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DE-Module-4 (2021-2022)

Electrical Circuits (University of Baguio)

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 4-1S-2021-2022

College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang

Bachelor of Science in
DEGREE PROGRAM COURSE NO. MATH 4
Electrical Engineering
SPECIALIZATION Electrical COURSE TITLE Differential Equations
YEAR LEVEL 2nd Year TIME FRAME 9 hrs. WK NO. 14 -16 IM NO.

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficient

II. LESSON TITLE

I. The Auxiliary Equation: Distinct Roots
II. The Auxiliary Equation: Repeated Roots
III. The Auxiliary Equation: Imaginary Roots

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This lesson provides the students an understanding on homogeneous linear differential equations with
constant coefficients.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. identity the different mathematical models obtain in a given differential equations
2. Derive formula in relation to different applications of differential equations;
3. Apply the different techniques in solving differential equations.

V. COURSE CONTENT

4 Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations

with Constant Coefficient
4.1 THE AUXILIARY EQUATION: DISTINCT ROOTS
The general linear differential Equation with constant coefficients has in the form
𝑎0 𝑦 (𝑛) + 𝑎1 𝑦 (𝑛−1) + 𝑎2 𝑦 (𝑛−2) + 𝑎3 𝑦 (𝑛−3) + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 ′ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
That maybe written in the form of
𝑑𝑦
𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 0, = 𝐷𝑦
𝑑𝑥

where
f(D) – the linear differential operator
For higher derivatives
𝑑2𝑦
= 𝐷2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦
= 𝐷3 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑4𝑦
= 𝐷4 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 4
.
.
.
𝑑𝑛 𝑦
= 𝐷𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

Assume that the linear differential equation is just a second order

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 4-1S-2021-2022
𝑎0 𝑦 " + 𝑎1 𝑦 ′ + 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0

By operator notation
𝑎0 𝐷 2 𝑦 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑦 + 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0
(𝑎0 𝐷 2 + 𝑎1 𝐷 + 𝑎2 )𝑦 = 0

Other properties of the differential operator

𝐷 𝑘 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑚𝑘 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
Then
𝑓(𝐷)𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑚)𝑒 𝑚𝑥

If m is the root of the equation

𝑓(𝑚) = 0
𝑓(𝐷)𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0
Where
𝐷=𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
Hence,
(𝑎0 𝑚2 + 𝑎1 𝑚 + 𝑎2 )𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0
𝑎0 𝑚2 + 𝑎1 𝑚 + 𝑎2 = 0
But
𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 ; 𝑦2 = 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥
Then
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥

In general
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝒎𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆𝒎𝟑 𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝒏 𝒆𝒎𝒏𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 2 + 2𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚2 + 2𝑚 − 3 = 0
(𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
(𝑚 + 3) = 0; (𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚 = −3, 1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 2 + 2𝐷)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚2 + 2𝑚 = 0
𝑚(𝑚 + 2)0
𝑚 = 0; 𝑚+2= 0
𝑚 = 0, −2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 2 + 𝐷 − 6)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 6 = 0
(𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 4-1S-2021-2022
𝑚 + 3 = 0; 𝑚−2 =0
𝑚 = −3, 2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 2 + 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚2 + 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
(𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑚 + 3 = 0; 𝑚+2 =0
𝑚 = −3, −2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 3 + 3𝐷 2 − 4𝐷)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚3 + 3𝑚2 − 4𝑚 = 0
𝑚(𝑚 + 4)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚 = 0; 𝑚 + 4 = 0; 𝑚−1 =0
𝑚 = 0, −4, 1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 3 − 3𝐷 2 − 10𝐷)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚3 − 3𝑚2 − 10𝑚 = 0
𝑚(𝑚 − 5)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑚 = 0; 𝑚 − 5 = 0; 𝑚+2 =0
𝑚 = 0, 5, −2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆−𝟐𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 3 + 6𝐷 2 + 11𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚3 + 6𝑚2 + 11𝑚 + 6 = 0
Factoring method:
✓ By Synthetic Division
✓ By Calculator
By Synthetic Division
-2 1 6 11 6
-2 -8 6
1 4 3 0

𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 3 = 0
(𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 + 3 = 0; 𝑚 + 1 = 0;
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 4-1S-2021-2022
𝑚 = −2, −3, −1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆−𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 3 + 3𝐷 2 − 4𝐷 − 12)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚3 + 3𝑚2 − 4𝑚 − 12 = 0

By Synthetic Division
-2 1 3 -4 -12
-2 -2 12
1 1 -6 0

𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 6 = 0
(𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚 + 3 = 0; 𝑚 − 2 = 0;
𝑚 = −2, −3, 2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒙

EXAMPLE
(4𝐷 3 − 7𝐷 + 3)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
4𝑚3 − 7𝑚 + 3 = 0

By Synthetic Division
1 4 0 -7 3
4 4 -3
4 4 -3 0

4𝑚2 + 4𝑚 − 3 = 0
(2𝑚 − 1)(2𝑚 + 3) = 0
2𝑚 − 1 = 0; 2𝑚 + 3 = 0;
1 3
𝑚 = 1, , −
2 2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥
𝟏 𝟑
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆−𝟐𝒙

EXAMPLE
𝑑3𝑥 𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( 3 + 2 −2 )=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚3 + 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 = 0
𝑚(𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚 = 0; 𝑚 + 2 = 0; 𝑚 − 1 = 0;
𝑚 = 0, −2, 1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆𝒙

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 4-1S-2021-2022
EXAMPLE
(𝐷 2 − 2𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = −4

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚2 − 2𝑚 − 3 = 0

(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 − 3 = 0; 𝑚 + 1 = 0;
𝑚 = 3, −1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝒙
For the particular solution, two arbitrary constants
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 3𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥

When x = 0, y = 0
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
0 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2

When x = 0, y’ = -4
𝑦 ′ = 3𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
−4 = 3𝐶1 + 𝐶2

Solving simultaneously
𝐶1 = −1
𝐶2 = 1
Hence
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 = −𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 − 𝒆𝟑𝒙

Find the general solution. When the operator D is used, it is implied that the independent
variable is x.

1. (4𝐷 3 − 13𝐷 − 6)𝑦 = 0

2. (9𝐷 3 − 7𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0
3. (4𝐷 3 − 21𝐷 − 10)𝑦 = 0
4. (𝐷 3 − 14𝐷 + 8)𝑦 = 0
5. (4𝐷 4 − 8𝐷 3 − 7𝐷 2 + 11𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 0
6. (4𝐷 4 − 16𝐷 3 + 7𝐷 2 + 4𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 0
7. (4𝐷 4 + 4𝐷 3 − 13𝐷 2 − 7𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 0
8. (4𝐷 5 − 8𝐷 4 − 17𝐷 3 + 12𝐷 2 + 9𝐷)𝑦 = 0
9. (𝐷 2 − 4𝑎𝐷 + 3𝑎2 )𝑦 = 0; 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 ≠ 0
10. (𝐷 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝐷 + 𝑎𝑏)𝑦 = 0; 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙

Find the particular solution indicated.

11. (𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 6)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 3
12. (𝐷 3 − 4𝐷)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 0, 𝑦" = 2
13. (𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 6)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑦 ′ = −1
14. (𝐷 2 + 3𝐷 − 10)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1
15. (𝐷 3 − 7𝐷 2 − 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = −7, 𝑦" = −1

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 4-1S-2021-2022
4.2 THE AUXILIARY EQUATION: REPEATED ROOTS

This is an auxiliary equation wherein the roots are repeated such as

𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 = ⋯ = 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑏

The solution set

𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒃𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙𝒆𝒃𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒃𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝒏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒆𝒃𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 2 − 6𝐷 + 9)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 = 0
(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 3) = 0
𝑚 = 3, 3
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙𝒆𝟑𝒙
EXAMPLE
(𝐷 2 + 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
(𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑚 = −2, −2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙𝒆−𝟐𝒙

EXAMPLE
(4𝐷 3 + 4𝐷 2 + 𝐷)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
4𝑚3 + 4𝑚2 + 𝑚 = 0
𝑚(2𝑚 + 1)(2𝑚 + 1) = 0
1 1
𝑚 = 0, − , −
2 2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + (𝐶2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥 )
1 1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 + (𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝟏
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 + (𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒙)𝒆−𝟐𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 3 − 8𝐷 2 + 16𝐷)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚3 − 8𝑚2 + 16𝑚 = 0
𝑚(𝑚2 − 8𝑚 + 16) = 0
𝑚(𝑚 − 4)(𝑚 − 4) = 0
𝑚 = 0, 4, 4
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + (𝐶2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥 )
𝑦 = 𝐶1 + (𝐶2 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 )
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 + (𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒙)𝒆𝟒𝒙

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 4-1S-2021-2022
EXAMPLE
(𝐷 4 + 6𝐷 3 + 9𝐷 2 )𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚4 + 6𝑚3 + 9𝑚2 = 0
𝑚2 (𝑚2 + 6𝑚 + 9) = 0
𝑚2 (𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 + 3) = 0
𝑚 = 0, 0, −3, −3
𝑦 = (𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥 ) + (𝐶3 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥 )
𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥) + (𝐶3 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥𝑒 −3 )
𝒚 = (𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙) + (𝑪𝟑 + 𝑪𝟒 𝒙)𝒆−𝟑𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 3 − 3𝐷 2 + 4)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚3 − 3𝑚2 + 4 = 0
By Synthetic Division
2 1 -3 0 4
2 -2 -4
1 -1 -2 0

(𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 2) = 0
(𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = −1, 2, 2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + (𝐶2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥 )
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + (𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝑒 −𝑥 + (𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒙)𝒆𝟐𝒙

EXAMPLE
(4𝐷 3 − 3𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
4𝑚3 − 3𝑚 + 1 = 0
By Synthetic Division
-1 4 0 -3 1
-4 4 -1
4 -4 1 0

(4𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 1) = 0
(2𝑚 − 1)(2𝑚 − 1) = 0
1 1
𝑚 = −1, ,
2 2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + (𝐶2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥 )
1 1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + (𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝟏
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝑒 −𝑥 + (𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒙)𝒆𝟐𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 4 − 3𝐷 3 − 6𝐷 2 + 28𝐷 − 24)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚4 − 3𝑚3 − 6𝑚2 + 28𝑚 − 24 = 0

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 4-1S-2021-2022
By Synthetic Division
2 1 -3 -6 28 -24
2 -2 -16 24
1 -1 -8 12 0

(𝑚3 − 𝑚2 − 8𝑚 + 12) = 0

2 1 -1 -8 12
2 2 -12
1 1 -6 0
(𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 6) =
(𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 + 3) = 0
𝑚 = −3, 2, 2, 2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + (𝐶2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 )
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −3𝑥 + (𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 + (𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟒 𝒙𝟐 )𝒆𝟐𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 3 + 3𝐷 2 + 3𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚3 + 3𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 1 = 0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = −1, −1, −1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝒚 = (𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒙𝟐 )𝒆−𝒙

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 5 − 𝐷 3 )𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚5 − 𝑚3
𝑚3 (𝑚2 − 1) = 0
𝑚3 (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = 0, 0, 0 − 1,1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶5 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 + 𝐶4 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶5 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝒚 = (𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒙𝟐 )+(𝑪𝟒 + 𝑪𝟓 𝒙)𝒆−𝒙

Find the general solution. When the operator D is used, it is implied that the independent
variable is x.
1. (4𝐷 4 − 4𝐷 3 − 23𝐷 2 + 12𝐷 + 36)𝑦 = 0
2. (27𝐷 4 − 18𝐷 2 + 8𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0
3. (4𝐷 5 − 23𝐷 3 − 33𝐷 2 − 17𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 0
4. (𝐷 4 − 5𝐷 2 − 6𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 0
5. (𝐷 5 − 5𝐷 4 + 7𝐷 3 + 𝐷 2 − 8𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0

Find the particular solution indicated.

6. (𝐷 2 + 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 ′ = −1
7. (𝐷 3 − 3𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 9, 𝑦" = 0
8. (𝐷 4 + 3𝐷 3 + 2𝐷 2 − 6)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 4, 𝑦" = −6, 𝑦′′′ = 14
9. (𝐷 3 + 𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2,
𝑦 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 0
10. (𝐷 − 2𝐷 )𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −3, 𝑦 ′ = 0, 𝑦" = 12
3 2

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 4-1S-2021-2022
4.3 THE AUXILIARY EQUATION: IMAGINARY ROOTS
The general linear differential Equation with constant coefficients has in the form
𝑎0 𝑦 (𝑛) + 𝑎1 𝑦 (𝑛−1) + 𝑎2 𝑦 (𝑛−2) + 𝑎3 𝑦 (𝑛−3) + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 ′ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
That maybe written in the form of
𝑑𝑦
𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 0, = 𝐷𝑦
𝑑𝑥

where
f(D) – the linear differential operator
For higher derivatives
𝑑2𝑦
= 𝐷2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦
= 𝐷3 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑4𝑦
= 𝐷4 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 4
.
.
.
𝑑𝑛 𝑦
= 𝐷𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

Assume that the linear differential equation is just a second order

𝑎0 𝑦 " + 𝑎1 𝑦 ′ + 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0

By operator notation
𝑎0 𝐷 2 𝑦 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑦 + 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0
(𝑎0 𝐷 2 + 𝑎1 𝐷 + 𝑎2 )𝑦 = 0

Its auxiliary equation

𝑎0 𝑚2 + 𝑎1 𝑚 + 𝑎2 = 0

Has an imaginary roots

𝑚1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑚2 = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏

but
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 (𝑎+𝑖𝑏)𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑖𝑏)𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑏𝑥

From Euler’s Identity

𝑒 𝑖𝑥 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑗 sin 𝑥
𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − 𝑗 sin 𝑥
Then
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑗 sin 𝑏𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑗 sin 𝑏𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑗𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 − 𝐶2 ) sin 𝑏𝑥
Let
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝐶3 𝑗( 𝐶1 − 𝐶2 ) = 𝐶4
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐶3 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐶4 sin 𝑏𝑥
𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 (𝑪𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙 + 𝑪𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙)

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 2 − 2𝐷 + 5)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 5 = 0

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 4-1S-2021-2022
By Quadratic Equation
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚=
2𝑎
−(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4(1)(5)
𝑚=
2(1)
2 ± 4i
𝑚= = 1 ± 2𝑖
2
𝑚 = 1 + 2𝑖, 1 − 2𝑖

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥)

𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝑪𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙)

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 2 + 9)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚2 + 9 = 0
By Quadratic Equation
𝑚 = ±3𝑖
𝑚 = 3𝑖, −3𝑖

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥)

𝒚 = (𝑪𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙)

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 2 − 4𝐷 + 7)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 7 = 0
By Quadratic Equation
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚=
2𝑎
−(−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4(1)(7)
𝑚=
2(1)
4 ± i 2√3
𝑚= = 2 ± 𝑖√3
2
𝑚 = 2 − 𝑖√3, 2 + 𝑖√3

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥)

𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 (𝑪𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 √𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 √𝟑𝒙)

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 4 + 2𝐷 3 + 10𝐷 2 )𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚4 + 2𝑚3 + 10𝑚2 = 0
𝑚2 (𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 10) = 0
By Quadratic Equation
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚=
2𝑎
−(2) ± √(2)2 − 4(1)(10)
𝑚=
2(1)

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−2 ± i6
𝑚= = −1 ± 𝑖3
2
𝑚 = 0, 0, −1 + 3𝑖, −1 − 3𝑖

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶3 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶4 sin 𝑏𝑥)

𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 (𝑪𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙)

EXAMPLE
(𝐷 3 + 7𝐷 2 + 19𝐷 + 13)𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The Auxiliary Equation
𝑚3 + 7𝑚2 + 19𝑚 + 13 = 0
By Synthetic Division
-1 1 7 19 13
-1 -6 -13
1 6 13 0

(𝑚2 + 6𝑚 + 13) = 0
By Quadratic Equation
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚=
2𝑎
−(6) ± √(6)2 − 4(1)(13)
𝑚=
2(1)
−6 ± i4
𝑚= = −3 ± 2𝑖
2
𝑚 = −1, −3 + 2𝑖, −3 − 2𝑖

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶3 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶4 sin 𝑏𝑥)

𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝒆−𝟑 (𝑪𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙)

Find the general solution. When the operator D is used, it is implied that the independent
variable is x.
1. (𝐷 4 + 18𝐷 2 + 81)𝑦 = 0
2. (2𝐷 4 + 11𝐷 3 − 4𝐷 2 − 69𝐷 + 34)𝑦 = 0
3. (𝐷 6 + 9𝐷 4 + 24𝐷 2 + 16)𝑦 = 0
4. (2𝐷 3 − 𝐷 2 + 36𝐷 − 18)𝑦 = 0
5. (𝐷 5 + 𝐷 4 − 7𝐷 3 − 11𝐷 2 − 8𝐷 − 12)𝑦 = 0

Find the particular solution indicated.

6. 𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( 2 + 𝑘 2 𝑥) = 0, 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, = 𝑣0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
7. (𝐷 3 + 𝐷 2 + 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = −1, 𝑦" = 5
8. 𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 + 2𝑏 + 𝑘 2 𝑥 = 0, 𝑘 > 𝑏 > 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, = 𝑣0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
9. 𝑑2𝑠 𝑑𝑠
4 2 = −9𝑠; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
10. (𝐷 + 7𝐷 + 19𝐷 + 13)𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 2, 𝑦" = −12
3 2

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IM No.: MATH 4-1S-2021-2022
References

A) Book/Printed Resources

Arthur David Snider, Edward B. Saff, R. Kent Nagle. (2017). Fundamentals of Differential Equations,
8th Edition. Boston: Pearson Education, Incorporated, Rights andContractsDepartment, 501
Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116.

Bird, J. (2020). Higher Engineering Mathematics, 6th Edition. Oxford, UK: Elsevier's Science and
Technology Rights Department.

Earl D. Rainville, Phillip E. Bedient. (1989). Elementary Differential Equations. Quezon City: EDCA
Publishing and Distributing Corporation, 388 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City.

Zill, D. G. (2012). A first Course in Differential Equations with Applications, 9th Edition. California, USA:
Cengage Learning.

B) e-Resources

http://www.soton.ac.uk/~cjg/eng1/modules/modules.html

http://www.mit.opencourseware.com

http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/advance-engineering-mathematics/advance-engineering-
mathematics

http://ecereviewcourse.blogspot.com/p/math.html

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