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EVERYDAY
LEARNING
EVERYDAY
MATHEMATICS
MADE EASY
A QUICK REVIEW OF WHAT YOU FORGOT YOU KNEW
TOM BEGNAL
© 2021 by Tom Begnal
Dedication
To my mom, Mary Elizabeth (Joy) Begnal. Thank you for everything.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written
permission of the copyright owners. All images in this book have been reproduced with the
knowledge and prior consent of the artists concerned, and no responsibility is accepted by
producer, publisher, or printer for any infringement of copyright or otherwise, arising from
the contents of this publication. Every effort has been made to ensure that credits accurately
comply with information supplied. We apologize for any inaccuracies that may have occurred
and will resolve inaccurate or missing information in a subsequent reprinting of the book.
Wellfleet titles are also available at discount for retail, wholesale, promotional, and bulk
purchase. For details, contact the Special Sales Manager by email at [email protected]
or by mail at The Quarto Group, Attn: Special Sales Manager, 100 Cummings Center Suite
265D, Beverly, MA 01915 USA.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN: 978-1-57715-222-4
eISBN: 978-0-76036-890-9
Printed in China
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 4
O ur world is filled with numbers. We see them everywhere. They are the go-
to tool we use whenever we need to count (there are five books on a park
bench), measure (the bench is 5 feet long), or identify (the bench is on 12th street).
At some point in our history, we figured out how to take those numbers and
begin adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing them. Once we could do
that, those numbers were all of a sudden especially useful. We gave this new
thing a name, calling it arithmetic, from the Greek arithmos, meaning “number.”
It didn’t take long for us to move a few steps beyond arithmetic and start
developing formulas and other processes to solve more challenging number
problems. We typically call that work mathematics or, simply, math. By the
way, in the context of this book, when you see the term math, understand that
it encompasses both arithmetic and mathematics. Everywhere we look, we see
numbers hard at work. We add, subtract, multiply, and divide them. We turn
them into fractions, decimals, powers, roots, and percentages, all in an effort to
create some information we can put to good use. No matter if we are balancing
a checkbook or sending a rocket to the moon, we turn to math to help us get the
job done.
4
So, clearly, in a world where math is as common as the air we breathe, it’s
important to have a solid understanding of its fundamentals. Granted, you can
make it through life without knowing a decimal from a duckling. But, if you have
a good set of math skills in your back pocket, the journey will almost certainly be
a lot easier.
Yes, I know. Most of you learned those basic math skills in school. But,
for many, once you left the classroom for good, it all began to get foggy very
quickly. That’s normal. Indeed, the expression “Use it, or lose it” says it all. But
the good news is that you can get those math skills back, just as strong as ever,
maybe even stronger. And that’s true even if you hardly learned any math at all
while at school.
Which brings me to Everyday Mathematics Made Easy: A Quick Review of What
You Forgot You Knew. If you ever felt you were forever doomed to be “math
challenged,” this book can help. It’s unique in that it’s filled, cover to cover, with
easy-to-understand, step-by-step instructions and fully detailed illustrations.
Each learning step is supported by examples that reinforce the procedure.
Everything in the book is focused on making all the procedures as easy to
understand as possible. And, to put a cherry on top of everything, it has dozens of
real-world examples of math being put to practical use around the house. After
you’ve read the book, I think you’ll find yourself using math in places that you
didn’t know existed.
The book starts with the very basics, understanding numbers, and then puts
you comfortably into a collection of formulas you can use to solve real, around-
the-house problems. Along the way, you’ll once again learn how to add, subtract,
multiply, and divide fractions and decimals; how to determine averages; and how
to work with powers and roots, ratio, proportion, percentage, and interest. All of
it is good stuff you can use every day.
I hope that Everyday Mathematics Made Easy will get you to the point that
everyday math is, indeed, easy. If that happens, I’ll truly feel the entire effort was
well worth it.
5
CHAPTER 1
UNDERSTANDING
NUMBERS
W hen faced with having to count, our cave-dwelling ancestors probably
solved the problem in the simplest of ways by using what we today
would call tally marks. Each tally mark represented one thing. So, a single mark
meant one deer was killed that day, three marks meant three deer were killed,
and so on. The marks were often made on a piece of wood, bone, or stone that was
carved or etched to create the mark. Or they might have simply made a charcoal
mark on a cave wall.
The tally mark system works fine when dealing with small numbers, but it
quickly becomes cumbersome when numbers get bigger. (To try and count a herd
of 5,000 bison using tally marks would have been just about impossible.)
It took a while, but eventually we left the cave and upgraded our counting
system. Nowadays, when applying math, we use numbers to represent quantities
or amounts of things. And every number, whether it’s used for bookkeeping,
carpentry, cooking, rocket science, or anything else, is made from just ten
symbols—0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9—called digits. In our system of math, all
the numbers ever written are derived from these ten little symbols.
6
as 60 inches, not +60 inches, and we say a recipe requires 4 cups of sugar, not +4
cups of sugar. By the way, the plus sign is also used to indicate the operation of
addition, which is discussed in chapter 2.
The minus symbol (−), also called the minus sign, is used to indicate a
negative number. Examples of negative numbers are −5, −26, and −354. The
numbers are read as minus five, minus twenty-six, and minus three hundred
fifty-four. The minus sign is also used to show the operation of subtraction,
which is discussed in chapter 3.
e v e r y d ay e n c o u n t e r : b a n k i n g
We all encounter negative numbers on occasion. For example, if there is $100 in your checking
account and you write a check for $150, the account is going to be overdrawn by $50. Or, to put it
another way, your account balance is -$50.
Positive and negative numbers can be easier to understand if you see them
on a learning tool called a number line (Fig. 1-1). Since there is no limit to the
maximum size of a number, the number line can continue forever. Or, to put it
another way, the number line can continue to infinity. Of course, the book page
isn’t wide enough to reach infinity, so we have only shown the number line
through the number 12.
Fig. 1-1
7
Any number on the line that is to the right of 0 is a positive number, while any
number to the left of 0 is a negative number. When we move from the left to the
right on the line, the numbers become bigger. Conversely, when we move from
the right to the left on the line, the numbers become smaller.
Looking at the number line you can clearly see that 11 is a bigger number than
3. But the number line also shows that −3 is bigger than −11. If you find it hard
to understand how −3 can be larger than −11, think of the numbers in terms of a
thermometer. Even though your icy toes might not notice the difference, we all
know that −3 is a higher temperature than −11.
— WHOLE NUMBERS —
8
quick tip
To make long numbers easier to read, a comma is added after every third digit, counting from
the right of the number.
N U MB E R OF DI GI T S NU M B E R E XAM PL E
One 3
Two 32
Three 328
Four 3,283
Five 32,839
Six 328,390
Seven 3,283,907
Eight 32,839,071
Nine 328,390,714
— PLACE-VALUE —
9
Whole Number Place-Value Line
Hundred Thousand
Hundred Million
Ten Thousand
Ten Million
Thousand
Hundred
Million
One
Ten
Fig. 1-2
Now, let’s use the place-value line (Fig. 1-3) to see how place-value affects
the value of a whole number. In the number 37, the digit 7 represents seven ones,
or 7. But in the number 79, the digit 7 represents seven tens, or 70. In the number
762, the digit 7 represents 7 hundreds, or 700, and in the number 7,958, the digit
7 represents 7 thousands, or 7,000.
Hundred Thousand
Hundred Million
Ten Thousand
Ten Million
Thousand
Hundred
Million
One
Ten
3 7
7 9
7 6 2
7 9 5 8
Fig. 1-3
Let’s use the whole number place-value line (Fig. 1-4) to consider the number
30,624.
Hundred Thousand
Hundred Million
Ten Thousand
Ten Million
Thousand
Hundred
Million
One
Ten
3 0 6 2 4
Fig. 1-4
10
Now, let’s use the whole number place-value line (Fig. 1-5) to look at another
number, this time a really big one: 256,842,357.
Hundred Thousand
Hundred Million
Ten Thousand
Ten Million
Thousand
Hundred
Million
One
Ten
2 5 6 8 4 2 3 5 7
Fig. 1-5
— EXPANDED FORM —
Based on place-value, when a number is broken down into its component groups
of ten or multiples of ten, the number is said to be in expanded form . Although
in Everyday Mathematics we don’t use numbers in expanded form, it’s worth
looking at some examples because they help us better understand how place-
values are one of the backbones of our numbering system.
Let’s consider the numbers in Fig. 1-3 and look at them in expanded form in
some examples. Note that the expanded form of the numbers is underlined. Also,
a symbol called the equal sign (=) represents the word “equal.” And, as used here,
the plus sign, also called the plus symbol (+), indicates the operation of addition.
The number 37 is made up of three groups of 10, plus a group of seven ones.
37 = 3 tens + 7 ones
or
37 = 30 + 7
11
EXAMPLE 2: WRITE THE NUMBER 79 IN EXPANDED FORM.
The number 79 is made up of seven groups of 10, plus a group of nine ones.
79 = 7 tens + 9 ones
or
79 = 70 + 9
The number 762 can be considered as seven groups of 100 (a multiple of ten), six groups of 10, plus
a group of two ones:
The number 7,958 can be considered as seven groups of 1,000 (a multiple of ten), nine groups of 100,
five groups of 10, plus a group of eight ones:
The number 6,960,403 can be considered as six groups of 1,000,000; nine groups of 100,000; six groups
of 10,000; zero groups of 1,000; four groups of 100; zero groups of 10; and a group of three ones:
12
— EVEN AND ODD NUMBERS —
Even Numbers
A number is an even number if, when divided by the number 2, it produces two
groups of numbers that each have a common whole number. For example, the
number 8 is an even number because it can be divided by the number 2 into two
groups with the number 4 as the common number in each group. The number
26 is an even number because it can be divided by the number 2 into two groups
with the number 13 as the common number. And the number 756 is even because
it can be divided by the number 2 into two groups with the number 378 as the
common number.
Even numbers always end with a digit of either 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. Some examples
of even numbers are: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 108, 252, 396, 894, and so
on. No matter how big a number is, you can quickly recognize whether it’s an
even number simply by looking at the last number. If the last number is a 0, 2,
4, 6, or 8, then it’s an even number. For example, you can immediately tell the
number 58 is an even number because it ends with the number 8. And the number
93,572 is even because it ends with the number 2.
Odd Numbers
A number is an odd number if, when divided by the number 2, it cannot be
divided into two groups with each group having a common whole number. For
example, the number 5 can be made into two groups of 3 and 2, but the numbers
are not common. The number 9 can be divided into two groups of 5 and 4, but the
numbers are not common.
Odd numbers always end with a digit of either 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9. Some examples
of odd numbers are: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 103, 257, 333, 987, and so
on. No matter how big a number is, you can immediately tell it’s odd if the last
number is a 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9. So, you can immediately tell the number 47 is an
odd number because it ends with the number 7. And the number 24,623 is odd
because it ends with the number 3.
13
Other documents randomly have
different content
XVI.
Pár napra a lakodalom után Bálint már megint csak a Juczi néni
vendége volt, csak úgy, mint azelőtt. Az italban találta meg azt, a mit
a felesége csókjaiban nem találhatott: – feledést, nyugalmat.
Az ivó üres volt, csak az egy Tóth András ivott a kármentő
oldalánál.
Ezt is a szerelem vitte az italra.
A mint Bálintot megpillantotta, hirtelen fölkelt, nagy zajjal letette
poharát az asztalra s odalépett elé:
– Jó, hogy jöttél Bálint, vártalak. Volna még szóbeszédünk
együtt.
– Van ám, van, – felelt rá Bálint és fokosával nagyot ütött az
asztalra. – A te paráznaságod vitte őt a bűnbe, az tántorította el
tőlünk. A tejfelt te szedted le az édes tejről, te, ki eddig csak savón
éltél.
– Tán azt veted a szememre, te gőgös gazda, hogy én az
alamizsnádból éltem.
– Az enyimből is, máséból is, – vetette oda néki Bálint gőgösen.
De erre a csendőr már nem felelt, hanem felkapott egy széket s
azzal ment Bálintra. Bálint egyik kezével messzire eldobta magától
azt s aztán egyet rántva a csendőrön, belökte a padok közé.
Erre már a csárda népe összeszaladt. Juczi néni és szolgálói
jajgatva nézték. De hát nem tehettek semmit, férfi nem volt a
házban.
András zúzott karral, de azért fölkelt a darabokra mállott lóczák
közül, felvett egy butykost s azt vágta volna Bálint fejéhez, de az
irányt tévesztve berepült a csárda ablakába, a mely most nagy
csörömpöléssel betört.
Bálint erre egyet kanyarított fokosával a levegőbe s egyszeribe a
csendőr fejét érte, kinek szerencsére fején volt a kalap, a mely most
szétmállva lehullott a földre. Homlokából meg csergedezni kezdett a
vér. A csendőr egyet fordult maga körül, azután halotthalványan
összeesett.
– Meghalt… gyilkos vagyok! – rebegte Bálint és kirohant az
ivóból.
A legény most félőrülten szaladt végig a nagy utczán… Ment,
ment… abba a házba, hol tudta, hogy a Julcsa húzta meg magát.
Ugyanazzal a fokossal ütött egyet a ház ajtajára, a mely a csendőr
homlokát érte.
A zajra Julcsa kilépett a küszöbre. Az esthomályban is
megismerte, hogy ki az.
– Mit akarsz, hogy így fokossal kéred a «fogadj Istent?» – kérdte
tiszta hangon Julcsa.
– Eljöttem, megmondani néked, Julcsa, – felelt rá Bálint épp oly
tiszta, csengő hangon, – hogy gyilkoltam érted. Az Andrást
elpusztítottam, most már itt a bűn a homlokomon. Isten és ember
eltaszított. Most már nyomorult vagyok, senkim sincs… Szeretlek
még mindig, jobban mint valaha.
A leány megingott. Milyen borzasztóan bekövetkezett… Azok azt
mondják, csak akkor jut közéjük (s mikor azokra gondolt, János két
szeme világított a lelkébe), ha Bálintot megmenti… Bálint gyilkolt,
halálos bűnbe esett… És Bálint most földönfutó. Szegényebb,
nyomorultabb nála és tán reá szorul.
– Érted, mit mondtam? – kérdte Bálint hangosan.
– Értem, de most már teérted semmit se tehetek, – felelt neki a
lány egy percznyi ingadozás után. – Ha egy hónap előtt történik, ha
egy hónap előtt rongyosan, vérben állsz meg előttem s azt mondod,
gyere velem Julcsa, oszd meg a kenyeret, a melyet bujdosásban
napról-napra fogok összekoldulni, mentem volna veled. Most már
késő, mit érnél velem, ha már nem szeretlek…
– Hát igaz, igaz, hogy nem szeretsz?
– Szánlak. Ha tehetnék érted mást… egyebet, megtenném. De
ma már nem adhatom a szívemet oda… mert…
– Mert másé, – szakította félbe Bálint fenyegető szemmel. Mondd
ki, hogy másé, az a birkaszivű ember megigézte, azé tested, lelked.
– Testem és lelkem az Istené. Olyané leszen, kit az Isten szán
nekem, a kit megérdemelek.
– Hogyne… Hisz ha a nazarénushoz mész, egyenesen a
mennyországba emel a két karja, megnyitja a paradicsom hét
pecsétes kapuját a csókjaival.
– Hallgass, – szólalt meg Julcsa szilárdan, erős hanggal, de egy
csepp élesség nélkül. – Távozz hajlékunkból. Ide alázatos fővel kell
még annak is jönnie, ki a koldusok koldusa. Úgy, ha maga a király fia
is. Ez a hajlék tiszta… Mert még én is megtisztulok benne. Ne
szennyezd be sárral a fehér oldalát. Menj Bálint, az Isten segítsen
meg ezentúl is. Imádkozni fogok érted… Ennél többet nem tehetek.
Az Úr legyen teveled.
Ezzel megfordult s bement a kis ajtón, de a melyet csak behúzott
maga után, a nélkül, hogy a reteszt rátolta volna.
Bálint odaborult a kis ajtóra s hörögve kérte bocsánatát, aztán
eldobva magától a fokost, a melyet eddig még mindig a kezében
szorított, kirohant az utczára. Egyenesen Orosházára ment s ott
feladta magát a járásbiróságnál.
Julcsa pedig bement a szobába, hol Ányosné remegve várt reá,
megcsókolta az öreg asszonyt s így szólt:
– Helyesen cselekedtem néném?
– Én nem tudom. Én csak azt tudom, hogy derék, jó lány vagy.
János majd megmérlegeli szavaid súlyát. Én szegény, gyengeelméjű
asszony vagyok, én csak azt tudom, a mit szívem sugall nékem, én
derék lányom, – mondta és zokogva a nyakába borult.
XXI.