LED lamp

An LED lamp or LED light[1] is an electric light that

LED lamp
produces light using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LED
lamps are significantly more energy-efficient than
equivalent incandescent lamps and fluorescent
lamps.[2][3][4] The most efficient commercially available
LED lamps have efficiencies exceeding 200 lumens per
watt (lm/W) and convert more than half the input power
into light.[5][6][7] Commercial LED lamps have a lifespan
several times longer than both incandescent and
fluorescent lamps. A 230-volt LED lamp with an E27 base (10
watts, 806 lumens, 3000 Kelvins)
LED lamps require an electronic LED circuit to operate Type Light-emitting diode, light
from mains power lines, and losses from this circuit means bulb
that the efficiency of the lamp is lower than the efficiency of
First production 1968
the LED chips it uses. The driver circuit may require
special features to be compatible with lamp dimmers
intended for use on incandescent lamps. Generally the current waveform
contains some amount of distortion, depending on the luminaires'
technology.[8]

The LED lamp market is projected to grow from US$75.8 billion in 2020 to
US$160 billion in 2026.[9]

LEDs come to full brightness immediately with no warm-up delay. Frequent

switching on and off does not reduce life expectancy as with fluorescent
lighting.[10] Light output decreases gradually over the lifetime of the LED.

Some LED lamps are drop-in replacements for incandescent or fluorescent

lamps. LED lamps may use multiple LED packages for improved light
A 230-volt LED filament
dispersal, heat dissipation, and overall cost. The text on retail LED lamp lamp, with an E27 base.
packaging may show the light output in lumens, the power consumption in The filaments are visible as
watts, the color temperature in kelvins or a color description such as "warm the eight yellow vertical
white", "cool white" or "daylight", the operating temperature range, whether lines.
the lamp is dimmer compatible, whether the lamp is suitable for
humid/damp/wet conditions, and sometimes the equivalent wattage of an
incandescent lamp delivering the same output in lumens.

History
Before the introduction of LED lamps, three types of lamps were used for the bulk of general (white)
lighting:

Incandescent lights produce light with a glowing filament heated by electric current. These are very
inefficient, having a luminous efficacy of 10–17 lm/W, and also have a short lifetime, typically 1000
hours. They are being phased out of general lighting applications. Incandescent lamps produce a
 continuous black body spectrum of light similar to sunlight, and so
produce high Color rendering index (CRI).
Fluorescent lamp produce ultraviolet light by a glow discharge
between two electrodes in a low pressure tube of mercury vapor,
which is converted to visible light by a fluorescent coating
(phosphor) on the inside of the tube. These are more efficient
than incandescent lights, having a luminous efficacy from 50 to
100 lm/W (depending on the structure, type of phosphor and type
An assortment of LED lamps
of ballast used), have a longer lifetime of 6,000–15,000 hours,
commercially available in 2010:
and are widely used for residential and office lighting. However,
floodlight fixtures (left), reading light
their mercury content makes them a hazard to the environment,
and they have to be disposed of as hazardous waste. (center), household lamps (center
right and bottom), and low-power
Metal-halide lamps, which produce light by an arc between two
accent light (right) applications
electrodes in an atmosphere of argon, mercury and other metals,
and iodine or bromine. These were among the most efficient white
electric lights before LEDs, having a luminous efficacy of 75–100
lm/W and a relatively long bulb lifetime of 6,000–15,000 hours;
because they require a 5–7-minute warmup period before they
reach full output, metal-halides are not used for residential
lighting, but for commercial and industrial wide area lighting and,
outdoors, for security lights and streetlights. Like fluorescents,
they also contain hazardous mercury.
Considered as energy converters, all these existing lamps are An 80W Chips on board (COB) LED
inefficient, emitting more of their input energy as waste heat than as module from an industrial light
visible light. Global electric lighting in 1997 consumed 2016 luminaire, thermally bonded to the
terawatthours of energy. Lighting consumes roughly 12% of electrical heat sink
energy produced by industrialized countries. New technological
developments in light-emitting semiconductors,
combined with the huge markets for displays and area
lighting, encouraged the development of more energy-
efficient electric lights.

The first low-powered LEDs were developed in the

early 1960s, and only produced light in the low, red
frequencies of the spectrum. In 1968, the first
commercial LED lamps were introduced: Hewlett-
Packard's LED display,[11] which was developed under
Howard C. Borden and Gerald P. Pighini, and
Monsanto Company's LED indicator lamp.[11] However, Illustration of Haitz's law, showing improvement in
light output per LED over time, with a logarithmic
early LED lamps were inefficient and could only display
scale on the vertical axis
deep red colors, making them unsuitable for general
lighting and restricting their usage to numeric displays
and indicator lights.[11]

The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in
1994.[12] Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Nakamura were later awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in
Physics for the invention of the blue LED.[13] The existence of blue LEDs and high-efficiency LEDs led to
the development of the first 'white LED', which employed a phosphor coating to partially convert the
emitted blue light to red and green frequencies, creating a light that appears white.[14]

New LED lights entered the market near the start of the 21st century in the US (Cree) and Japan (Nichia,
Panasonic, and Toshiba), and then starting in 2004 in Korea and China (Samsung, Kingsun, Solstice,
Hoyol, and others.)[15]
In the US, the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 authorized the Department of
Energy (DOE) to establish the Bright Tomorrow Lighting Prize competition, known as the "L Prize",[16]
challenging industry to develop replacements for 60 W incandescent lamps and other lamps.[17] Products
meeting the competition requirements would use just 17% of the energy used by most incandescent
lamps of that time.

Philips Lighting ceased research on compact fluorescents in 2008 and began devoting the bulk of its
research and development budget to solid-state lighting.[18] On 24 September 2009, Philips Lighting
North America became the first to submit lamps in the category to replace the standard 60 W A-19
"Edison screw fixture" light bulb,[19] with a design based on their earlier "AmbientLED" consumer
product. DOE awarded Philips the prize after 18 months of extensive testing. Many other similarly
efficient products followed.[20]

Early LED lamps varied greatly in chromaticity from the incandescent lamps they were replacing. A
standard was developed, ANSI C78.377-2008, that specified the recommended color ranges for solid-
state lighting products using cool to warm white LEDs with various correlated color temperatures.[21] In
June 2008, NIST announced the first two standards for solid-state lighting in the United States. These
standards detail performance specifications for LED light sources and prescribe test methods for solid-
state lighting products.

Also in 2008 in the United States and Canada, the Energy Star program began to label lamps that meet a
set of standards for starting time, life expectancy, color, and consistency of performance. The intent of
the program is to reduce consumer concerns due to variable quality of products, by providing
transparency and standards for the labeling and usability of products available in the market.[22] Energy
Star Certified Light Bulbs is a resource for finding and comparing Energy Star qualified lamps.

A similar program in the United Kingdom (run by the Energy Saving Trust) was launched to identify
lighting products that meet energy conservation and performance guidelines.[23] Ushio released the first
LED filament lamp in 2008.[24] Philips released its first LED lamp in 2009,[25] followed by the world's
first 60 W equivalent LED lamp in 2010,[26][27][28][29] and a 75 watt equivalent version in 2011.[30]

The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) in 2008 published a documentary
standard LM-79, which describes the methods for testing solid-state lighting products for their light
output (lumens), efficacy (lumens per watt) and chromaticity.

As of 2016, in the opinion of Noah Horowitz of the Natural Resources Defense Council, new standards
proposed by the United States Department of Energy would likely mean most light bulbs used in the
future would be LED.[31]

By 2019 electricity usage in the United States had decreased for at least five straight years, due in part to
U.S. electricity consumers replacing incandescent light bulbs with LEDs due to their energy efficiency
and high performance.[32]

In 2023 Signify N.V. introduced the highly efficient LED lamps with EU efficiency class A, which requires
an efficiency of at least 210 lm/W.[33]

Examples of early adoption

In 2003, the first surgical goggles with LEDs were demonstrated.[34] Audi showed the Audi Nuvolari
concept car with LED headlights.[35][36][37]

In 2004, Audi released the first car with LED daytime running lights and directionals, the 2004 Audi A8
W12.[34][38][39]
In 2005, an LED lamp was installed to illuminate the Mona Lisa.[40]
LEDs were in use at the Casino Breda in The Netherlands, the Vienna
State Opera, and the venue for the Shanghai Grand Prix, for example.
LED flashlights and headlamps for people were available.[35]

In 2006, some of the first LED spotlights for use in stores were
released.[41]

In 2007, Audi was the first car manufacturer to offer headlights that LEDs as Christmas illumination in
solely used LEDs, used in the Audi R8.[42] Viborg, Denmark

In 2008 Sentry Equipment Corporation in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin,

US, was able to light its new factory interior and exterior almost solely with LEDs. Initial cost was three
times that of a traditional mix of incandescent and fluorescent lamps, but the extra cost was recovered
within two years via electricity savings, and the lamps should not need replacing for 20 years.[18] In 2009
the Manapakkam, Chennai office of the Indian IT company, iGate, spent ₹3,700,000 (US$80,000) to
light 57,000 sq ft (5,300 m2) of office space with LEDs. The firm expected the new lighting to pay for
itself within 5 years.[43]

In 2009, Audi was the first manufacturer to offer a car that exclusively used LED lighting, the 2009 Audi
R8.[44]

In 2009 the exceptionally large Christmas tree standing in front of the Turku Cathedral in Finland was
hung with 710 LED lamps, each using 2 watts. It has been calculated that these LED lamps paid for
themselves in three and a half years, even though the lights run for only 48 days per year.[45]

In 2009 a new highway (A29) was inaugurated in Aveiro, Portugal; it included the first European public
LED-based lighting highway.[46]

By 2010 mass installations of LED lighting for commercial and public uses were becoming common. LED
lamps were used for a number of demonstration projects for outdoor lighting and LED street lights. The
United States Department of Energy made several reports available on the results of many pilot projects
for municipal outdoor lighting,[47] and many additional streetlight and municipal outdoor lighting
projects soon followed.[48]

In 2016 Government of India launched 'Ujala LED bulb scheme' to lower India's carbon footprint and
save electricity, it distributed 370 million LED bulbs free, by doing so as of March 2022, which resulted
in saving of ₹200 billion (US$2.4 billion) of middle class and poor household power bill. The scheme is
intended to replace all the incandescent and CFL light bulbs to more efficient LED lights in the nation. To
lower the price of LED bulbs government encouraged light bulb production in the nation.[49]

Technology
LED lamps are often made with arrays of surface mount LED modules.

A significant difference from other light sources is that the light is more directional. An LED is a
"Lambertian" emitter, producing a cone of light with half-power points about 60° from the axis. A laser
diode is another form of LED emitter, but produces light by a different mechanism.

White light LEDs

General-purpose lighting requires a white light, emulating a black
body at a specified temperature, from "warm white" (like an
incandescent bulb) at 2700K, to "daylight" at around 6500K. The first
LEDs emitted light in a very narrow band of wavelengths, of a color
characteristic of the energy band gap of the semiconductor material
used to make the LED. LEDs that emit white light are made using two
principal methods: either mixing light from multiple LEDs of various
colors, or using a phosphor to convert some of the light to other
colors. The light is not the same as a true black body, giving a
different appearance to colors than an incandescent bulb. Color LED lamp used in photography
rendering quality is specified by the color rendering index (CRI), and
as of 2019 is about 80 for many LED bulbs, and over 95 for more
expensive high-CRI LED lighting (100 is the ideal value).

RGB or trichromatic white LEDs use multiple LED chips emitting red, green, and blue wavelengths.
These three colors combine to produce white light. The CRI is poor, typically 25 – 65, due to the narrow
range of wavelengths emitted.[50] Higher CRI values can be obtained using more than three LED colors
to cover a greater range of wavelengths.

The second method, the basis of most commercially available LED lamps, uses LEDs in conjunction with
a phosphor to produce complementary colors from a single LED. Some of the light from the LED is
absorbed by the molecules of the phosphor, causing them to fluoresce, emitting light of another color via
the Stokes shift. The most common method is to combine a blue LED emitter with a yellow phosphor,
producing a narrow range of blue wavelengths and a broad band of "yellow" wavelengths actually
covering the spectrum from green to red. The CRI value can range from less than 70 to over 90, although
a wide range of commercial LEDs of this type have a color rendering index around 82.[50] Following
successive increases in efficacy, which had reached 210 lm/W on a production basis as of 2021,[51] this
type has surpassed the performance of trichromatic LEDs. The phosphors used in white light LEDs can
give correlated color temperatures in the range of 2,200 K (dimmed incandescent) up to 7,000 K or
more.[52]

Color changing LED lighting

Tunable lighting systems employ banks of colored LEDs that can be individually controlled, either using
separate banks of each color, or multi-chip LEDs with the colors combined and controlled at the chip
level.[53] For example, white LEDs of different color temperatures can be combined to construct an LED
bulb that decreases its color temperature when dimmed.[54]

LED drivers
LED chips require controlled direct current (DC) electrical power and an appropriate circuit as an LED
driver is required to convert the alternating current from the power supply to the regulated voltage direct
current used by the LEDs.

LED drivers are essential components of LED lamps to ensure acceptable lifetime and performance of the
lamp. A driver can provide features such as dimming and remote control. LED drivers may be in the
same lamp enclosure as the diode array, or remotely mounted from the light-emitting diodes. LED
drivers may require additional components to meet regulations for acceptable AC line harmonic current.

Thermal management
LED lamps run cooler than their predecessors since
there is no electric arc or tungsten filament, but they
can still cause burns. Thermal management of high-
power LEDs is required to keep the junction
temperature of the LED device close to ambient
temperature, since increased temperature reduces
light output and can cause catastrophic failure. LEDs
use much less power for a given light output, but they
do produce some heat, and it is concentrated in a very
small semiconductor die. Because of their low
operating temperature, LED lamps cannot lose much
heat via radiation; instead, heat is conducted through Household LED lamp with its internal LED elements
the back of the die to a suitably designed heat sink or and LED driver circuitry exposed
cooling fin, from where it is dissipated via
convection.[25] Very high power lamps for industrial
uses are frequently equipped with cooling fans.[55] Some manufacturers place the LEDs and all circuitry
in a glass bulb just like conventional incandescent bulbs, but with a helium gas filling to conduct heat and
thus cool the LEDs.[56] Others place the LEDs on a circuit board with an aluminum backing; the
aluminum back is connected thermally to the aluminum base of the lamp using thermal paste, and the
base is embedded in a melamine plastic shell. Because of the need for convection cooling around an LED
lamp, careful consideration is necessary when placing the lamp in an enclosed or poorly vented luminaire
or close to thermal insulation.

Efficiency droop
The term "efficiency droop"
refers to the decrease in
luminous efficacy of LEDs
as the electric current
increases. Instead of
increasing current levels,
light output is usually
increased by connecting Disassembled LED lamp with switched-
Efficiency droop in an InGaN LED multiple LED emitters in mode power supply circuit board and
as a function of its input current[57] parallel and/or series in one Edison screw
lamp. Solving the problem
of efficiency droop would
mean that household LED lamps would require fewer LEDs, which would significantly reduce
costs.[58][59][60][61]

Early suspicions were that the LED droop was caused by elevated temperatures. Scientists showed that
temperature was not the root cause of efficiency droop.[62] The mechanism causing efficiency droop was
identified in 2007 as Auger recombination, which was taken with mixed reaction.[61] A 2013 study
conclusively identified Auger recombination as the cause.[63]

Some lasers have been adapted as an alternative to LEDs to provide highly focused illumination.[64][65]

Applications
LED lamps are used for both general and special-purpose lighting. Where colored light is needed, LEDs
that inherently emit light of a single color require no energy-absorbing filters. LED lamps are commonly
available as drop-in replacements for either bulbs or fixtures, replacing either an entire fixture (such as
LED light panels replacing fluorescent troffers or LED spotlight fixtures replacing similar halogen
fixtures) or bulbs (such as LED tubes replacing fluorescent tubes inside troffers or LED HID replacement
lamps replacing HID bulbs inside HID fixtures) The differences between replacing a fixture and replacing
a bulb are that, when a fixture (like a troffer) is replaced with something like an LED panel, the panel
must be replaced in its entirety if the LEDs or the driver it contains fail since it is impossible to replace
them individually in a practical fashion[66] (although the driver is often separate and so it may be
replaced), where as, if only the bulb is replaced with an LED replacement lamp, the lamp can be replaced
independently of the fixture should the lamp fail. Some LED replacement lamps require the fixture to be
modified such as by electrically removing the fixture's ballast, thus connecting the LED lamp directly to
the mains supply; others can work without any modifications to the fixture.[67]

White-light LED lamps have

longer life expectancy and higher
efficiency (more light for the same
electricity) than most other
lighting when used at the proper
temperature. LED sources are
compact, which gives flexibility in
designing lighting fixtures and Computer-led LED lighting allows
BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir
good control over the distribution enhancement of unique qualities of
Atlanta illumination with color mixing of light with small reflectors or paintings in the National Museum in
LED fixtures lenses. Because of the small size of Warsaw.[68]
LEDs, control of the spatial
distribution of illumination is
extremely flexible, [69] and the light output and spatial distribution of an LED array can be controlled with
no efficiency loss.

LEDs using the color-mixing principle can emit a wide range of colors by changing the proportions of
light generated in each primary color. This allows full color mixing in lamps with LEDs of different
colors.[70] Unlike other lighting technologies, LED emission tends to be directional (or at least
Lambertian), which can be either advantageous or disadvantageous, depending on requirements. For
applications where non-directional light is required, either a diffuser is used, or multiple individual LED
emitters are used to emit in different directions.

Household LED lamps

Sizes and bases

LED lamps are made with standard
lamp connections and shapes, such as
an Edison screw base, an MR16 shape
with a bi-pin base, or a GU5.3 (bi-pin
cap) or GU10 (bayonet fitting) and are
made compatible with the voltage
supplied to the sockets. They include
driver circuitry to rectify the AC power
A selection of consumer LED lamps available in 2012 as drop-in
and convert the voltage to an replacements for incandescent bulbs in screw-type sockets
appropriate value, usually a switched-
mode power supply.
As of 2010 some LED lamps replaced higher wattage bulbs; for example, one manufacturer claimed a 16-
watt LED lamp was as bright as a 150 W halogen lamp.[71] A standard general-purpose incandescent bulb
emits light at an efficacy of about 14 to 17 lm/W depending on its size and voltage. (Efficacy of
incandescent lamps designed for 230 V supplies is less, because the lower supply voltage in north
America is more favorable to efficacy.) According to the European Union standard, an energy-efficient
lamp that claims to be the equivalent of a 60 W tungsten lamp must have a minimum light output of 806
lumens.[72]

Some models of LED lamps are compatible with dimmers. LED lamps
often have directional light characteristics. The best of these lamps, as
of 2022, are more power-efficient than compact fluorescent lamps[73]
and offer lifespans of 30,000 or more hours, reduced if operated at a
higher temperature than specified. Incandescent lamps have a typical
life of 1,000 hours,[74] and compact fluorescents about 8,000
hours.[75] LED and fluorescent lamps both use phosphors, whose
light output declines over their lifetimes. Energy Star specifications
High-power LED "corn cob" lamp requires LED lamps to typically drop less than 10% after 6,000 or
more hours of operation, and in the worst case not more than 15%.[76]
LED lamps are available with a variety of color properties. The
purchase price is higher than most other lamps – although dropping – but the higher efficiency usually
makes total cost of ownership (purchase price plus cost of electricity and changing bulbs) lower.[19]

Several companies offer LED lamps for general lighting purposes. The technology is improving rapidly
and new energy-efficient consumer LED lamps are available.[77][78] As of 2016, in the United States, LED
lamps are close to being adopted as the mainstream light source[79] because of the falling prices and
because incandescent lamps are being phased out.[80] In the U.S. the Energy Independence and Security
Act of 2007 effectively bans the manufacturing and importing of most current incandescent lamps. LED
lamps have decreased substantially in price, and many varieties are sold with subsidized prices from local
utilities. However, in September 2019 the Trump administration rolled back requirements for new,
energy-efficient light bulbs.[81] The Biden administration finalized efficiency regulations in 2023 that
require 45 lm/W lighting and will save consumers $3 billion per year in electricity costs.[82]

LED tube lamps

LED tube lights are designed to physically fit in fixtures intended for
fluorescent tubes. Some LED tubular lamps are intended to be a
drop-in replacement into existing fixtures if appropriate ballast is
used. Others require rewiring of the fixtures to remove the ballast. An
LED tube lamp generally uses many individual Surface-Mounted
LEDs which are directional and require proper orientation during
installation as opposed to Fluorescent tube lamps which emit light in
all directions around the tube. Most LED tube lights available can be
A 17 W tube of LEDs which has the
used in place of T5, T8, T10, or T12 tube designations, T8 is D26mm, same intensity as a 45 W
T10 is D30mm, in lengths of 590 mm (23 in), 1,200 mm (47 in) and fluorescent tube
1,500 mm (59 in).

Lighting designed for LEDs

Newer light fittings with long-lived LEDs built-in, or designed for
LED lamps, have been coming into use as the need for compatibility
with existing fittings diminishes. Such lighting does not require each
bulb to contain circuitry to operate from mains voltage.

LED-wall lamp
Plants
Experiments revealed surprising performance and production of
vegetables and ornamental plants under LED light sources.[83] Many plant species have been assessed in
greenhouse trials to make sure that the quality of biomass and biochemical ingredients of such plants is
at least comparable with those grown in field conditions. Plant performance of mint, basil, lentil, lettuce,
cabbage, parsley and carrot was measured by assessing both the health and vigor of the plants and the
success of the LEDs in promoting growth. Also noticed was profuse flowering of select ornamentals
including primula, marigold and stock.[83][84]

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) offer efficient electric lighting in desired wavelengths (red + blue) which
support greenhouse production in minimum time and with high quality and quantity. As LEDs are cool,
plants can be placed very close to light sources without overheating or scorching, requiring much less
space for intense cultivation than with hot-running lighting.

Specialty
White LED lamps have achieved market dominance in applications
where high efficiency is important at low power levels. Some of these
applications include flashlights, solar-powered garden or walkway
lights, and bicycle lights. Colored LED lamps are now commercially
used for traffic signal lamps, where the ability to emit bright light of
the required color is essential, and in strings of holiday lights. LED
automotive lamps are widely used for their long life and small size.
Multiple LEDs are used in applications where more light output than
LED Flashlight replacement bulb available from a single LED is required.
(left), with tungsten equivalent (right)

Outdoor lighting
By about 2010 LED technology came to dominate the outdoor
lighting industry, as earlier LEDs were not bright enough for outdoor
lighting. A study completed in 2014 concluded that color temperature
and accuracy of LED lights was easily recognized by consumers, with
preference towards LEDs at natural color temperatures.[85] LEDs are
now able to match the brightness and warmer color temperature that
consumers desire from their outdoor lighting system.

LEDs are increasingly used for street lighting in place of mercury and LED floodlamps
sodium lamps due to their lower running and lamp replacement
costs. However, there have been concerns that the use of LED street
lighting with predominantly blue light can cause eye damage, and that some LEDs switch on and off at
twice mains frequency, causing malaise in some people, and possibly being misleading with rotating
machinery due to stroboscopic effects. These concerns can be addressed by use of appropriate lighting,
rather than simple concern with cost.[86]

Ultra-Violet lamps
UV LEDs have grown rapidly in recent years because they can be set to emit specific wavelengths of light.
Unlike gas discharge or fluorescent lamps, which are limited by their materials, LED wavelengths are
determined by the band gap width.

For Vitamin D production, LED lamps are better because traditional lamps can’t produce the exact 293
nanometer wavelength needed to boost Vitamin D levels. UVB lamps at 293 nanometers are more
effective than other UVB lamps (like 312 nanometer or broadband types) because they provide enough
UVB light for Vitamin D without causing skin redness, even at lower doses.[87]

Comparison with other lighting technologies

See luminous efficacy for an efficiency chart comparing various technologies.

Comparison table

Cost comparison for 60 watt incandescent equivalent light bulb (U.S. residential electricity prices)
LED

Philips Incan­-
EcoSmart CFL[88] Halogen[89]
ultra V-TAC Philips Cree descent[90]
clear
efficient (2018)[93] (2017)[94] (2019)[95]
(2018)[92]
(2023)[91]
Purchase price $7.19 $3.29 $1.79 $2.54 $3.93 $1.54 $1.17 $0.41

Watts 4 6.5 9 8.5 9.5 14 43 60

lumens (mean) 840 800 806 800 815 775[96] 750 860

lumens/watt 210 123.1 89.6 94.1 85.8 55.4 17.4 14.3

Color temperature
3000 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2920 2700
kelvin

CRI 80 80 80+ 80 85 82 100 100

Lifespan (hours) 50,000 15,000 20,000 10,000 25,000 10,000 1,000 1,000

Bulb lifetime (years)

22.8 6.8 9.1 4.6 11.4 4.6 0.46 0.46
@ 6 hours/day

Energy cost over 20

years $28 $46 $63 $60 $67 $99 $303 $423
@ 16.1 cents/kWh[97]
Cost of bulbs over
$7 $10 $5 $13 $8 $8 $51 $18
20 years
Total cost over
$35 $56 $69 $73 $75 $106 $355 $441
20 years

Total cost per

$36 $60 $73 $78 $79 $118 $407 $441
860 lumens

Comparison based on 6 hours use per day (43,800 hours over 20 yrs)

In keeping with the long life claimed for LED lamps, long warranties are offered. However, currently
there are no standardized testing procedures set by the Department of Energy in the United States to
prove these assertions by each manufacturer.[98] A typical domestic LED lamp is stated to have an
"average life" of 15,000 hours (15 years at 3 hours/day), and to support 50,000 switch cycles.[99]

Incandescent and halogen lamps naturally have a power factor of 1, but Compact fluorescent and LED
lamps use input rectifiers and this causes lower power factors. Low power factors can result in surcharges
for commercial energy users; CFL and LED lamps are available with driver circuits to provide any desired
power factor, or site-wide power factor correction can be performed. EU standards requires a power
factor better than 0.4 for lamp powers between 2 and 5 watts, better than 0.5 for lamp powers between 5
and 25 watts and above 0.9 for higher power lamps.[100][101]

Energy Star qualification

Energy Star is an international standard for energy efficient consumer products.[102][103] Devices
carrying the Energy Star service mark generally use 20–30% less energy than required by US
standards.[104]

Energy Star LED qualifications:[105]

Reduces energy costs – uses at least 75% less energy than incandescent lighting, saving on
operating expenses.
Reduces maintenance costs – lasts 35 to 50 times longer than incandescent lighting and about 2 to 5
times longer than fluorescent lighting. No lamp-replacements, no ladders, no ongoing disposal
program.
Reduces cooling costs – LEDs produce very little heat.
Is guaranteed – comes with a minimum three-year warranty – far beyond the industry standard.
Offers convenient features – available with dimming on some indoor models and automatic daylight
shut-off and motion sensors on some outdoor models.
Is durable – will not break like a glass bulb.
To qualify for Energy Star certification, LED lighting products must pass a variety of tests to prove that
the products will display the following characteristics:

Brightness is equal to or greater than existing lighting technologies (incandescent or fluorescent) and
light is well distributed over the area lit by the fixture.
Light output remains constant over time, only decreasing towards the end of the rated lifetime (at
least 35,000 hours or 12 annums based on use of 8 hours per day).
Excellent color quality. The shade of white light appears clear and consistent over time.
Efficiency is as good as or better than fluorescent lighting.
Light comes on instantly when turned on.
No flicker when dimmed.
No off-state power draw. The fixture does not use power when it is turned off, with the exception of
external controls, whose power should not exceed 0.5 watts in the off state.
Power factor of at least 0.7 for all lamps of 5W or greater.

Limitations
LED emitters are inherently suitable for dimming, because they can operate over a wide range of currents
without significant change of color. However, the circuits in LED lamps must be explicitly designed to be
dimmable and compatible with particular types of dimmer switch.[106] Otherwise damage to the lamp
and/or the dimmer may result.

Color rendering is not identical to that of incandescent lamps, which emit close to perfect black-body
radiation, as does the sun. A measurement unit called CRI is used to record how a light source renders
eight color sample chips, on a scale from 0 to 100.[107] LEDs with CRI below 75 are not recommended for
use in indoor lighting.[108]

Badly designed LED lamps may flicker. The effect can be seen on a slow motion video of such a lamp. The
extent of flicker is based on the quality of the DC power supply built into the lamp structure, usually
located in the lamp base. Longer exposures to flickering light contribute to headaches and eye
strain.[109][110][111]
LED life span as a function of lumen maintenance drops at higher
temperatures. Thermal management of high-power LEDs is a
significant factor in design of solid state lighting equipment. LED
lamps are sensitive to excessive heat, like most solid state electronic
components. Also, the presence of incompatible volatile organic
compounds can impair the performance and reduce lifetime.[112]

The long life of LEDs, expected to be about 50 times that of the most
common incandescent lamps and significantly longer than
Variable color temperature LED
fluorescent types, is advantageous for users but will affect
array in a floodlamp
manufacturers as it reduces the market for replacements in the
distant future.[18]

The human circadian rhythm can be affected by light sources.[113][114] The effective color temperature of
daylight is ~5,700K[115] (bluish white) while tungsten lamps are ~2,700K (yellow).[116] People who have
circadian rhythm sleep disorders are sometimes treated with light therapy (exposure to intense bluish
white light during the day) and dark therapy (wearing amber-tinted goggles at night to reduce bluish
light).[117][118][119]

Some organizations recommend that people should not use bluish-white lamps at night. The American
Medical Association argues against using bluish-white LEDs for municipal street lighting.[120]

Research suggests that the shift to LED street lighting attracts 48% more flying insects than HPS lamps,
which could cause direct ecological impacts as well as indirect impacts such as attracting more gypsy
moths to port areas.[121]

See also

Energy portal

Engineering portal

Environment portal

Technology portal

Headlamp § LED
LED strip light
LED display
List of light sources
Lux
Photometry (optics)
Radiation angle
SMD LED
Solar lamp
Solid-state lighting
Spectroscopy

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Further reading
E. Fred Schubert (2006). Light-Emitting Diodes (https://archive.org/details/lightemittingdio00schu_0).
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-45522-0.
Krigel, A; Berdugo, M; Picard, E; Levy-Boukris, R; Jaadane, I; Jonet, L; Dernigoghossian, M; Andrieu-
Soler, C; Torriglia, A; Behar-Cohen, F (2016). "Light-induced retinal damage using different light
sources, protocols and rat strains reveals LED phototoxicity" (http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01383394/file/Krig
el_Light-induced.pdf) (PDF). Neuroscience. 339: 296–307. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.015
(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2016.10.015). PMID 27751961 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.n
ih.gov/27751961). S2CID 1619530 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1619530).

External links
e-lumen.eu (https://web.archive.org/web/20091212014857/http://www.e-lumen.eu/) – a website from
the European Commission about the second generation of energy-saving lamps (archived 12
December 2009)
Some cities are taking another look at LED lighting after AMA warning (https://www.washingtonpost.c
om/national/health-science/some-cities-are-taking-another-look-at-led-lighting-after-ama-warning/201
6/09/21/98779568-7c3d-11e6-bd86-b7bbd53d2b5d_story.html) (25 September 2016) – The
Washington Post

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