Introduction to Biology

BIO 101

Cell Division
Lecture 04
 CELL CYCLE

The cell cycle is an ordered series of events

involving cell growth and cell division that produces
two new daughter cells.

CELL DIVISION

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter
cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle.

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1. Usually longest part of the cycle G1
Interval or gap after cell division
2. Cell increases in mass
3. Number of cytoplasmic components S
Time of DNA synthesis (replication)
doubles
4. DNA is duplicated G2
Interval or gap after DNA replication
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MITOSIS CELL DIVISION
Period of nuclear division
Usually followed by cytoplasmic division

Four stages
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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 PROPHASE

1. Duplicated chromosomes begin to

condense
2. New microtubules are assembled
3. One centriole pair is moved toward
opposite pole of spindle
4. Nuclear envelope starts to break up
5. Spindle forms
6. Spindle microtubules become attached
to the two sister chromatids of each
chromosome

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 METAPHASE

1. All chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator

2. Chromosomes are maximally condensed

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 ANAPHASE

1. It starts by splitting each paired

chromosome into two sister
chromatids, now known as daughter
chromosomes.
2. The daughter chromosomes are pulled
towards the opposite end of the cell
due to the contraction of the spindle
fibers.
3. At the end of this phase, each pole
contains a complete set of
chromosomes.

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 TELOPHASE

1. Chromosomes de-condense
2. Two nuclear membranes form,
one around each set of
unduplicated chromosomes

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 CYTOKINESIS
1. Cytoplasmic Division
2. Usually occurs between late anaphase and end of telophase

Two mechanisms

1. Cleavage (animals)
2. Cell plate formation
(plants)

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 RESULTS OF MITOSIS

1. Two daughter nuclei

2. Each with same chromosome
number as parent cell
3. Chromosomes in
unduplicated form

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 SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS

▪ It is responsible for the growth and development of multi-cellular organisms.

▪ Mitosis facilitates the development of a single-cell zygote into a full-grown

adult.

▪ It is responsible for the growth and development of multi-cellular organisms.

▪ It helps in repairing damaged or worn-out tissues.

▪ The way in which the skin cells that cover a child's body grow and divide is an
illustration of mitosis

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 HELA CELLS

• Growing cells in culture allows researchers to investigate

processes and test treatments without danger to patients
• Most cells cannot be grown in culture
• Line of human cancer cells that can be grown in culture
• Descendants of tumor cells from a woman named Henrietta
Lacks
• Lacks died at 31, but her cells continue to live and divide in
labs around the world.

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What is the Difference Between HeLa Cells and Normal Cells

HeLa cells Norma Cell

• HeLa cells are immortal cells • Normal cells are non-immortal
that have error-filled genomes. cells having normal genomes.
It is an immortal cell line
extensively used in scientific • Normal cells follow a typical
research. cell cycle. They grow, divide,
• HeLa cells containing cell line is and die.
the oldest and most commonly
used human cell line.

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• These cells have been invaluable for medical
research.
They’ve been used to create the polio vaccine and
Covid-19
They were the first human cells to go up in space to
see the effect of zero gravity
Vital in cloning
In vitro fertilization
Gene mapping

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 What is Meiosis (Reduction)
❑ Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes
in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.
❑ This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual
reproduction.
❑ Meiosis begins with a parent cell that is diploid, meaning it has two copies
of each chromosome

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 MEIOSIS CELL DIVISION

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 ❑ The complex of DNA plus histones and other
structural proteins is called chromatin.
❑ Chromatin is basically a DNA in the nucleus which is the uncondensed
form of chromosomes. When a DNA replicates itself, it produces two
chromatids which are joined together at centromere. Both chromatids
are genetically identical.
❑ Homologous Chromosomes are made of chromosomal
pairs of the same length and centromere
❑ Typically one of the chromosomes is inherited from the
father and the other from the mother.

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 HOMOLOGOUS
CHROMOSOMES
• The two chromosomes in a homologous pair are very similar to one
another and size and shape is same.
• They carry the same type of genetic information: that is, they have
the same genes in the same locations

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 HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES

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 CROSSING OVER
• Each chromosome becomes zippered to its homologue
• All four chromatids are closely aligned
• Non-sister chromosomes exchange segments
• After crossing over, each chromosome contains both maternal and
parental segments

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 M PHASES IN HUMAN

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MEIOSIS Two consecutive nuclear divisions
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
DNA is NOT duplicated between
divisions
Four haploid nuclei are formed

Meiosis I Meiosis II
Prophase I Prophase II
Metaphase I Metaphase II
Anaphase I Anaphase II
Telophase I Telophase II
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 MEIOSIS I

PROPHASE I
1. Each duplicated, condensed
chromosome pairs with its homologue
2. Homologues swap segments
3. Each chromosome becomes attached
to microtubules of newly forming
spindle

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 METAPHASE I

1. Chromosomes are pushed and

pulled into the middle of cell
2. Sister chromatids of one homologue
orient toward one pole, and those of
other homologue toward opposite
pole
3. The spindle is now fully formed

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 ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I
1. Homologous chromosomes segregate 1. The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
from each other 2. The cytoplasm divides
2. The sister chromatids of each 3. There are now two haploid cells
chromosome remain attached 4. This completes Meiosis I

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 MEIOSIS II

PROPHASE II

1. A new spindle forms around the chromosome

2. Microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the
duplicated chromosomes

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 METAPHASE II

1. Chromosomes are pushed and pulled

into the middle of cell
2. All of the duplicated chromosomes are
lined up at the spindle equator,
midway between the poles

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 ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II
Sister chromatids separate to become 1. The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell
independent chromosomes 2. A nuclear envelope forms around each set of
chromosomes & the cytoplasm divides
3. There are now four haploid cells

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 RESULTS OF MEIOSIS
Four haploid cells produced
Differ from parent and one another

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 SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS

▪ Meiosis gives rise to four haploid cells from the parent cell.

▪ Meiosis is responsible for the formation of sex cells or gametes which might be
responsible for sexual reproduction.

▪ Due to recombinations in parental characters, variations occur, which are

necessary for the evolution process.

▪ The number of chromosomes is halved during meiosis; this allows gametes to

fuse to form a zygote containing a mixture of paternal and maternal
chromosomes.

▪ Depending on the species, meiosis can create spores or gametes.

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SIGNIFICANCE

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 THANK YOU
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