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Ashirwad Satapathi and Abhishek Mishra

Hands-on Azure Functions with C#

Build Function as a Service (FaaS) Solutions
1st ed.
Ashirwad Satapathi
Gajapati, Odisha, India

Abhishek Mishra
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

ISBN 978-1-4842-7121-6 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-7122-3

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7122-3

© Ashirwad Satapathi and Abhishek Mishra 2021

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress
Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
This book is dedicated to my father, Mr. Upendra Satapathi, and mother,
Mrs. Sabita Panigrahi, for supporting me through each and every phase
of my life. Without your support I wouldn’t have been able to complete
this book.
—Ashirwad Satapathi
This book is dedicated to my super dad, Mr. Balabhardra Mishra, and
loving mom, Mrs. Pragyan Mishra.
—Abhishek Mishra
Introduction
Azure Functions is a function as a service (FaaS) offering on the Azure
Platform. In this book, you will explore Azure Functions in detail and
learn how to work with Azure Functions using a practical and example-
based approach that will help you grasp the subject with ease.
The book will start with the essential topics. You will learn how to
set up the application development environment for Azure Functions.
Then you will get example-based steps for building a serverless
solution using a combination of bindings and triggers in C#. The book
will then dive into areas that will help you learn how to create custom
bindings, connect with various data sources, ingest telemetry data for
Azure Functions into Application Insights, and learn various ways to
deploy the functions to the Azure environment.
You will also explore advanced areas such as running Azure
Functions in an Azure Kubernetes Service cluster using Kubernetes
Event Driven Autoscaling (KEDA). You will learn the DevOps way of
working with Azure Functions using Azure DevOps, as well as the best
practices you should follow while using Azure Functions.
This book provides production-like scenarios and provides labs that
will deliver the right set of hands-on experience. The practical approach
in the book will help you gain deep proficiency in the subject.
This book is intended for experienced developers, cloud architects,
and tech enthusiasts looking forward to building scalable and efficient
serverless solutions using Azure Functions. Anyone having a prior
experience with C# and knowing the Azure basics can use this book to
start their journey in building serverless solutions with Azure
Functions.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Apress team for giving us the opportunity to
work on this book. Also thanks to the technical reviewer and the editors
for helping us deliver this manuscript.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Introduction to Azure Functions
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Introduction to Azure Functions
Introduction to Serverless
Azure WebJobs vs.​Azure Functions
Advantages and Disadvantages of Azure Functions
Hosting Plans for Azure Functions
Consumption Plan
Premium Plan
Dedicated Plan
Use Cases for Azure Functions
Summary
Chapter 2:​Build Your First Azure Function
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Create Functions Using the Azure Portal
Create Functions Locally Using the Command Line
Create Functions Using Visual Studio Code
Create Functions Using Visual Studio
Summary
Chapter 3:​What Are Triggers and Bindings?​
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Introduction to Triggers and Bindings
 Supported Triggers and Bindings
Trigger and Binding Use Cases
Use Case:​An Azure function gets triggered when a message
arrives in a queue, and the processed message is put into
another queue
Use Case:​A scheduled job picks up images for Blob Storage
at a particular time interval and then processes and stores
them back in the Blob Storage
Use Case:​An HTTP call invokes an Azure function to execute
some business logic
Use Case:​An event grid can invoke an Azure function to
send an email with event data
Use Case:​RabbitMQ triggers an Azure function that
processes the message sent by RabbitMQ and puts the
processed message in Azure Cosmos DB
Implement Triggers and Bindings for Azure Functions
Summary
Chapter 4:​OTP Mailer with Queue Storage Trigger and SendGrid
Binding
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Getting Started with a Queue Storage Trigger and Use Cases
Build a Sample Application Using a Queue Storage Trigger
Getting Started with a SendGrid Output Binding and Use Cases
Build a Sample Application Using the SendGrid Output Binding
Create an OTP Mailer Using a Queue Storage Trigger and
SendGrid Output Binding
Summary
Chapter 5:​Build a Report Generator with a Timer Trigger and Blob
Storage Bindings
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Getting Started with Timer Triggers and Use Cases
Build a Sample Application Using a Timer Trigger
Getting Started with Blob Storage Bindings and Use Cases
Build a Sample Function Using a Blob Storage Binding
Create a Report Generator Using a Blob Storage Binding and
Timer Trigger
Summary
Chapter 6:​To-Do API with an HTTP Trigger and a Table Storage
Binding
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Getting Started with HTTP Triggers and Use Cases
Build a Sample Application Using an HTTP Trigger
Routing in HTTP-Triggered Azure Functions
Getting Started with Table Storage Bindings and Use Cases
Build a Sample Application Using a Table Storage Binding
Create a To-Do API with an HTTP Trigger and a Table Storage
Binding
Summary
Chapter 7:​Creating Custom Bindings for Azure Functions
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Introduction to Custom Bindings
 Use Cases for Custom Bindings
Build a Custom Binding for Azure Functions
Create an Azure Function
Implement the Binding Attribute Class
Implement the Binding Logic Class
Implement the Binding Extension Class
Implement the Binding Startup Class
Incorporate the Binding in the Azure Function
Summary
Chapter 8:​Building Serverless APIs Using Azure Functions and
Azure SQL
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Problem Statement
Creating an Azure SQL Database Instance in the Azure Portal
Building Serverless APIs for the Proof of Concept
Testing the Serverless APIs for the Proof of Concept
Summary
Chapter 9:​Serverless API Using Azure Functions and Azure
Cosmos DB
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Introduction to Azure Cosmos DB and Its Use Cases
Getting Started with Azure Function Cosmos DB Triggers by
Building a Simple Application
Build an HTTP-Triggered Azure Function to Perform CRUD
Operations on Azure Cosmos DB Using Bindings
 Leverage the Azure Cosmos DB SDK to Interact with Cosmos DB
from Azure Functions
Summary
Chapter 10:​Enabling Application Insights and Azure Monitor
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Enable Logging Using Application Insights
Perform Diagnostics for Azure Functions
Monitor Azure Functions and Create Alerts
Restrict the Number of Scaling Instances for the Azure Function
App
Summary
Chapter 11:​Storing Function Secrets in Azure Key Vault
Structure of the Chapter
Objective
Getting Started with Azure Key Vault
Create an Azure Key Vault in the Azure Portal
Store Secrets in Key Vault
Create an Azure Function in the Azure Portal
Add an Access Policy for Azure Key Vault
Summary
Chapter 12:​Authentication and Authorization Using Azure Active
Directory
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
What Is Azure Active Directory?​
What Are Authentication and Authorization?​
 Implement Authentication and Authentication for Azure
Functions Using Azure Active Directory
Summary
Chapter 13:​Securing Azure Functions with API Management
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
What Is the API Management Service?​
Advantages of Using the API Management Service
Integrate API Management with Azure Functions
Summary
Chapter 14:​Deploying Your Azure Functions Using IDEs
Structure of the Chapter
Objective
Deploy an Azure Function to Azure Using Visual Studio 2019
What Are Deployment Slots?​
Deploy an Azure Function to Deployment Slots
Deploy an Azure Function to Azure Using VS Code
Summary
Chapter 15:​Deploying Your Azure Functions Using a CI/​CD
Pipeline with Azure DevOps
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
What Is Azure DevOps?​
Create a Project in Azure DevOps
Create a Build Pipeline in Azure DevOps and Enable Continuous
Integration
 Create a Release Pipeline in Azure DevOps and Enable
Continuous Delivery
Summary
Chapter 16:​Running Azure Functions in Containers
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Getting Started with Containers and AKS
What Is Serverless Kubernetes and KEDA in Azure?​
Containerize Azure Functions and Push Them to the Azure
Container Registry
Deploy the Containerized Azure Functions in AKS Using KEDA
Summary
Chapter 17:​Adding Cognitive Capabilities to Your Azure Functions
Structure of the Chapter
Objective
Getting Started with Azure Cognitive Services
Getting Started with Azure Text Analytics
Create an Azure Text Analytics Resource in the Azure Portal
Build a Serverless API to Analyze Feedback Using Sentiment
Analysis
Test the FeedbackAnalyzer​Function Using Postman
Build a Language-Based Document Classifier Serverless
Solution
Test the Language-Based Document Classifier Function
Summary
Chapter 18:​Introduction to Azure Durable Functions
Structure of the Chapter
 Objectives
Getting Started with Azure Durable Functions
Benefits of Azure Durable Functions
Application Patterns
Fan-Out and Fan-In
Function Chaining
Async HTTP APIs
Monitoring
Human Interaction
Aggregator
Implement an Azure Durable Function
Summary
Chapter 19:​Integrating Azure Functions in a Logic Apps Workflow
Structure of the Chapter
Objective
Getting Started with Azure Logic Apps
Create an Azure Logic Apps Solution in the Azure Portal
Add Azure Functions in Logic Apps Workflows
Summary
Chapter 20:​Best Practices and Pitfalls to Avoid
Structure of the Chapter
Objectives
Design Guidelines and Best Practices
Decide to Use Functions or Not for Your Scenario
Choose the Correct Programing Language
Choice of Hosting Plan
Other documents randomly have
different content
Daisy Fleabane. Erigeron Philadelphicus.

Found in meadows and roadsides during June.

The simple, and leafy, stalk grows from 2 to 8 feet high; it is
rather slender, finely grooved or lined, and a little hairy. In color a
light green.
The root-leaves are very long, the others decrease in size as they
mount the stalk; they are long and narrow, with sparsely and
irregularly notched margins (sometimes only one to a leaf), and a
firm texture,—smooth to the touch. The color is green. They clasp
the stalk partly, and occur alternately.
The disc flowers form a small flat button, which is at first greenish,
and later changes to yellowish-orange; the rays are many, fine and
fringy in appearance, and varying in color from white to pink. The
cup is light green. The flower heads grow in somewhat flat-topped
clusters on the top of the stalk, upon limber stems which are inclined
to droop.
This Fleabane follows Robin’s Plantain in the succession of June
flowers, and bears a general resemblance to the other plants of its
genus, which renders it difficult to distinguish individually from its
fellows.
DAISY FLEABANE: E.
Philadelphicus.
Golden Rag-wort. Senecio aureus.
Squaw-weed.

Found in May or June in pasture lands.

The stalk, which grows from 1 to 8 feet high, is single, somewhat
rigid in bearing, leafy, hollow, and woody-fibred, with a grooved
surface. Its color is green, with dull brown streaks.
The lower leaves are simple, and round or heart or lyre-shaped,
with toothed margins, and are set on long stems; the upper leaves
are long and narrow, their margins deeply cleft, and are set upon
the stalk, partly clasping it. The texture is thin, and surface smooth.
A rich green in color.
The bloom is small, of a deep orange hue; it is gathered in a close
head, surrounded by 6 to 14 short rays, which have slightly notched
tips, are of fine texture, and are an absolute orange-yellow color.
The heads are set in a smooth, deep cup, of a yellow-green color
tipped with red; they are arranged, on long slender stems, in a loose
terminal cluster.
Occasionally the flower-stems bear thread-like leaves; sometimes
the grooved stalk is slightly twisted. The leafage is inclined to curl,
and with its fine deep notches presents a feathery appearance. The
foot-tuft of leaves is interesting in arrangement.
GOLDEN RAGWORT:
Senecio aureus.
May-weed. Anthemis Cotula.
Pigstye Daisy (Mass.).
Dog Fennel.

Found through the summer, from May to October, growing about

buildings, or in waste places.
The stalk is seldom a foot in height, branching in a bushy fashion,
and very leafy; it is slender but tough-fibred, and smooth. In color
light green.
The leaf is small and indeterminate in shape, it is cut so deeply
and irregularly as to present an aspect of being all fringed margin
and no leaf; the midrib is strong, and the texture coarse. Color, light
green. The leaves are set alternately and close together upon the
stalk or branch.
The flowers are small and yellow, arranged in a flat disc,
surrounded by a sparse number of oblong, notched, white rays. The
leafy cup, which holds the flower-head, is dry and husk-like. The
heads are terminal, and single.
This is a plant of communal habit, and profusely flowering. It has
a trick of folding down its rays at night, and is a great sluggard
about spreading them in the morning. After the rays age and fall,
the disc becomes cone-shaped. “It has taken up its place by the
roadside, close to the ruts—in bad taste.” (Thoreau’s Journal for
June 25, 1852.)
MAY-WEED: Anthemis
Cotula.
Dwarf Dandelion. Krigia Virginica.

Found from May to August on sandy banks and roadsides, and in

pastures.
The several flower-stems rise from a mat of root-leaves; they vary
from 3 to 10 inches in height, and are very slender, hairy, and green.
The earlier leaf is round, with an entire margin, and set on a very
short stem; the later is oblong and narrow, with a sometimes
notched margin, and scattering hairs upon the edge, and a thin
texture. The color is light green. Later in the season a few slender
leaves are found on the flower-stems.
The flowers are all ray flowers, 12 to 20 in number, small, with
very finely-notched tips; rich orange, yellow in color. The cup which
holds the head is small and tubular; its spreading row of tips is a
little shorter than the rays; green in color.
The dark seed with its 5 or 7 rounded scales and an equal number
of long thread-like white bristles is a charming feature of this
delicate little plant. Sometimes the flower-stems fork, and bear two
heads.
DWARF DANDELION: Krigia
Virginica.
Ox Eye Daisy. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum.
White Weed.
Bull’s Eye.

Found from June to October in fields, meadows, and roadsides,

growing most abundantly in poor soil.
The stalk, whose height varies from 10 to 18 inches, is often
single but sometimes sparsely branching, and bears but few leaves;
it is of a tough fibre, sometimes grooved, and smooth. Light green in
color.
The root-leaves are round-tipped, infrequently cut, and are set on
stems; the upper leaves are very irregular in shape, and capriciously
cleft or cut; the margins are entire, the texture tough, and the
midrib strong. They clasp the stalk at intervals, alternately. Green in
color.
The flowers are small, tubular, and yellow; they are packed evenly
in a disc shaped liked a flat button (it becomes more conical with
maturity), surrounded by a single row of about 25 rays. These rays
are noticeably long, of a fine texture; pure white in color. The flower-
head is supported by a mat of green taper-pointed bracts, whose
tips are often rusty; it is set singly on the summit of the stalk.
This sturdy colonizer, the farmer’s pest and children’s delight,
frequently usurps a whole field, where it thrives and blooms till frost-
time in spite of draughts or flood. Double Daisies and conical-shaped
discs are occasionally found, besides other variations from the
regular order. The leafage is interesting, and individual in gesture.
OX EYE DAISY:
Chrysanthemum
Leucanthemum.
Early Hawkweed. Hieracium venosum.
Rattlesnake-weed.

Found in June in the shade of dry woods, or on barren hilltops and

pastures.
The flower-stem springs from a rosette of foot-leaves; it grows
from 1 to 2 feet high, bears but one leaf midway, and is smooth and
shining. Of a light green color, with flecks of crimson at the leaf, and
near the foot.
The foot-leaf is large (from 1 to 3 inches long), a long oval with a
pointed tip, the midrib is wide, flat, and hairy, the prolonged base, or
short stem, is partly clasping; the margin is entire and fringed with
gray hairs, the texture is leathery. In color a dull light green, while
the edge, ribs, and underside are red-purple. The single leaf on the
flower-stem is long, narrow, and smooth; of a dull green color.
The flower is like a ribbon (or “strap-shaped”) with a finely
notched tip; of fine texture, and smooth. The color is a bright
Dandelion yellow. 20 or more of these flowers are arranged in a
spreading head, enclosed in a leafy light green cup, whose tips are
tawny-red. The heads are set on long, slender stems, which fork
from the main stem, with a tiny leaf sitting at the point of junction.
This jaunty plant, though found in the open, likes also the shade,
where yet it never fails to swing its yellow heads out towards the
sunshine. Sometimes the foot-leaves are wanting, and the flower-
stem rises from the bare ground.
EARLY HAWKWEED:
Hieracium venosum.
Canada Hawkweed. Hieracium Canadense.

Found, during August and September, growing along roads and

thickets in dry shade.
The stalk, which grows to 2 or 3 feet high, is simple at first, but
branches above, and is leafy; it is round, hard-fibred, smooth—but
downy near the flowers. In color a light green, pale near the foot.
The leaf is a long lance shape, pointed at the tip and broad at the
base, with a prominent strong midrib, the margin sparingly and
sharply toothed; of a firm texture, and smooth. The color is a
medium green, silvery underneath, the midrib light. It is set close
upon the stalk, slightly clasping it; the arrangement is alternate. The
length of the lowest leaves (sometimes 4 inches) decreases
gradually, to that of a tiny thread at the spring of the flower-stems.
The flowers are finely notched at the tip; of a bright pure yellow
color. The noticeably protruding two-tipped pistil is tawny-gray. The
flower-head is large and spreading; its green cup is smooth and
close-folded. The heads, on slender, downy, green stems, each of
which bears a single leaf, are arranged in a loose terminal cluster.
Like all the Hawkweeds the Canada loves not solitude, but grows
in gay encampment along a shaded road, where travellers welcome
its strong absolute yellow, that is yet tempered to pleasing softness
of tint by the many little gray pistils.
CANADA HAWKWEED: H.
Canadense.
Tawny Hawkweed. Hieracium aurantiacum.

Found in June, in open fields and roadways.

The flower-stem rises from a rosette of foot-leaves; it bears one or
two leaves near the-ground, is slender, round, grooved, and hairy.
The hairs are dark enough to somewhat obscure the green color of
the stem.
The leaf is long oval, with an irregular margin, and strong midrib;
the texture is coarse, and both upper and under surfaces are
covered by long gray hairs. The color is green, with a lighter midrib.
One or two leaves occur upon the flower-stems,—they are smaller
than the others.
The tip of the slender “strap-shaped” flower is more finely fringed
than is usual with the Hawkweeds. In color an orange-red, or tawny,
rather dark in hue, while the pistil is bright yellow. The cup is green,
with many dark tawny hairs. The heads are set on short stems in a
terminal cluster.
This is the flower commonly known in England by the folk-name of
“Grim the Collier,” because of the dark and hairy aspect of its
blossoms; the hairs near the flower-heads are of noticeable length
and modify their color perceptibly. It is to be noted that the heads
are composed of fewer colors than most of the common
Hawkweeds. The plumy seeds are of a yellow-gray color and very
pretty. Although the botanical calendar places the flowering time of
the Tawny in June, personal observation has only noted it in the
autumn; during middle September it is to be found in full bloom in
northern Vermont.
TAWNY HAWKWEED: H.
aurantiacum.
Hairy Hawkweed. Hieracium Gronovii.

Found, in August and September, in dry pasture lands.

The stalk branches only for the flowers, and varies from 12 to 16
inches in height; it is round, and slender, roughened by short small
hairs, and is somewhat zigzag in manner of growth. Of a green or
reddish-purple color.
The leaf is oval, pointed at both ends, with an entire margin, and
strong midrib; both surfaces are rough and woolly. The color is
green. The lower leaves are sometimes 4 inches in length, and
narrow. The leaves are set immediately upon the stem, at long
intervals.
The flowers are slightly notched at the tip. A strong yellow color.
The cup is vase-shaped, hairy; and green. The heads are set on
slender, rough-hairy stems, and arranged in a terminal cluster; a
small leaf occurs at the junction of the stems.
The blossoms open only in the broad sunlight, and when plucked
wilt quickly, thus losing their chief charm, a jaunty carriage.
HAIRY HAWKWEED: H.
Gronovii.
Wild Lettuce. Lactuca hirsuta.

Found on waysides, and edges of thickets, in July.

The simple leafy stalk grows to be 3 or 4 or 5 feet high; it is
hollow, and large, with a strong fibre, a thick, milky and bitter juice,
and a tough skin whose surface is somewhat hairy. The color is
usually a dark purplish-red.
The long leaf is deeply cut, or lobed, even almost to the wide
midrib,—the lobes pointing toward the base of the leaf,—the tip
taper-pointed; the upper leaves are slightly or not at all lobed; the
surface is smooth above, sometimes hairy on the underside of the
midrib. The arrangement is alternate, the leaves partly clasping the
stalk. In color a full green, the midrib of the lower leaves a dark
reddish-purple.
The minute flowers are collected in small heads, set in vase-
shaped green cups; their color varies from a light, dull lavender, to a
dingy white. The heads grow in branching clusters from the summit
of the stalk.
The stout, tall, dark red stalk and broadly veined leaves make this
a conspicuous inhabitant of the roadside; its small flowers however
do not seem to fulfil the promise put forth by this vigorous growth.
The dark brown, flattened seeds have fine, white, dandelion-like
plumes.
WILD LETTUCE: Lactuca
hirsuta.
Wormwood. Artemisia Absinthium.

Found during July and August along roads and lanes.

The stalk grows from 2 to 3 feet high, and is branching, and
shrubby; its fibre is strong, it is slightly grooved, and silky to the
touch. In color silvery green.
The rather small leaf is often divided to the midrib, the divisions
being long and narrow; the surface is smooth, with fine silky hairs.
Color, silvery green. The leaves are set upon the stalk in clusters,
alternately; they have an aromatic scent.
The flowers are very minute, of a pale yellowish-green color, and
clustered in small hemispherical heads, in pale green cups; their
heads, nodding along the sides of the slender branchlets, form long
terminal spires.
This Artemisia, though escaped from the garden, has taken most
kindly and naturally to the common road, where its light silvery
sheen renders it quite distinct from the surrounding growths. It has
an agreeable pungent odor, resembling that of the Chrysanthemum,
though much stronger, and it is very bitter to the taste.
WORMWOOD: Artemisia
Absinthium.
Tansy. Tanacetum vulgare.

Found in July and August, chiefly along walls and fences, although
occasionally in fields.
The stout and sturdy stalk, which grows to be sometimes 4 feet
high, is branching and leafy, tough-fibred, round and smooth. Of a
rich, light green color.
The large and long leaf is so deeply cleft into many narrow,
oblong divisions, and the margin is so regularly toothed, that it bears
the appearance of a curly feather; the vigorous curving midrib is an
important feature; its texture is coarse, and it is pungently odorous.
The color is a full, rich, dark green.
The flowers are very small, of a strong, full yellow, tending slightly
toward green; packed tightly into a flat head, like a button with a
little dent in the middle. The heads, enclosed in a shallow, yellow-
green leafy cup, are set on slender, light green stems, and arranged
in large, loose terminal clusters.
Growing in thickly-settled communities the Tansy plant forms a
well known member of the roadside tenantry with its noble dark
foliage, luxuriant and usually free from blight, and strong stalks
topped profusely by the flower clusters, whose yellow is toned to a
remarkable harmony with green. On a hot day the smell of the Tansy
may be perceived at a considerable distance. “In the spring time are
made with the leaves hereof, newly sprung up, and with eggs, cakes
or Tansies, which be pleasant in taste, and goode for the stomacke,”
says Gerarde, and echoes of rules for Tansy-cakes come to us from
the records of early New England house-wives.
TANSY: Tanacetum vulgare.
Black-Eyed Susan. Rudbeckia hirta.
Cone Flower.
Coreopsis.
“Yellow Daisy.”
Golden Jerusalem (N. H.)

Found in sunny meadows and grass fields during July and August
in great profusion.
The stalk (from 1 to 2 feet high) is very erect, sometimes bears
branches, and is sparingly leafy; it is strong-fibred, coarse-textured,
and hairy. The color, light green, is often brownish near the foot.
The leaf is long and narrow, with a fine-pointed tip, and an entire
margin; the texture is loose, and the surface rough. The color is
yellow-green. It slightly clasps the stalk. The leaves are arranged
sparsely and alternately.
The minute flowers, of a rich, deep purple-brown color, are packed
smoothly and closely in a cone-shaped head, the base of which is
surrounded by a single row of 12 or 15 rays; these rays are over an
inch long, and are sometimes one-half wide, they are blunt-pointed
with a notched top, their texture is silken and faintly shows the
veins, and their color is of a noble full yellow. The head is set upon a
mat made of a double row of overlapping, small, green parts, and is
borne singly on the summit of the stalk, or branch.
A ruthless invader of mowing lots where it makes a brilliant patch
of color that may be discerned from afar, the farmer wages war on
this handsome flower. It is not unusual to find it indulging in odd
variations upon the established habit of blossoming, such as
doubling the rows of rays, or with two or three heads bunched
together, or set atop of one another.
BLACK-EYED SUSAN:
Rudbeckia hirta.
Thoroughwort. Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Boneset.

Found in roadside thickets, and the borders of copses, during July

and August.
The simple stalk, commonly about 2 feet high, sometimes grows
to the height of 4 feet; it is large, strong-fibred, round, and hairy to
the touch. In color pale green.
The leaf is lance-shaped, with a long fine-pointed tip, and united
at the base to the opposite leaf, completely encircling the stalk as
though strung upon it; the margin is finely notched, the midrib stout,
with many veins showing; the upper surface is rough, the underside
is hairy. The color is a strong green. The pairs of leaves are set at
right angles with each other, and at a considerable space apart.
The flowers are small and feathery; greenish white. They are
gathered in small tuft-like heads, and arranged in loose, leafy,
terminal clusters, on short, stout, pale stems.
A charming kink in the outline marks the joining of the leaves. The
pleasant perfume of the blossoms is proclaimed by the frequent
visits of the bees. Sometimes the flower-cluster spreads to an
unexpected size; personal measurement has discovered a plant, but
18 inches in height, whose clustered bloom was fully a foot across.
 THOROUGHWORT:
Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Eupatorium. Eupatorium ageratoides.
White Snake-root.

Found in rich moist soil, along the edges of woods and shaded
roads, in August and September.
The stalk (from 2 to 4 feet high) branches a little, and is leafy; it is
large, strong, fine-fibred, and smooth. In color, pale green, tinged
with dull purple.
The leaf is large, broadly oval, taper-pointed, and widest at the
base, with 3 marked ribs, a coarsely toothed margin, a thin texture,
and smooth surface. The leaves are set on short stems, and are
placed opposite each other on the stalk. The color is green.
The minute flowers, and projecting pistils, are white; and grouped
in small heads, enclosed in vase-shaped cups of green, on short
stems. The heads are arranged in close, rather flat-topped clusters
on the top of the stalk, and springing from the angles of the upper
leaves.
This plant comes into bloom in company with its next of kin, Joe
Pye and Boneset; it thrives well under cultivation, and certainly is
worthy of a better name than “Snake-root,”—which is, perhaps, the
reason it is so generally known by “Eupatorium,” the generic name it
shares with so many others. It is much frequented by some small
creature who leaves a pale labyrinthine trail etched on the broad
surface of its leaves.
EUPATORIUM: E.
ageratoides.