Digital Logic Design

Infolink University College

Department of Computer Science

Digital Logic Design

(EENG 2042)

Chapter One
Introduction to Digital Systems

1
 Digital Logic Design

Content
• Introduction to Analog and Digital Quantities
• Analog Quantities Representations
• Digital Quantities Representations
• Digital and Analog Systems
• Advantages and disadvantages of Digital System
• Binary Digits
• Logic Level
• Digital Waveforms

Introduction to Analog and Digital Quantities

• In science, technology, business, and, in fact, most other fields of endeavor, we
are constantly dealing with quantities.
• Quantities are measured, monitored, recorded, manipulated arithmetically,
observed, or in some other way utilized in most physical systems.
• It is important when dealing with various quantities that we be able to represent
their values efficiently and accurately.
• Basically, there are two ways of representing the numerical value of quantities:
 Continuous (Analog) Quantities
 Discrete (Digital) Quantities

2
 Digital Logic Design

Analog Quantity Representations

• Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary continuously.
• Analog quantities are represented by a continuous variables like
voltage, current, or meter movement that is proportional to the value
of that quantity.
• For Example :
 Sound through a microphone causes voltage changes.
 Automobile speedometer changes with speed.
 Mercury thermometer varies over a range of values with temperature.

• The cited analog quantities above, have an important characteristic:

they vary over a continuous range of values.

Analog Quantity Representations

Figure 1-1 Graph of an analog quantity (temperature versus time).

3
 Digital Logic Design

Digital Quantities Representations

• Digital quantities representation varies in discrete (separate) steps.
• Digital quantities are represented by symbols(discrete values) called digits.
• For Example:
Passing time is shown as a change in the display on a digital clock at one
minute intervals.
A change in temperature is shown on a digital display only when the
temperature changes at least one degree.

Digital Quantity Representations

• If we take the temp. each hour, we are sampling the above

 Figure 1-2 Sampled-value representation (quantization) of the analog quantity in Figure 1-1.
Each value represented by a dot can be digitized by representing it as a digital code that consists
of a series of 1s and 0s.

4
 Digital Logic Design

Analog and Digital Quantities

• In general, the major difference between analog and digital quantities can be
simply stated as follows:
 Analog quantity is equivalent to Continuous
 Digital quantity is equivalent to Discrete (Step By Step)

Digital and Analog Systems

• A digital system:- a combination of devices designed to manipulate
logical information or physical quantities that are represented in
digital form;
 i.e. the quantities can take only discrete values.
• Some of the more familiar digital systems include:-
Digital computers and calculators,
Digital audio and video equipment, and
The telephone system—the world’s largest digital system.

10

5
 Digital Logic Design

Digital and Analog Systems

• An analog system:- contains devices that manipulate physical quantities that are
represented in analog form.
• In an analog system, the quantities can vary over a continuous range of values.
• For example
 The amplitude of the output signal to the speaker in a radio receiver can have any value
between zero and its maximum limit.
 Other Common analog systems are audio amplifiers, magnetic tape recording and playback
equipment.

11

12

6
Digital Logic Design

13

14

7
 Digital Logic Design

15

Advantages of Digital System

• Digital systems are generally easier to design. This is because the circuits that are used are switching
circuits.
• Information storage is easy. This is accomplished by special devices and circuits that can latch onto digital
information and hold it for as long as necessary.
• Accuracy and precision are greater:- Digital data can be stored more compactly/easily and reproduced with
greater accuracy and clarity.
• Operation can be easily programmed. It is fairly easy to design a digital systems whose operation is
controlled by a set of stored instruction called program.
• Digital circuits are less affected by noise:- Since the exact value of voltage is not important in digital
systems.
• More digital circuits can be fabricated on IC chips:- Due to its relative Complexity and economical problem,
analog s/m can’t achieve the same degree of integration.

16

8
 Digital Logic Design

Drawback of Digital System

• Digital System consume a lot of power relative analog system
• The other major drawback when using digital system is:- the real world is mainly
analog.
• Most physical quantities are analog in nature
 Example: Temperature, Pressure, velocity, liquid levels, flow rate …etc.
• To take advantage of digital systems when dealing with analog inputs and
outputs, we need to go through three main steps:
Convert the real-world analog inputs data to digital form(by using ADC).
Process the digital information using digital system
Convert the digital outputs back to real-world analog form(my using DAC).

17

18

9
 Digital Logic Design

19

For Example
• Consider Recording of audio Using Compact disks(CDs), as shown below:
• First, sound from instruments and human voices produces an analog voltage
signal in the micro phone
• Then, this analog signal is converted to digital using ADC.
• The digital information is stored on the CD’s surface. Then the process shown on
the fig. below takes place during play back.

20

10
 Digital Logic Design

Binary Digits
• Binary digits are reperented with two numbers 1 and 0.
• Each of the two digits in the binary system, 1 and 0, is called a bit.
• In digital circuits, two different voltage levels are used to represent the two bits.
• Generally, 1 is represented by the higher voltage, which we will refer to as a
HIGH, and a 0 is represented by the lower voltage level, which we will refer to as
a LOW.
 HIGH = 1 and LOW = 0
• Groups of bits (combinations of 1’s and 0’s), called codes, are used to represent
numbers, letters, symbols, instructions, and anything else required in a given
application.

21

Logic Level
• The voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called logic levels.
• Ideally, one voltage level represents a HIGH and another voltage level represents
a LOW.
• In a practical digital circuit, however, HIGH can be any voltage between a
specified minimum value and a specified maximum value.
• Likewise, a LOW can be any voltage between a specified minimum and a specified
maximum.
• Figure illustrates the general range of LOWs and
HIGHs for a digital circuit.
• The variable VH(max) represents the maximum
HIGH voltage value, and VH(min) represents the
minimum HIGH voltage value.

22

11
 Digital Logic Design

Logic Level
• The maximum LOW voltage value is represented by VL(max), and the minimum
LOW voltage value is represented by VL(min)'
• The voltage values between VL(max) and VH(min) are unacceptable for proper
operation.
• For example, the HIGH values for a certain type of digital circuit called CMOS may
range from 2 V to 3.3V and the LOW values may range from 0 V to 0.8V.
• So, for example, if a voltage of 2.5 V is applied, the circuit will accept it as a HIGH
or binary 1.
• If a voltage of 0.5V is applied, the circuit will accept it as a LOW or binary O.
• For this type of circuit, voltages between 0.8 V and 2 V are unacceptable.

23

Digital Waveforms
• Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH levels. A positive going
pulse is one that goes from a normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then
back again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.

HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

24

12
 Digital Logic Design

Pulse Definitions
• Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time, fall
time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width

10%
Ringing

Base line
Undershoot
tr tf
Rise time Fall time

25

Periodic Pulse Waveforms

• Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats in a
fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate it repeats
and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f  T
T f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1
T   313 ps
f 3.2 GHz

26

13
 Digital Logic Design

Pulse Definitions
• In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms are
described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty cycle. Duty
cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts

Pulse
width
Amplitude (A)
(tW)

Time
Period, T

27

Timing Diagrams
• A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between two or
more digital waveforms,
Clock

A diagram like this can be observed

directly on a logic analyzer.

28

14
 Digital Logic Design

International system of units (SI units)

29

15