2

1 A long tube contains oil. A small ball is held at rest at the surface of the oil. At time t = 0, the ball is
released and begins to fall vertically through the oil.

Fig. 1.1 shows the ball falling through the oil.

oil

ball

Fig. 1.1

As the ball begins to fall through the oil, it accelerates.

(a) Define acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The mass of the ball is 0.0075 kg.

Calculate the resultant force acting on the ball when it is accelerating downwards at 2.8 m / s2 .

resultant force = ......................................................... [2]

 3

(c) As the ball falls, its speed v is recorded. Fig. 1.2 is the speed–time graph for the falling ball.

0.06
v
m/s
0.04

0.02

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
t/s

Fig. 1.2

(i) Describe what happens to the acceleration between t = 0 and t = 0.040 s.

Explain why this happens.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) By drawing a tangent on Fig. 1.2, determine a value for the acceleration of the ball
at t = 0.010 s.

acceleration = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 10]
 4

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a small swimming pool containing water.

4.0 m
2.1 m

Fig. 2.1

The depth of water in the pool is 0.80 m. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.

(a) (i) Show that the mass of water in the pool is approximately 6700 kg.

[2]

(ii) Define ‘pressure’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Calculate the pressure on the base of the pool due to the water.

pressure = .................................................... Pa [2]

 5

(iv) The water in the pool is initially at a temperature of 10 °C.

The temperature rises when 5.1 × 108 J of energy is transferred to the water.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the final temperature of the water.

temperature = ..................................................... °C [3]

(b) (i) Explain, in terms of the movement of particles, how evaporation causes cooling.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Changes to factors in the environment of the swimming pool can cause an increase or
decrease in the amount of evaporation from the surface of the water.

State two changes to environmental factors that increase the amount of evaporation
from the surface of the water.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[1]

[Total: 11]
 6

3 During a picnic on a warm, dry day, a metal can of lemonade is wrapped in a damp cloth.

Evaporation cools the water in the cloth.

(a) Explain, in terms of molecules, how evaporation cools the water in the cloth.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) As the water in the cloth cools, so does the lemonade.

Explain how electrons transfer thermal energy through the metal of the can.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 6]
 7

4 A thermocouple is a device that is used as a thermometer.

(a) Fig. 4.1 shows a beaker that contains molten sulfur at an initial temperature greater than
400 °C.

(i) On Fig. 4.1, sketch and label a diagram of a thermocouple that is used to determine the
temperature of the sulfur as it cools to room temperature.

sulfur

Fig. 4.1
[4]

(ii) Describe briefly how the temperature of the sulfur in the beaker is deduced.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) State one advantage of using a thermocouple to measure temperature rather than using a
liquid-in-glass thermometer.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]
 8

5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows light passing through a triangular glass prism.

Q R

Fig. 5.1

(i) State the value of the angle of incidence at point P.

angle of incidence = ....................................................... ° [1]

(ii) Draw the normal and the angle of incidence at point R.

Label the angle of incidence. [2]

(iii) State two conditions needed so that no light refracts from the glass into the air at point Q.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Information is sent across the internet using pulses of visible light through long, thin glass
fibres and electrical signals through copper wires.

(i) State the name of one other type of electromagnetic radiation used to transmit information
through long, thin glass fibres.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest two advantages of using glass fibres rather than copper wires to transmit
information from the internet.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]
 9

6 An initially uncharged rubber balloon is rubbed with a woollen cloth as shown in Fig. 6.1.

Rubbing the balloon causes the balloon to have a negative charge.

balloon gains

................................

and now has a negative charge

woollen cloth loses

................................
and now has a
......................... charge

Fig. 6.1

(a) (i) On Fig. 6.1, complete the labels on the diagram. [2]

(ii) Explain why the balloon stays negatively charged for a long time.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Rubbing the balloon causes the temperature of the air inside it to rise.

Explain, in terms of the particles of air, why the volume of the balloon increases when the
temperature of the air rises.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 7]
 10

7 Fig. 7.1 shows an isolated metal sphere suspended by an insulating thread from the ceiling.

insulating thread

metal sphere

Fig. 7.1

The sphere is negatively charged.

(a) The charge on the sphere produces an electric field in the surroundings.

(i) State what is meant by ‘electric field’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw on Fig. 7.1 to show the pattern and direction of the electric field produced by the
charge on the sphere. Draw at least four lines. [3]

(b) The magnitude of the charge on the sphere is 3.5 × 10–10 C.

An earthed metal wire is touched against the surface of the sphere and the sphere
is discharged.

(i) State what happens in the wire as the sphere is discharged.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) It takes a time of 0.14 ns for the sphere to discharge completely.

Calculate the average current in the earthed wire as the sphere discharges.

average current = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]
 11

8 Fig. 8.1 shows two identical trolleys, P and Q, held at rest on a frictionless horizontal surface.
A load is fixed to trolley P.

1.5 kg load compressed spring

trolley P trolley Q

Fig. 8.1

There is a compressed spring between trolley P and trolley Q.

The trolleys are released. As the spring expands, it pushes the trolleys apart.

Trolley Q moves to the right at a constant speed of 0.36 m / s.

The mass of each trolley is 1.2 kg. The mass of the load on trolley P is 1.5 kg.

The spring has negligible mass.

(a) Calculate:

(i) the speed at which trolley P moves to the left

speed of P = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) the kinetic energy of trolley Q when it moves at 0.36 m / s.

kinetic energy of Q = ......................................................... [3]

(b) State the energy transfer that takes place as the spring expands.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]
 12

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a small block of ice floating in a beaker of warm

water. block of ice

warm water

Fig. 91

(a) State one way in which the motion of the particles in ice differs from the motion of the particles
in water.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Energy is transferred from the water to the block of ice.

(i) State the name of the thermal process that transfers energy from the water to the ice.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Initially, there is 0.34 kg of water in the beaker. The specific heat capacity of water
is 4200 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the energy transferred from this water as its temperature decreases from
28 °C to 10 °C.

energy transferred = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]
 13

10 The lens in a magnifying glass is a converging lens.

(a) Fig. 10.1 shows the lens of the magnifying glass, its two focal points, F1 and F2 , and its
principal axis.

lens

principal axis F1 F2

Fig. 10.1

(i) State what is meant by ‘focal point’.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) A student using the magnifying glass sees a magnified image of an object.

On Fig. 10.1, mark:

• a point X on the principal axis for a possible position of the object

• a point E for a possible position of the student’s eye.
[1]

(iii) Underline two words in the list that describe the image produced in (a)(ii).

inverted real upright virtual

[1]

(b) The refractive index of the glass used to make the lens is 1.5.

(i) The speed of light in air is 3.0 × 108 m / s.

Calculate the speed of light in the glass.

speed in glass = ......................................................... [2]

 14

(ii) State what happens to the wavelength of light as it passes into the lens.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Converging lenses are used in spectacles (glasses) to correct one problem with vision.

State the name of the problem and explain how a converging lens is used to correct it.
You may draw a diagram.

name of problem: ......................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 10]