Thus, any square integer is of the form 3+ or 3+ + 1.

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10. Show that one of three consecutive odd integers is a multiple of 3.
Solution:-
Let 2a+1, 2a+3 and 2a+5 be any three consecutive odd integer.
Then is of the form 3 , 3 + 1 or 3 + 2.
If = 3 , 2 +3 =2×3 +3
=6 +3
= 3 2 + 1 which is a multiple of 3.
If = 3 + 1, 2 + 1 = 2 3 + 1 + 1
=6 +2+1
=6 +3
= 3 2 + 1 which is a multiple of 3.
If = 3 + 2, 2 + 5 = 2 3 + 2 + 5
=6 +4+5
=6 +9
= 3 2 + 3 which is a multiple of 3
Thus, one of three consecutive odd integers is a multiple of 3.

11. Show that the product of any three consecutive even integers is divisible by 48.
Solution:-
Let − 2, and + 2 be any three consecutive even integers.
Then is of the form 2 .
Now, −2 +2 = 2 −2 ×2 × 2 +2
=2 −1 ×2 ×2 +1
=8 −1 +1
=8×6 where 6 = −1 + 1 ∈ .for the product of three
consecutive integers is divisible by 6.
= 48 which is divisible by 48.
Thus, the product of any three consecutive even integers is divisible by 48.

Extra Question
Show that one of three consecutive even integers is a multiple of 3.
Solution:-
Let 2 , 2 + 2 and 2 + 4 be any three consecutive even integers.
The integer is of the form 3 , 3 + 1 or 3 + 2 for some integer q.

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 If = 3 ,2 = 2 × 3
= 3 × 2 which is a multiple of 3.
If = 3 + 1, 2 + 4 = 2 3 + 1 + 4
=6 +2+4
=6 +6
=6 +1
=3×2 + 1 which is a multiple of 3.
If = 3 + 2, 2 + 2 = 2 3 + 2 + 2
=6 +4+2
=6 +6
=6 +1
=3×2 + 1 which is a multiple of 3.
Thus, one of three consecutive even integers is a multiple of 3.

*********

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic or Unique Factorisation Theorem:

Every composite number can be expressed as a product of primes uniquely except for the
order of the factors.
OR
Every integer n > 1 can be expressed uniquely in the form
+ = 01 23 0# 24 05 26 , … … … … … . 08 29
where 01 , 0# , 05 , … … … … , 08 are primes such that 01 < 0# < 05 < … … … … < 08 and
1 , # , 5 , … … … … , 8 are all positive integers.
Note:
(i) For every integer + > 1, the expression + = 01 23 0# 24 05 26 … … … … … … . . 08 29 ,
where 01 , 0# , 05 , … … … 08 are primes such that 01 < 0# < 05 <, … … … < 08 and
1, #, 5, … … … , 8 are all positive integers is called canonical decomposition of
+.
(ii) (a,b) denotes the HCF of a and b and [a,b] denotes the LCM of a and b.
(iii) HCF= Product of the smallest power of each common factor in the numbers
(iv) LCM = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor involved in the
numbers

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 (v) For two integers,
(a) HCF×LCM= Product of the integers.
:;<=>?@ <A @BC DE@CFC;G
(b) HCF=
HIJ
:;<=>?@ <A @BC DE@CFC;G
(c) LCM=
KIL
KIL×HIJ
(d) One of the numbers=
<@BC; E>MNC;

SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE 1.2

1. Find the canonical decomposition of the numbers:

(i) 1914 (ii) 2332 (iii) 4284 (iv) 190575 (v) 133848 (vi) 217350
Solution:-
(i) 1914 = 2 × 3 × 11 × 29
(ii) 2332 = 2# × 11 × 53
(iii) 4284 = 2# × 3# × 7 × 17
(iv) 190575 = 3# × 5# × 7 × 11#
(v) 133848 = 25 × 3# × 11 × 13#
(vi) 217350 = 2 × 35 × 5# × 7 × 23

2. Find (a,b), [a,b] and verify that (a,b)[a,b] = ab for each of the following pairs of
integers:
(i) & =429, P = Q!R
Solution:-
a = 429 = 3 × 11 × 13
b = 715 = 5 × 11 × 13
∴ a, b = 11 × 13 = 143
and Sa, bT = 3 × 5 × 11 × 13 = 2145
Verification:
a, b Sa, bT = 143 × 2145
= 11 × 13 × 3 × 5 × 11 × 13
= 3 × 11 × 13 × 5 × 11 × 13
= 429 × 715
= ab
Hence the result.

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 (ii) & = QRU, P = !V))
Solution:-
a = 756 = 2# × 35 × 7
b = 1044 = 2# × 3# × 29
∴ a, b = 2# × 3# = 36
and Sa, bT = 2# × 35 × 7 × 29 = 21924
Verification:
a, b Sa, bT = 36 × 21924
= 2# × 3# × 2# × 35 × 7 × 29
= 2# × 35 × 7 × 2# × 3# × 29
= 756 × 1044
= ab
Hence the result.
(iii) & = RQU, P = 'R'V
Solution:-
a = 576 = 2W × 3#
b = 2520 = 25 × 3# × 5 × 7
∴ a, b = 25 × 3# = 72
and Sa, bT = 2W × 3# × 5 × 7 = 20160
Verification:
a, b Sa, bT = 2 × 20160
= 25 × 3# × 2W × 3# × 5 × 7
= 2W × 3# × 25 × 3# × 5 × 7
= 576 × 2520
= ab
Hence the result.
3. Find the HCF and LCM of the following integers by prime factorization method:
(i) 204, 1020, 1190
Solution:
204= 2# × 3 × 17
1020= 2# × 3 × 5 × 17
1190= 2 × 5 × 7 × 17
∴ HCF= 2 × 17 = 34
and LCM= 2# × 3 × 5 × 7 × 17 = 7140

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 (ii) 126, 882, 1617
Solution:-
126= 2 × 3# × 7
882= 2 × 3# × 7#
1617= 3 × 7# × 11
∴ HCF= 3 × 7 = 21
and LCM= 2 × 3# × 7# × 11 = 9702
(iii) 504, 2393, 4725
Solution:
504= 25 × 3# × 7
2394 = 2 × 3# × 7 × 19
4725= 35 × 5# × 7
∴ HCF= 3# × 7 = 63
and LCM= 25 × 35 × 5# × 7 × 19 = 718200
(iv) 1260, 1800, 3780, 7560
Solution:
1260= 2# × 3# × 5 × 7
1800= 25 × 3# × 5#
3780= 2# × 35 × 5 × 7
7560= 25 × 35 × 5 × 7
∴ HCF= 2# × 3# × 5 = 180
and LCM= 25 × 35 × 5# × 7 = 37800

4. The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 27 and 29295 respectively. If one number is
837, find the other.
Solution:-
We have, HCF = 27
LCM = 29295
One number = 837
KIL×HIJ #Y×#Z#Z[
∴ other number = X5Y
= X5Y
= 27 × 35 = 945

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5. Show that for any natural number n, the digit in unit’s place of \] cannot be even.
Solution:- Since the only prime involved in the canonical decomposition of 3n is 3, therefore
the only prime that divides 3n is 3. It means that 3n is not divisible by any prime other
than 3. In particular, 3n is not divisible by 2.
We know that if a number is divisible by 2, the unit’s place of the number is even. As the
number is not divisible by 2, the unit’s place of 3n cannot be even.
6. Find any five consecutive composite numbers.
Solution:-
Let us consider the primes 2, 3 and 5 whose product is 30.
Clearly the five consecutive numbers
2 × 3 × 5 + 2 = 32
2 × 3 × 5 + 3 = 33
2 × 3 × 5 + 4 = 34
2 × 3 × 5 + 5 = 35
2 × 3 × 5 + 6 = 36
are consecutive composite numbers in which 32, 34 are divisible by 2; 33, 36 by 3 and
35 by 5.
7. Find any four consecutive odd composite numbers.
Solution:- Let us consider the primes 2, 3, 5 and 7 whose product is 210.
2 × 3 × 5 × 7 + 3 = 213, which is divisible by 3.
2 × 3 × 5 × 7 + 5 = 215 , which is divisible by 5.
2 × 3 × 5 × 7 + 7 = 217, which is divisible by 7.
2 × 3 × 5 × 7 + 9 = 219, which is divisible by 3.
Therefore 213, 215, 217 and 219 are four consecutive odd composite numbers
8. Find the least number which when divided by 24, 36 and 60 will leave in each case
the same remainder 7.
Solution:- We have, 24 = 25 × 3
36 = 2# × 3#
60 = 2# × 3 × 5
LCM = 25 × 3# × 5 = 360
So, the least number which when divided by 24, 36 and 60 will leave in each case
the same remainder 7 is 360 + 7 i.e. 367.

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9. Find the least number which when divided by 7, 8 and 12 leaves the same
remainder 5 in each case.
Solution:- We have, 7 = 1 × 7
8 = 25
12 = 2# × 3
LCM = 25 × 3 × 7 = 168
So, least number which when divided by 7, 8 and 12 leaves the same remainder 5
in each case is 168 + 5 i.e. 173.
10. Find the least multiple of 13 which when divided by 5, 8 and 12 leaves the same
remainder 2 in each case.
Solution:- LCM of 5, 8 and 12 = 120
By Euclid’s division lemma, 120 = 13 × 9 + 3
The required number will be of the form
120 + 2 = 13 × 9 + 3 k + 2
= 13 × 9k + 3k + 2
By inspection, the least positive integral value of so that 120 + 2 is divisible by 13 is 8.
Hence, the required number = 120 × 8 + 2
= 960 + 2
= 962
11. By what prime numbers may 319 be divided so that the remainder is 4?
Solution:-
A required number will be a prime factor of 319 – 4 i.e. 315 but greater than 4.
315 = 3# × 5 × 7
The prime factors of 315 are 3, 5 and 7.
∴ The required numbers are 5 and 7.
12. By what numbers may 27 be divided so that the remainder is 3?
Solution:-
A required number will be greater than 3 and will be a factor of 27 – 3 i.e. 24.
We have 24 = 25 × 3
Hence the factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 2 × 2, 2 × 3, 2 × 2 × 2, 2 × 2 × 3, 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24.
∴ The required numbers are 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24.

********* Page | 13
Field Properties of Real Numbers
1. Closure under addition: The sum of two real numbers is a real number i.e.
^ + _ ∈ ` whenever x, y ∈ `.
2. Associativity of addition: For every ^, _, a ∈ `, ^ + _ + a = ^ + _ + a
3. Commutativity of addition: ^ + _ = _ + ^ for every ^, _ ∈ `.
4. Existence of additive identity: There exists a real number 0 (zero) called the
additive identity such that ^ + V = ^ for every ^ ∈ `.
5. Existence of additive inverse: For each ^ ∈ `, there exists −^ ∈ ` called the
additive inverse or negative of x such that ^ + −^ = V(additive identity).
6. Closure under multiplication: The product of two real numbers is a real number
i.e. ^_ ∈ ` whenever x, y ∈ `.
7. Associativity of multiplication:- For every ^, _, a ∈ `, ^_ a = ^ _a
8. Commutativity of multiplication: ^_ = _^ for every ^, _ ∈ `.
9. Existence of multiplicative identity: There exists a real number 1, called the
multiplicative identity such that ^ × ! = ^ for any ^ ∈ `.
10. Existence of multiplicative inverse:- For each non-zero real number ^, there exists
! !
^
∈ ` called the multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of x such that ^ × ^ =

!(multiplicative identity).
11. Multiplication distributes over addition:- For any real number x, y, z, ^ _ + a =
^_ + ^a

Corollaries
1. Cancellation law for addition: If ^, _, a ∈ ` and ^ + _ = ^ + a, then _ = a.
2. Cancellation law for multiplication: If ^, _, a ∈ `, ^ ≠ V and ^_ = ^a, then _ = a.
3. For any ^ ∈ `, x.0 = 0.
4. For ^, _ ∈ `, ^ −_ = −^_
5. For ^, _ ∈ `, −^ −_ = ^_
6. If x, y ∈ `, and ^_ = V, then ^ = V or _ = V.

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 Absolute Value or Modulus of a Real Number
The absolute value or modulus of a real number x, denoted by |^|is defined by
^ ef ^ hV
|^| = d^ ef ^gV

or
V ef ^p V
|^| = ijk lmk*ikm nf ^ nm d^ ef ^o V

Some fundamental properties of absolute values of real numbers

1. |^| ≥ V
2. |−^| = |^|
3. |^_| = |^||_|
4. |^ + _| ≤ |^| + |_|
5. |^ − _| ≥ |^| − |_| and |^ − _| ≥ |_| − |^|
6. |^ − _| < r if and only if _ − s < t < u + r

SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE 1.3

1. Examine whether the following statements are true or false:

(i) The reciprocal of an irrational number is irrational.
(ii) The set of natural numbers contains additive identity.
(iii) The set of integers has multiplicative identity.
(iv) The reciprocal of a non-zero rational number is rational.
(v) The operation of subtraction in R is commutative.
(vi) The operation of division in R is associative.
Ans:- (i) True (ii) False (iii) True (iv) True (v) False (vi) False
!
2. (a) Is there any real number x such that v ∉ x?
Ans:- Yes, the real number is 0.

(b) Is there any ^ ∈ x such that −^ ∉ x?

Ans:- No, there is no any t ∈ R such that −t ∉ R.

(c)Is there any x∈ x such that ^' is not positive?

Ans:- Yes, that is 0.

Page | 15
 (d) Is there any x∈ x such that ^' is negative?
Ans:- No, there is no any x ∈ R such that t # is negative.
(e) Can two different real numbers have the same absolute value?
Ans:- Yes, two different real numbers can have the same absolute value.

3. If |&| = |P|, find all possible relations between a and b.

Solution:-
We have, | | = | |
⇒| |2 = | |2
⇒ 2
= 2

⇒ 2
− 2
=0
⇒ − + =0
⇒ − = 0 or + =0
⇒ = or = − , which are the possible relations between and .
4. Give any three values of x satisfying |v − \| < 1.
Solution:-
We have |t − 3| < 1
⇒3 − 1 < t < 3 + 1 [⸪|t − u| < r if and only if u − r < t < u + r]
⇒2 < t < 4
So, any three values of satisfying |t − 3| < 1are 2.5, 3 and 3.5.
5. Find x if
(i) |^ − '| = V
Solution:-
We have, |t − 2| = 0
⇒t − 2 = 0
∴ t=2
(ii) |^ − '| = \
Solution:-
We have, |t − 2| = 3
⇒t − 2 = 3 or t − 2 = −3
⇒t = 3 + 2 or t = −3 + 2
⇒t = 5 or t = −1

Page | 16
 (iii) |^ − \| = √'
Solution:-
We have, |t − 3| = √2
⇒t − 3 = √2 or t − 3 = −√2
∴ t = 3 + √2 or t = 3 − √2

(iv) |^ − '| = ^
Solution:-
We have, |t − 2| = t
⇒t − 2 = −t or t − 2 = t, which is impossible.
⇒t + t = 2
⇒2t = 2
∴ t=1

6. If &' + P' = V, {|}~• €•&€ a=0 and b=0.

Solution:-
2 2
and are square numbers.
∴ 2
and 2
are non − negative integers.
Then 2
+ 2
= 0 is possible only when 2
= 0 and 2
=0
∴ = 0 and =0

7. Identify on the number line, the points x satisfying:

(i) |^| ≤ \
Solution:- |t| ≤ 3
⇒ −3 ≤ t ≤ 3

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

On the number line, the values of t satisfying |t| ≤ 3 are represented by the
points belong to the line segment joining −3 and 3.

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 (ii) |^| < 3
Solution:- |^| < 3
⇒−3 < t < 3

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

On the number line, the values of t satisfying |^| < 3 are represented by the
points belong to the line segment joining −3 and 3 excluding −3 and 3.

(iii) |^| ≥ \
Solution:- |t| ≥ 3
⇒ t ≥ 3 and t ≤ −3

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

On the number line, the values of t satisfying |t| ≥ 3 are represented by the
points to the left of −3 and to the right of 3 including −3 and 3.
(iv) |^| > 3
Solution:- |^| > 3
⇒ t > 3 and t < −3

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

On the number line, the values of t satisfying |^| > 3 are represented by the
points to the left of −3 and to the right of 3 excluding −3 and 3.
(v) |^ − '| ≤ \
Solution:- |t − 2| ≤ 3
⇒2 − 3 ≤ t ≤ 2 + 3
⇒−1 ≤ t ≤ 5

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
On the number line, the values of t satisfying |t − 2| ≤ 3 are represented by the
points belong to the line segment joining −1 and 5.

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