27.7.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN FOR

DUCTILITY
The objective of the special
design and detailing provision laid down in IS 13920
(Code of practice for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures
subjected seismic
to
forces) is to ensure adequate toughness
and ductility with ability to
undergo large inelastic
reversible deformations, for individual members such as
beams, columns and walls, and
to prevent other nonductile of failure.
types In order to maintain overall ductile behaviour
of strucure. with minimal damage, it is essential to achieve
combinations of (i) relatively
strong foundations and weak super-structure (ii) each member
relatively stronger in shear
than in flexure. and (ii) relatively
strong columns with beams with little over-strength.
From stability point
point of view, the structural system should be so designed as to ensure
that formation of plastic hinges at suitable locations
may at worst result in the failure
of individual elements, but will not lead to
instability or progressive collapse. This calls
for building-in redundancy into the structural
system. Redundancy helps in the development
of alternative load paths,
thereby helping redistribution of forces, dissipation of energy an
avoidance of progressive collapse. Also the structure must have sufficient stiffness to lnit
the lateral deflection or drift.
sufficient
TO ensure ductility and adequate stiffness, the designer should pay
to detailing of reinforcement, bar cut offs, splicing and joint details. Following are main
attention

design considerations to be followed in providing ductility.

The structural layout should be simple and regular, avoiding offsets of beams
and columns or offsets of columns from floor to floor. Changes in stitfness should be
gradual from floor to floor.
2. The amount of tensile reinforcement in beams restricted.
should be restricted.
3. More compression reinforcement should be provided; the compression rentorcec
should be enclosed by stirrups to
prevent it from buckling.
DETAILING OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT R.C. STRUCTURES

250 grade) should

4. Relatively low grade steel (such as mild steel reinforcement of Fe
and hence
Lower grade steel has clearly defined and longer yield plateau
be preferred.
formed will have larger rotation capacities leading to greater energy dissipation
the plastic hinges to the
of steel, the higher is the ratio of ultimate tensile strength G)
Lower the grade increased length
A high ratio of S/f, is desirable, as it results in an
vield strength (). rotation capacity.
hinges along the member axis, and thereby an increased plastic
of plastic sections for flexural members.
Hence
use of low grade steel will necessitate larger
However, than Fe 415.
the steel of grade Fe 415 but prohibits the steel grade higher
IS Codes pernit does not precede
be provided to ensure that shear failure
5. Adequate stirrups should reversible
This will a non-ductile shear failure before the fully
prevent
tlexural failure.
of a beam member has been developed.
tlexural strength inelasticity is
and columns in frame should be so designed that
a R.C:
6. Beams the
and the column remain elastic. This is ensured by providing
confined to beams only at a beam column
of the column for the design axial loads
sum of the
moment capacities
the beams along each principal plane.
than the moment capacities of
joint greater section of maximum
should be used to confine concrete at
7. Closed stirrups or spirals and within beam-column
sections include upper and lower ends of columns
moments. Such balanced
on all sides. If axial
load exceed 0.4 times the
do not have beams
joints which
load. spiral
a column is preferred.
axial failures.
must be adequate to prevent bond
8. Splices and bar anchorages
connections should be made monolithic.
9. Beamn-column
to M 20. However, higher
Code limits the minimum grade of concrete
Indian reduction
10.
ultimate compressive strain (Ecu) resulting in
lower
grade of concrete results in of low
Canadian Codes limit the maximum cylinder strength
in ductility. The ACI and MPa.
resistant design to 30
density Cconcrete for use in earth quake
13920-1993
General laid down in IS
specifications shall be governed
constructions of reinforced concrete building
The design and 13920.
the provisions of IS
.
except as modified by
Dy the provision of IS 456, in height, the
minimum grade
more than 3 storeys
. For all buildings which are

of concrete shall be M 20 Gk 20 N/mm*).

shall be used.
415 or less only
3. Steel renforcement of grade Fe t h e r m o - m e c h a n i c a l treatment
produced by the
deformed steel bars, than 14.5 percent
owever, high strength
elongation more
Fe 500 and Fe 550 having
of grades
Process,
1ay also be used for the reinforcement.
(IS 13920: 1993)
0. DUCTILE DETAILING OFFLEXURAL MEMBERS
1. General induced forces and

to frame members resisting earthquake

uirements apply
requirements.
desjgned shall satisty the following
designed resistresist flexure. These members
under earthquake
loading shall not

ne factored axial stress on the nember

exceed,* 0.1 Jok than 0.3.
width-to-depth
ratio of more
n c member shall preferably have a
 LIMIT STATE DESIGN
882

than 200 mm.

1.3. The width of the member shall not be less
1.4. The depth D of the member shall preferably be not more than 1/4 of the

clear span.
2. Longitudinal Reinforcement
consist of a least two bars
2.1. (a) The top as well as bottom reinforcement shall
throughout the member length.
at any section, shall not be less than
(b) The tension steel ratio on any face,
Pmin0.24 Vfa ...(27.2. a)

where fo and are MPa (N/mm*)

shall not exceed
2.2. The maxinmum steel ratio on any face at any section,
Pmax 0.025 27.2 b)
steel joint face must be at least equal to half the negative
2.3. The positive at a

steel at that íace.

member
each of the top and bottom face of the
at any
2.4. The steel provided at
section along its length shall be at least equal
to one-fourth of the maximum negative moment

steel provided at the face of either joint. +10

It may be clarified that redistribution of moments
permitted in IS 456 will be used only for
vertical load moments and not for lateral load
moments
2.5. In an external joint, both the top
and the bottom bars of the beam shall be
provided with anchorage length. beyond the diameter of bottom bar
inner face of the column, equal to the de- bar
times
= diameter of top
velopment length in tension plus 10
the bar diameter minus the allowance for 90
degree bend(s) (see Fig. 27.9). In an internal ANCHORAGE OF BEAM BARS IN AN
FlG. 27.9.
beam shall be
JOint, both face bars of the EXTERNAL JOINT
taken continuously through the column
provided the
2.6. The longitudinal bars shall be spliced, only if hoops are over

entire splice length at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm (see Fig. 27.10). The lap length
shall nor be less than the bar development length in tension. Lap splices shall not provided
(a)within within a distance of
a joint, (b)
2d from joint face, and (c) within a quarter
length of the member where flexural yielding
may generally occur under the effect of carth-
quake foreces. Not more than 50 percent of
the bars shall be spliced at one section.
2.7. Use of welded splices and me 150 mm
chanical connections may also be miade, as
per IS 456. However, not more than half FIG. 27.10. LAP SPLICE IN BEAM
DETAILING OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT R.C. STRUCTURES 883

the reinforcement shall be spliced at a section where flexural yielding may take place

The location of splices shall be governed by para 2.6.

3. Web Reinforcement
3.1. Web reinforcement shall consist of vertical hoops. A vertical hoop 1s a ciosed
not<75 mm) at each end
stirrup having a 135° hook with a 10 diameter extension (but
circumstances.
that is embedded in the confined core (see Fig. 27.11 a). In compelling
with 135° hook
it may also be made up of two pieces of reinforcement; a U-stirrup a

not<75 each end, embedded in the confined

and a 10 diameter extension (but mm) at
with
and a (see Fig. 27.11 b). A
cross-tie cross-tie is a bar having a 135° hook
core
The hooks shall engage peripheral
a 10 diameter extension (but not< 75 mm) at each end.
longitudinal bars.

10 (2 75 mm)
Cross-tie
10 (75 mm)

Hoop U-stirrupb
(a) (b)
BEAM WEB REINFORCEMENT
FIG 27.11.
shall be 6 mm. However.
The minimum diameter of the bar forming a hoop
3.2.
beams with clear span exceeding 5 m, the minimum
bar diameter shall be 8 mm.

S.3. The shear force to be resisted by the vertical hoops

shall be the maximum of

shear force as per analysis, and

a) calculated factored
b)shear force due to formation of plastic hinges at both ends of the beam plus
C actored gravity load on the span. This is given by (see Fig. 27.12)

) M m + M m ..27.3 d)
for sway 1o right Vua =
V" * -

1.4 LAB

M m + Mu, im
alnd
Vu. = V'*+ 1.4
..(27.3 b
L8

(i) for M'ln+ Mü.lm ..27.3 c)

sway to
left: Vus=Va * + 1.4|
LAB

and M'm + Mü. m .27.3 d

Va ,b = V - 1.4||
L18
 LIMIT STATE DESIGN
884

1.2 (D +L) 1.2(D+L)

where V =V " = ...(27.4)
2
Where M. imMm M m and M tim are the sagging

of resistance of the beam section (a)

and hogging moments

at ends A and B. respectively. These be calculated

are to

span of beam. V"

and
as per IS 456. L, is clear
AS
Mu, lim M.
due
-are the shears at ends A and B, respectively,
to vertical loads with a partial safety factory of 1.2
on loads (Fig. 27. 12 a). The design shear
at end A
shall be the larger of the two values of V,Computed
shear at end B shall be Vu. a
above. Similarly, the design
the larger of the two values of V computed above. (b) Sway to right

3.4. The contribution of bent up bars and inclined

to shear resistance of the section shall not
be
hoops Ah
s

M lit
considered. Mu, im
3.5. The spacing of hoops over a length of 2d at
either end of a beam shall not exceed (a) d/4, and
b) 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal
bar; however, it need not be less than 100 mmn see
The first hoop shall be at a distance not Vu.a Vu.D
Fig. 27.13).
exceeding 50 mm from the joint face. Vertical hoops (c) Sway to left
at the same spacing as above, shall also be provided
over a length equal to 2 d on either side of a section FIG. 27. 12. CALCULATION OF
DESIGN SHEAR FORCE FOR BEAM
where flexural yielding may occur under the effect of
earthquake forces. Elsewhere, the beam shall have vertical
hoops a a spacing not exceeding d/2.
Min 2 bars for full length
along top and bottom face
A2 Pmin B.d

A SPmax B.d

-50 mm max 50 mm max

2d 2d
Hoop spacing

Hoop spacing-
d 4 and 8

FIG. 27.13. DETAILS OF BEAM

REINFORCEMENT
 QUAKE RESISTANT R.C. STRUCTURES 385
TAILING OF EARTHQo
DETA

0. DUCTILE DETAILING FOR COLUMNS AND FRAME MEMBERS SUBJECTED To

27.9.
BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD (IS 13920: 1993)
1. Gencral
factored axial stress
to frame members which have a
1.1. Thcse requirements apply
under the effect of earthquake forces.
in excess of 0.1Jk
dimension of the member shall be less than 200 mm. However,
not
1.2. The minimum or columns of
which have beams with centre to centre span exceeding 5 m
frames not be less
n
exceeding 4 m, the shortest dimension of the column shall
ansupported
un
length
than 300 mm.

the shortest sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension

1.3. The ratio of
cross

not be less than 0.4.

shall preferably
2. Longitudinal Reinforcement

in the central half of the member length.

2.1.Lap splices shall be provided only over the entire
as a tension splice. Hoops shall be provided
lt should be proportioned Not more than 50 percent
not exceeding 150 mm centre to centre,
splice length at spacing section. Minimum longitudinal
shall be spliced at one
of the bars and transverse steel
of a column that extends as per IS 456
2.2. Any area

than 100 mm the confined core

beyond
more
detailed
due to architectural requirements, shall be
the contribution
In case
in the following manner.

considered,
of this area to strength has been
and
then it will have the minimum longitudinal > 100 mm
transverse reinforcement as per this
Code.

However. if this area has been treated

as non-structural, the minimum reinforcement
re-

quirementsS shall be governed by IS 456 provision

for minimum longitudinal and transverse rein- FIG. 27.14. REINFORCEMENT
REQUIREMENT
WITH MORE THAN 100 mm
FOR COLUMN
forcement (see Fig. 27.14) PROJECTION BEYOND ORE

3. Transverse Reinforcement
consist of spiral or circular
Transverse reinforcement for circular columns shall
3.1.
1s a
be used. A rectangular hoop
p s n rectangular columns, rectangular hoops may mm) at
Obed
Stirrups, having a 135° hook with a 10 diameter extension (but not< 75
each end, that is embedded in the confined core (see Fig. 27.15 a)
than 300 mm
of rectangular hoop shall be spaced not more
ne parallel legs a cross-tie shall
If the
Centre. length of any side of the hoop exceeds 300 mm,
be provided
M vacd (Fig. 27.15 b). Alternatively, a pair of overlapping hoops may
longiudinal bars.
Column (see Fig. 27.15 c). The hoops shall engage peripheral
of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the
spacing as per para 4 below.
* pWhere special confining reinforcement is provided
Or
C design shear force for columns shall be the maximum
4) calculated factored shear force as per analysis, and
(b) a lactored
shear force given by
886 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

V,=1.4M. tim + Mu. lim

...27.5)
V=1.4 hst
where Mu, im and M, tm are moment of resistance, of opposite Sign, of beams framing
is the storey height. The
into the column from opposite faces (see Fig. 27.16) and h
beam moment capacity is to be calculated as per IS 456.
4. Special Confining Reinforcement
larger amount of transverse reinforcement
This requirement shall be met with, unless a

is required from shear strength considerations.

a length from each
4.1. Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over
flexural yielding
tace. towards midspan, either side of any section, where
and on
JOint The length %' shall
may occur under the effect of earthquake forces (see Fig. 27.17).

he> 300 mm
providea cross-tie

10 (2 75 mm)

1t
h ' 3 0 0 mm
h 300 mm
h shall be larger of he an d BB.

h shall be larger of he and Be

(b) Single hoop with a cross-tie

(a) Single hoop

h > 300 mm

10 7 5 mm)

Crosstie (B.> 300 mm)

h' 300 mm
h shall be larger of h', and Be

(c) Overlapping hoops with a cross-tie

FIG. 27.15. TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMN

ALING
OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT R.C. STRUCTURES

Joint reinforcement
as per para 5.1

Transverse
reinforcement
as per para 2.1

14 M'u.iim 1.4 M u.iim

IN Confined joint with

beams framing into
all four sides
confining reinforcement
as per para 5.2

FIG. 27.16. CALCULATION OF FIG. 27.17

DESIGN SHEAR FORCE FOR
COLUMN

not be less than (a) larger lateral dimension of the member at the section where yielding
OcCurs. (b) 1/6 of clear span of the member and (c) 450 mm.
4.2. When a column terminates into a footing or mat. special confining reinforcement
Snall extend at least 300 mm into the footing or mat (see Fig. 27.18).

Special confining
reinforcement
2 300 mm

FIG. 27. 18. PROVISION OF SPECIAL CONFINING REINFORCEMENT IN FOOTINGS

 888 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

4.3. When the calculated point of contra-flexure, under the efect of gravity and
earthquake loads, is not within the middle half of the member clear height, special confining
reinforcement shall be provided over the full height of the column.
4.4. Columns supporting reactions from discontinued stiff members, such as alls
shall be provided with special confining reinforcement over their full height (see Fig. 27, 19
This reinforcement shall also be placed above the discontinuity for at least the developmet
length of the largest longitudinal bar in the column. Where the column is supported on
supported on a wall. this reinforcement shall be provided over the full height of the column;
it shall also be provided below the discontinuity for the same development length.

Shear wall

Development
length of
longitudianl
bar

FIG. 27.19. sPECIAL cONFINING REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT FOR COLUMNS

UNDER DISCONTINUED WALLS
4.5. Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over the full height of a column
which has significant variation in stiffness along its height. This variation in stiffness may
result due to the presence of bracing, a mezzanine floor or a R.C.C. wall on either side
of the column that extends only over a part of the coluran height (see Fig. 27.20).
4.6. The spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall no exceed
1/4 of minimum member dimension but need not be less than 75 mm nor more than
100 mm.
4.7. The area of cross section, Ahs of the bar forming circular hoops or spiral,
to be used as special confining reinforcement, shall not be less than
 TAILING OFEARTHQUAKE RESISTANT R..C. STRUCTURES

Ash0.09sD, g1.0 (27.6)

y LA
Ah area of the bar cross section.
Where

s = pitch of spiral or spacing of hoops,

D diameter of core measured to the outside
=
of the spiral or hoop.
fk = characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube,
= yield stress of steel (of circular hoop or spiral).
area of the column cross section, and
A gross

A = area of the concrete core

D
Shear
Space for Unsupported
length of columin failure
ventilators

L
Infilled panel/R Cwall

L
Mezzanine
floor or loft

seismic shear torce

atract large
columns- They
stif
and (4) relatively
(1). (2), (3)
STIFFNESS
VARYING
WITH
COLUMNS
27.20.
FIG.
8 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Consider a column of diameter 300 mm. Let the grade of concrete be

Example
M 20, and that of stecl Fe 415. for longitudinal and confining reinforcement. The spacing of
circular hoops, s shall not exceed the smaller of (a) 1/4 of minimum member dimension = 1/4 300
75 mm. and () 100 mm. Therefore s = 75 mm. Assuming 40 mm clear cover to the
reinforcement and circular hoops of diameter 8 mm, D, = 300 2 x 40 +2 8 = 236
longitudinal
mm. Thus. the area of cross section of the bar forming circular hoop works out to be
47.28 mm*. This is less than the cross sectional area of 8 mm bar (50.27 mm*). Thus.
of diameter 8 mm at a spacing of 75 centre of centre will be adequate.
circular hoops
4.8. The area of cross section, Ash of the bar forming rectangular hoop. to be
reinforcement shall not be less than
used as special confining
A0.18 sh: 1.0 ...(27.7)
y L Ak
measured to its
longer dimension of the rectangular confining hoop
outer
where h
and
face. It shall not exceed 300 mm (see Fig. 27.15),
the rectangular hoop measured to its
A= area of confined concrete core in

outside dimensions.
could be reduced by introducing cross-ties.
Note The dimension h' of the hoop
27.15 (b). In this case, A shall be measured as the overall core area,
as shown in Fig.
crossties shall engage peripheral longitudinal
regardless of the hoop arrangement. The hookS of
bars.
S00 mm. Let the grade of concrete
Example . Consider a column of 650 mm x

be M 20 and that of steel Fe 415, for the longitudinal and confining reinforcement. Assuming
clearcover of 40 mm to the reinforcement and rectangular hoops of diameter
longitudinal
10 mm, the size of the core is 590 mmx 440 mm. As both these dimensions are

greater than 300 mm. of overlapping hoops or a single hoop with crossties,
either a pair
in both directions. will have to be provided. Thus, the dimension h' will be the larger
of (i) 590/2= 295 mm, and (i) 440/2 220 mm. The spacing of hoops s. shall not
=

1/4 x 500 125 mm, and

exceed the smaller of (a) 1/4 of minimum member dimensions
= =

(b) 100 mm. Thus, s = 100 mm. The area of cross section of the bar forming rectangular
works be 64.47 mm'. of cross section of 10 mm
This is less than the area
hoop out to
bar (78.54 mm*). Thus, 10 mm diameter rectangular hoops at 100 mm c/c will be adequate
Similar calculations indicae that as an alternative, one could also provide 8 mm diameter

rectangular hoops at 70 mm c/c.

5. Joints of Frames
5.1. The special confining reinforcement as required at the end of coumn shall be
provided through the joint as wel, unless the joint is confined as specified by para. 5..
5.2. A joint which has beams framing into all vertical faces of it and where each
beam width it at least 3/4 of the column width, may be provided with half the specia
confining reinforcement required at the end of the column. The spacing of hoops shall
not exceed 150 mm.
DETAILINGGOF RTHQUAKE RESISTANT R.C. STRUCTURES

DUCTILE. SHEAR (OR FLEXURAL) WALLS

27.10.
stated earlier, walls (also known as flexural walls). which form
ductile shear
AS
the lateral load resisting system, are vertical members, cantilevering
vertically from
af
par shear and axial load. t
ndations. Shear walls are subjected to bending moment,
he found.
Hence
flexural member, subjected to substantial axial forces.
Telatively a thin and deep
loaded cantilever beam capable of forming reversible plastic hinges.
as axially
i
it
designed with sufficient rotation capacity. A shear wall building is normally
at the base
usually a framed structure.
to
auite rigid compared
of IS 13920 : 1993
Recommendations
1. General Requirements
to the shear walls, which are part of
of this sections apply
1.1. The requirements
of the structure.
lateral force resisting system be less than 150
the wall shall preferably, not
of any part of the
1.2. The thicknesS
of flanged wall sections.
mm be used in the design
width, to
1.3. The effective flange face of the web for a
distance which shall be
the
to extend beyond 1/10th of
shall be assumed an adjacent
shear wall web, and (b)
distance to
half the
the smaller of (a)
the total wall height.
transverse
and
with reinforcement in the longitudinal
1.4. Shear walls
shall be provided reinforcement ratio
shal be 0.0025 of
The minimum
of the wall. across
in the plane distributed uniformly
directions reinforcement shall be
each direction. This
the gross area in
the wall. if the wall
thickness
the cross section of 0.2 v fa or
stress in the wall exceeds
each having bars running
shear
1.5. If the factored two curtains,
be provided in
reinforcement shall
the wall.
eKCeeds 200 mm,
direetions in the plane of
not exceed
of the wall shall
transverse
n the longitudinal and part
used in any
,

1.6. The diameter of

the bars to be
exceed the
1/10th of the thickness of that part. either direction
shall not
reinforcement in wall. and
maximum spacing of length of the
The
where is the horizontal
and 450 mm;
O ,/5,3 s web.
the wall
s the thickness of
2. Shear Strength as
shear stress, Ty, shall be calculated
The nominal
1 27.8)
Vu
T

where Vu = factored shear force,

=thickness of the web, and
wall section.
du effective depth of sections.
0.8 for rectangular
his be taken as as pet d*0
may shall be
calculated
he design shear strength of concrete, t,
as per s

shall not exceed t mas

2.3. Oinal shear stress in the wall, t,

456 2000.
892 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

2.4. When t, is less than te, shear reinforcement shall be provided in accordance
with para 1.4, 1. and 1.7 above.
2.5. When t, is greater than tc, the area of horizontal shear reinforcement, Ah, to
be provided within a vertical spacing, s,
*is given by
0.87 f Ad
Vus ..(27.9)
Sy
s= (V,-T, du), is the shear force to be resisted by the horizontal reinforcement.
However. the amount of horizontal reinforcement provided shall not be less than the
minimum,
as per para 1.4 above.
2.6. The vertical reinforcement, that is uniformly distributed in the wall, shall not
be less than the horizontal reinforcement calculated as per para 2.5.
3. Flexural Strength
3.1. The moment of resistance, Mv, of the wall section
may be calculated as for
columns subjected to combined bending and axial load as
per IS 456. The moment of
resistance of slender rectangular shear wall section with
uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement
is given in para 10.
3.2. The cracked flexural strength of the wall section should be greater than its
uncracked flexural strength.
3.3. In walls that do not have boundary elements, vertical reinforcement
shall be
concentrated at the ends of the wall. Each concentration shall consist of a
minimum of
4 bars of 12 diameter
mm arranged in at least 2 layers.
4. Boundary Elements
Boundary elements are portions along the wall edges that are strengthened by longitudinal
and transverse reinforcement.
Though they may have the same thickness as that of the
wall web it is advantageous to provide them with greater thickness.
4.1. Where the extreme fibre compressive stress in the wall due to
factored gravity
loads plus factored earthquake force exceeds .2
fck. boundary elements shall be provided
along the vertical boundaries of walls. The boundary elements nmay be discontinued where
the calculated compressive stress becomes less than
0.15 Sk. The compressive stress shall
be calculated using a linearly elastic model and
gross section properties.
4.2. A boundary
element shall have adequate axial load carrying
short column action, so as to enable it to carry an axial
capacity, assuming
of factored gravity load on it and the additional
compression equal to the sum
compressive load induced by the seismic
force. The latter may be calculated as
Mu-Muw
Cw
where Mu= factored design moment on the entire wall section.
Muv= moment of resistance provided by distributed vertical reintorcement across
the wall section, and
Cw centre to centre distance between the boundary elements along the two
vertical edges of the wall.
DETAILING OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT R.C. STRUCTURES

4.3. If the gravity load adds to the strength of the wall, its load factor shali be
taken as 0.8.
elements shali not less
4.4. The percentage of vertical reinforcement in the boundary
0.8 percent, nor greater
than 6 percent. In order to avoid congestion. the practicai
than
limit would be 4 percent.
upper
4.5. Boundary elements,
where required, per para 4.1, shall be provided throughout
as
4 of $ 27.9.
their height. with special confining reinforcement, as per para
section is provided
elements need not be provided if the entire wall
4.6. Boundary
reinforcement, as par para 4 of $27.9.
with special confining
Shear Walls
5. Coupled
by ductile coupling beams. If the earthquake
walls shall be connected
5.1. Coupled shear
exceeds
induced shear stress in the coupling beam

0.1 Vfo
D
overall depth. the
of the coupling beam and D is its
where l, is the clear span reinforcement.
flexure shall, preferably, be resisted by diagonal
shear and
entire earthquake induced each diagonal in a diagonally
of reinforcement to be provided along
5.2. The area
beam shall be
reinforced coupling (27.10)
Vu
Asd
74 f sin a
the diagonal
is the angle made by
factored shear force, and a
where V is the diameter shall be provided
At least 4 bars of 8 mm
reinforcement with the horizontal.
shall be enclosed by special
reinforcement along each diagonal of thes
aOng each diagonal. The or spacing
4 of 27.9. The pitch of spiral
reinforcement, as per para
COniing
shall not exceed 100 mm. anchored in the
beam shall be
bars of a coupling tension.
diagonal or horizontal length in
ne 1.5 times the development
adjacent walls with an anchorage length of
6. Opening in Walls checked along crluea
should be
with openings
he shear strengthof a wall
area
planes that pass through openings. in wals Ine
the edges of openings
shall be provided along interruptcu
Cnlorcement to equal that of the respective
bars should be such as
The horizontal Dats
bar eal and horizontal for the full storey height.
the sides of the ogpening
extended
be Ertical bars should
tension beyond
length in
W I ) development
7. Discontinuous Walls cong
e-

be provided with special

discontinuous walls shall
upportung
Eent, as per para 4.4 of $ 27.9.
8. Construction Joints shall not De

construction joint
The OTcenent ratio across a horizontal

less than 0.92 P

A
A
894 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

where T is the factored shear stress at the joint, Pu is the factored axial force
(positive for compression), and Ag is the grosS cross sectional area of the joint.
9. Development, Splice and Anchorage Requirement
9.1. Horizontal reinforcement shall be anchored near the edges of the wall or in
the confined core of the boundary elements.
9.2. Splicing of vertical flexural reinforcement should be avoided, as far as
possible.
in regions where yielding may take place. This zone of flexural yielding may be considered
to extend for a distance of above the base of the wall or one sixth of the wall
height. whichever is more. However, this distance need not be greater than 2 y. Not more
than one third of this vertical reinforcement shall be spliced at such a section.
in adjacent bars should be staggered by a minimum of 600 mm.
Splices
9.3. Lateral ties shall be provided around lapped spliced bars that
16 mm in diameter. The diameter of the tie shall not be less
are larger
than
than one fourth that of
the spliced bar nor less than 6 mm. The
spacing
of ties shall not exceed 150 mm centre
to cenuTe.

9.4. Welded splices and mechanical connections shall conform

to IS 456. However,
not more than half the reinforcement shall be
spliced at a section, where flexural yielding
may take place.
10. Moment of Resistance of
Rectangular Shear Wall Sections
10.1. The moment of resistance of a slender
rectangular shear wall section with uniformly
distributed vertical reinforcement may be estimated as follows
(a) For

Mu
13-0415- o0.168 3 ...(27.11)

where
2 +0.36 ..27.12)

0.0035
.(27.13)
0.0035+0.87 /Es)
0.87 , P .(27.14)

Pu .(27.15)

P vertical reinforcement ratio = d ).

Asarea of uniformly distributed vertical reintorcement,
p 0.87 /(0.0035 E)
E, elastic modulus of steel, and
Pu axial compression on wall
DETAILING OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT R.C. STRUCTURES
895

b)For , <Xu 1.0

M
Ta - d2 - a - ...(27.16)

where 0.36+ ...(27.17)

2 B

a=0.15+ --- and

a 6 B 3Lw)3
(u/
..(27.18)

be used in this equation, should be calculated from the quadratic

The values of x/ to

equation.
..(27.19)
a +a -a5 =0
..(27.20)
where a --2 and
as -2 and
of depth ,
were derived, assuming rectangular wall section
a
These equations
uni-axial bending and
axial compression. The
The
to combined
thickness It h a t
thickness is subjected the length of the
equivalent steel plate along
vertical reinforcement is represented by
an
whereas that for
concrete is as per IS 456.
assumed for
section The
stress-strain c u r v e the tlexural strength
equations are given for calculating in
bi-linear. Two flexural tension or
steel 1s assumed to be section fails in
on whether the
of the section. Their use depends
flexural compression.