WHAT IS BIAS?

EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:

-a tendency to lean in a certain direction, either 1. A dog lover thinks that dogs are better than 3. A female teacher gives more attention and

BIAS in favor of or against a particular thing cats. (PREFERENCE) favor to girls than boys. (DISCRIMINATION)
2. The Grade 9 students only cheered for their 4. The news about a government official is from
-the action of supporting or opposing a classmate during the dance competition. a one-sided point of view. (PARTIALITY)
particular person or thing in an unfair way (AUTOMATIC RESPONSE)

TO PUT IT SIMPLY… Invisibility: What You Don’t See Makes

DIFFERENT FORMS A Lasting Impression
Preference
OF BIAS FOUND IN INVISIBILITY: The most fundamental and oldest form of
Automatic Response What You Don’t See bias in instructional materials is the
BIAS = Discrimination
TEXTBOOKS AND
OTHER
01 Makes A Lasting complete or relative exclusion of a group.

INSTRUCTIONAL Impression With an attempt for inclusion after 1960,

Partiality many of today’s textbooks are improved,
MATERIAL but far from perfect.

EXAMPLE: Stereotyping: Shortcuts to Bigotry EXAMPLE:

Perhaps the most familiar form of bias is
Men portrayed as assertive and successful
Women, those with disabilities, gays, and the stereotype, which assigns a rigid set of
STEREOTYPING: characteristics to all members of a group. in their jobs, but rarely discussed as
homosexuals continue to be missing from 02 Shortcuts to Bigotry husbands or fathers; and women as
many of today’s texts.
While stereotypes can be positive, they are caregivers.
more often negative.

Imbalance and Selectivity: A Tale Half

Told
EXAMPLE:
IMBALANCE AND Curriculum may perpetuate bias by
presenting only one interpretation of an Literature is drawn primarily from western, UNREALITY:
03 SELECTIVITY: issue, situation, or group of people. male authors. 04 Rose-colored glasses
A Tale Half Told
Such accounts simplify and distort complex
issues by omitting different perspectives.

Fragmentation and Isolation: The

Unreality: Rose-colored glasses EXAMPLE: Parts are less than the Whole
Many researchers have noted the tendency Because of affirmative action programs, FRAGMENTATION
of instructional materials to gloss over Fragmentation emerges when a group is
unpleasant facts and events in our history.
people of color and women now enjoy AND ISOLATION: physically or visually isolated in the text.
05
economic and political equality with (or The Parts are less than Often, racial and ethnic group members are
Another example is the notion that superiority over) white males. depicted as interacting only with persons
technology will solve persistent social
the Whole like themselves, isolated from other
problems. cultural communities.

EXAMPLE: Cosmetic Bias: “Shiny” covers EXAMPLE:

The relatively new cosmetic bias suggests A science textbook that features a glossy
A book has a chapter dedicated to
COSMETIC BIAS: that a text is bias free, but beyond the pullout of female scientists but includes
Filipinos but does not mention Filipinos 06 “Shiny” covers attractive covers, photos, or posters, bias precious little narrative on the scientific
anywhere else in the text. persists.
contributions of women.

Linguistic Bias: Words Count EXAMPLE:

Language can be powerful conveyor of bias,
LINGUISTIC
06 BIAS:
in both blatant and subtle forms. Linguistic
bias can impact race/ethnicity, gender,
Such words as forefathers, mankind, and
businessman serve to deny the GROUP
ACTIVITY
accents, age, (dis)ability, and sexual contributions (even the existence) of
Words Count orientation. females

Pick a form of bias in textbooks or

What is Prejudice? What is Prejudice? What is Prejudice?
instructional materials and provide at least It often casts an It is an unfavorable
Prejudice refers to a
two examples for it. To show your chosen unfavorable light on opinion or feeling
bias, you can create your own story, cite preconceived opinion or
someone simply because formed beforehand or
some scenarios/situations from the books feeling toward a person
they're a member of without knowledge,
you have read, or posts you have seen in based solely on their
social media. some ethnic group, thought or reason.
affiliation with a group.
religion, or organization.
 PREJUDICE MEANS…
What is Prejudice? Example:
It is an unfavorable Example:
Someone thinking poorly of
opinion or feeling TO PRE-JUDGE It is sometimes assumed that
another person for his
if someone is physically
formed beforehand or
without knowledge,
OTHERS disabled, he/she is also
belonging to a certain race, or
for having different religious
thought or reason. mentally disabled.
beliefs.

Some of the most well-known types Some of the most well-known types
of prejudice include: of prejudice include:
Prejudice can be based on a
number of factors including RACISM SEXISM AGEISM CLASSISM HOMOPHOBIA NATIONALISM RELIGIOUS XENOPHOBIA
BI A S
v s.
PREJUDICE
sex, race, age, sexual
orientation, nationality,
socioeconomic status, and
P R E J U D I CE
religion.

BIAS vs. PREJUDICE BIAS vs. PREJUDICE BIAS vs. PREJUDICE

BIAS PREJUDICE
BIAS PREJUDICE -May or May Not Be Extreme
Example:
-Extreme
Example:
BIAS PREJUDICE To identify BIAS, there should
Favoritism/Preference -Preconceived Judgment/Assumption x Rachel prefers coffee than milktea so x A group of foreigners hurt a Chinese -Results in Unfairness -Results in Discrimination
Example:
x Gio, a father of three brilliant kids,
Example:
x A junior student assumes that the
she plans to start a coffee business.
x Leia promotes women empowerment
woman so she will not be able to
spread a dangerous disease just like
Example: Example:
x The judges let the 10th contestant win x A prominent company does not accept be FAVORED or UNFAVORED
bought a laptop for his favorite Muslim he saw is a terrorist because of by informing the public about the the COVID-19. the contest because his father is a rich fresh graduates because they will only

side.
daughter. the news about the Maguindanao misogynistic beliefs of men as well as man. weaken the workforce due to lack of
Massacre. the toxicity of patriarchal society. job experience/s.

To identify PREJUDICE, there Form of Bias – taking one making assumption or pre- being favor and unfavor
should be ASSUMPTION interpretation judging others
Black =criminal
Muslim =terrorist

WHAT IS LOGIC?
FAULTY Logic is the process of drawing conclusions. Often, writers
Type of Prejudice – Fear of Type of Prejudice – LOGIC/REASONING and speakers, whether intentionally or not, misuse it to
arrive at the conclusion they prefer. Hence, faulty logic
strangers Discrimination towards age OR…WHAT IS WRONG WITH THIS STATEMENT?
occurs when you use words with connotations that
make a false connection between a person or an idea
and the word’s connotation, whether it is positive or
negative.

1ST TYPE OF FAULTY LOGIC:

SO, WHAT IS FAULTY LOGIC? CIRCULAR REASONING
2ND TYPE OF FAULTY LOGIC: 3RD TYPE OF FAULTY LOGIC:
OVERGENERALIZATION SELF-CONTRADICTION
• Let’s break it down. • DEFINITION: The writer (or speaker or ad) supports a claim with • DEFINITION: The writer reaches conclusions from a limited • DEFINITION: The writer states a position that contradicts an
restatements of that same claim. The argument goes around and number of facts. (Look for words such as all, every, and always.) earlier stated premise.
• Faulty = having faults or imperfect
around with the reason making the same claim as the original • EXAMPLE: “I loved that movie we saw last night with Brad Pitt. I • EXAMPLE: As Mayor, my top priority will be improving
• Logic = reason or sound judgment argument. am going to rent all of his movies, and I am sure I’ll like all of them.” education. So my first act of office will be to cut funding for
• Therefore, faulty logic is an imperfect reason. • EXAMPLE: John Updike is a wonderful writer because he writes so • EXPLANATION: It is an imperfect judgment (or faulty logic!) to our public schools.
well. assume that you will love all Brad Pitt movies just because you loved
• Faulty logic is another kind of persuasive • EXPLANATION: Cutting public school funding contradicts the
• EXPLANATION: The second half of the statement says basically one!
mayor’s first statement that improving education will be his
technique. the same thing as the first half.
top priority.

4TH TYPE OF FAULTY LOGIC: 5TH TYPE OF FAULTY LOGIC: 6TH TYPE OF FAULTY LOGIC: A FINAL LOOK AT STRATEGIES…
FALSE CAUSALITY OVER-SIMPLIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS
• DEFINITION: This occurs when two events happen at the same • DEFINITION: This occurs when a single cause is assumed to • DEFINITION: This occurs when the writer may be proven • Circular Reasoning
time, and an assumption is made that one event causes the other. have created a problem or an issue. In reality, the problem false or may be merely stating an opinion.
or issue may have been created by a number of causes. • Look at sentence beginnings and endings.
• EXAMPLE: Our house was burglarized right after that new family • EXAMPLE: The Superstition Mountains are the most beautiful • If the faulty logic is circular reasoning, the ending will be
• EXAMPLE: The cause of the Civil War was slavery. mountains in Arizona.
moved in next door. almost the same or, at least, very similar to the
• EXPLANATION: The above statement is too simplistic.
Slavery was only one of several reasons the Civil War was • EXPLANATION: Yes, these mountains are beautiful, but that beginning.
• EXPLANATION: This statement attributes a false cause (new
fought. is only one man’s opinion. Others may think another • The logic goes around in circles.
family next door) to the effect (the burglary). mountain range in Arizona is more beautiful.

•Overgeneralization •Self-Contradiction •False Causality •Over-Simplification

• Look for context clues: all, every, always, • Look at sentence beginnings and sentence • Look for a cause and effect relationship. • Look for a cause and effect relationship in the
never. endings. • The cause will be FALSE! statement.

• Stereotypes may be present. • The beginning and ending will be opposites— • The causes have been cut down to ONE CAUSE.
they will contradict each other. • The ONE CAUSE is TOO SIMPLE!
 UNSUPPORTED FACT
• Assumptions
UNSUPPORTED
It is a kind of reasoning in which facts are stated
• Ask these questions:
• Does this statement involve a stereotype? FACTS UNSUPPORTED without indication or proof at all. There is no
• Is this statement just an opinion?
AND FACT
evidence to back up what is stated and it just relies
• Can this statement be proven false?
• If the answer is yes to any of these questions, then
on the author’s own personal experience. These
the faulty logic is probably an assumption.
EMOTIONAL APPEAL may also be some facts claimed by an individual or a
group of individuals that have actually occurred but
were unable to provide sufficient evidence.

EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:

Exercising makes you feel better. Reindeers like to eat bananas. Beauty comes from within. EMOTIONAL
7KHLGHDSUHVHQWHGZDVMXVWVWDWHGDQG 7KHIDFWLVMXVWVWDWHGEXWWKHUHLVQR
7KRXJKLWLVWUXHWKDWEHDXW\FRPHV APPEAL
LQVLGHXVWKHUHLVQRRWKHUZD\WRSURYH
WKHUHLVQRIDFWPHQWLRQHGWKDWFDQ HYLGHQFHWRSURYHWKDWUHLQGHHUVUHDOO\
WKDWWKLVVWDWHPHQWUHDOO\JRHVWKDW
VXSSRUWLW GRORYHWRHDWEDQDQDVDWDOO 
ZD\ 

EMOTIONAL APPEAL EMOTIONAL APPEAL EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:

It is a method of persuasion that is designed to Appeals to emotion are so effective and really play a critical The advertisement can make viewers feel happy, “I don’t think we should care much about my plans.
create an emotional response. Emotional appeals role in various discussions. Appeals to emotion can involve any sad, angry, fearful, etc. However, in the end, the As long as we can help our citizens win their
persuade audiences by arousing the emotions. type of emotion that people experience, these are: advertiser just wants to get across the point that normal lives back, we can say that we did our best.”
They refer to the speaker or writer’s goal of a. Positive emotions - such as joy, hope, courage, kindness, buying will make the viewer feel better. 7KHVSHDNHUDSSHDOVWRWKHDXGLHQFHDQGHQFRXUDJHV
arousing the emotions of an audience to move compassion, empathy, trust, respect, gratitude, love, and WKHPWREHOLHYHWKDWHYHQWKHIDFWWKDWWKHFXUUHQW
7KLVVWDWHPHQWWULHVWRJHWWKHFXVWRPHUV·DWWHQWLRQ
affection.
them to act. Emotion is used in place of reason in E\DGYHUWLVLQJDQGSURPRWLQJWKHLUSURGXFWVWKDW SODQLVXQOLNHO\WRZRUNLWLVMXVWWKHVDPHDVZKDW
b. Negative emotions - include anger, hate, resentment, envy,
order to attempt to win and manipulate the jealousy, vanity, distrust, pity, guilt, fear frustration, and LQYROYHVFRQYLQFLQJDQGWKHQVXGGHQO\WKH\ZLOOEH KHPLJKWZDQWWRDFKLHYHDQGWKDWKHVKRZVDVHQVH
viewers. sadness. KRRNHGXSLQEX\LQJVXFKSURGXFWV  RIFRPSDVVLRQ

EXAMPLES: FAULTY LOGIC

Faulty Logic, öó ĈĮķĨĺıĦķåėĪĦĸĴijĮijĬå TYPES OF
“Vaccines are so unnatural; I think no one is -manipulate the overall meaning
willing to put something like that in their body.” Unsupported Fact and or the conclusion by making
òķĪĵĪĹĮĹĮĴijåĴīåĸĹĦĹĪIJĪijĹĸ
÷óåĘĪıīòĈĴijĹķĦĩĮĨĹĮĴijå
FAULTY
7KLVVWDWHPHQWVKRZVDQDWWHPSWWRSURPRWHD Emotional Appeal false connections with the òĴĵĵĴĸĮĹĮĴijåĴīåĸĹĦĹĪIJĪijĹĸ LOGIC
VWURQJQHJDWLYHUHDFWLRQDJDLQVWWKHYDFFLQHWKDWLV
VWDWHGWREH´XQQDWXUDOµ statements we used

1. She can lift heavy weights øóåĔĻĪķĬĪijĪķĦıĮĿĦĹĮĴijå ùóåĔĻĪķĸĮIJĵıĮīĮĨĦĹĮĴijå

òīĴĨĺĸĮijĬåĴijıľåĴijåĴijĪå
because she is strong.
òIJĦİĮijĬåĬĪijĪķĦıå
ĨĴijĨıĺĸĮĴijåļĮĹĭåįĺĸĹåĴijĪå
TYPES OF 3. All books are informative. ĨĦĺĸĪåļĭĪijåĹĭĪķĪåĦķĪå
TYPES OF
ħĦĸĮĸ
FAULTY ĴĹĭĪķåĵĴĸĸĮħıĪåĨĦĺĸĪĸå FAULTY
2. You have to be cruel to be òĺĸĪåļĴķĩĸåĸĺĨĭåĦĸåĦııñå LOGIC òIJĴĸĹıľåĦĵĵıĮĪĩåĮijå LOGIC
kind ijĪĻĪķñåĦijĩåĦıļĦľĸ ĨĴIJĵıĪĽåĮĸĸĺĪĸ

4. There is a high inflation úóåċĦıĸĪåĈĦĺĸĦıĮĹľå

òIJĦİĮijĬåĦåĨĴijĨıĺĸĮĴijåĴķåååå TYPES OF
5. You did not pass the ûóåĆĸĸĺIJĵĹĮĴij TYPES OF
rate because of our poor ĦåĨĦĺĸĪòĦijĩòĪīīĪĨĹåå FAULTY interview because you òĸĹĦĹĮijĬåľĴĺķåĴĵĮijĮĴijåħľå
ļĭĮĨĭåĪĻĪķľĴijĪåļĮııå
FAULTY
ķĪıĦĹĮĴijĸĭĮĵåħĪĨĦĺĸĪåĴīå
economy. ĴijĪåĨĴĮijĨĮĩĪijĨĪ
LOGIC ignore the black cat. ĪĮĹĭĪķåĦĬķĪĪåĴķåĩĮĸĦĬķĪĪ LOGIC

UNSUPPORTED EMOTIONAL
FACT 1. Drinking coffee can keep APPEAL
6. Men hate pink. -a method of persuasion to
-facts or truths that are agreed by you awake. create an emotional response so
majority of people but have no 2. Having no enough sleep
evidence or proof to prove them the audience will act according
can cause anemia. to the speaker’s ideas or
expectations

1. “I stole these gold jewelries Facts FACTS

A fact is a piece of information that can
OPINION

because my mother needs and be proved to be true.

An opinion is one’s feelings or
thoughts about somebody/something.

Op in io n
Example: Example:
money for her 1. Your heart pumps blood through
your body.
1. She looks sad.
2. The movie was boring.
medication”. 2. The leaves of growing plants are
usually green.
 DIFFERENCES OF FACTS AND OPINION DIFFERENCES OF FACTS AND OPINION DIFFERENCES OF FACTS AND OPINION DIFFERENCES OF FACTS AND OPINION
FACTS OPINIONS FACTS OPINIONS FACTS OPINIONS FACTS OPINIONS
The fact is described as the Opinion is an expression of Fact relies on observation or Opinion is based on The fact is an objective . Opinion is a subjective Facts explain what actually Opinion represents a
statement that can be judgment or belief about research . assumption . statement. happened. perception about something.
verified or proved to be something. Example: According to the Example: Sea is a dangerous Example: Alexander the Great Example: Filipinos are
true. National Oceanic Service, place because there are big Example: Taipei 101 is the Example: My sister's painting was buried alive. Alexander’s invaded by the Spanish
body was paralyzed and
more than half of the human-eating fishes in it. world's tallest building. is the most creative one. because they are kind and
unresponsive. His body did not
Example: George Washington Example: IPhones are better world’s oxygen is produced decay even after 5 days of his so-
weak.
was the first president of the than Android phones. by plankton, seaweed, and assumed death. He was thought
United States. other photosynthesizers. to be dead and got buried alive.

DIFFERENCES OF FACTS AND OPINION

D EF I N I T I O N D I F F EREN C ES
FACTS OPINIONS
Facts are real information and If we talk about opinions ,
so it cannot be challenged or they can be debated .
F AC T FACT OPINION FACT OPINION
debated.
Example: Using a cellphone
an d A fact is a piece of An opinion is one’s
Example: Cellphones are a
popular form of modern
communication.
while driving can put you and
other drivers in danger. O PINIO N information that feelings or thoughts
can be proved to be about somebody/
Verifiable and
objective
U nverifiable and
subjective
true. something

D I F F EREN C ES D I F F EREN C ES D I F F EREN C ES D I F F EREN C ES

FACT OPINION FACT OPINION FACT OPINION FACT OPINION

Universal and Remains true Can change based
does not vary Can vary greatly Based on beliefs or Quantifiable and N ot quantifiable
Based on evidence irrespective of on belief or new
from person to among individuals feelings measurable and measurable
belief information
person

D I F F EREN C ES D I F F EREN C ES
Facts vs. Opinion
Fact is a statement that istrue and can be
FACT OPINION FACT OPINION
FACTS vs. OPINION verified objectively , or proven .

Opinion is a statement that holds an element of

Deals with reality Deals with personal Can be replicated Cannot be
belief ; it tells how someone feels. An opinion is
and actual interpretation and in investigations or replicated as it is not always true and can beproven with pieces
existence judgments experiments personal of evidence.

The Language of Fact and Opinion:

Using Signal Words
EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: LET US REMEMBER THIS!
When information is presented as fact it is verifiable and
FACT: OPINION:
Signal Words for Signal Words for objectivebased on statistics, data and observation. It could be
According to the results of the tests, he is negative of Sheclaimed that she was the most beautiful in the class. right, wrong or misleading. It’s up to you verify
to the
Facts Opinions Covid-19. Many scientistssuspect that Covid19 is a virus that came evidence.
Confirms Claimed discovered the medicine for Covid
Scientist has recently - from animals.
Discovered View 19. When information is presented as anopinion you cannot
verify it. An opinion may be based on facts, but subjective,
it’s
According to Argues The wordsaccording and discovered are signal words The wordsclaimed and suspect in the sentence are signal .
based on feelings and personal judgement
demonstrated suspect which state the fact because itbased
is on observation and based from
words that shows opinion because it was
data. personal judgement and presumption.

ACTIVITY ARGUMENTATIVE
Evidence
-You have to EXAMPLE
Directions : Listen to the reading of the excerpt from the back up your
ESSAY
Argumentative
text entitled “Students Should Not Be Allowed to Bring point with CLAIM A: Individuals convicted of murder will go to hell
Mobile Phones to School” and be able to answer the
evidence. The when they die.
Argument Claim strength of your

Essay
following questions concisely. -usually a main idea, evidence, and
-expressing a point of CLAIM B: Rehabilitation programs for individuals
view on a subject andoften called “thesis your use of it,
1. What are the two sides in the text? Briefly explain statement,” backed upcan make or
serving life sentences should be funded.
supporting it with
them? with evidence that break your
evidence. supports the idea.
2. Which side you are more in favor with? Why? argument.

REMEMBER… REMEMBER… Directions: Read the following statements. Write

true and F if it is false.
T if it is 3. The issue for argumentative essay does not have to be
Relevance and Worth of Ideas: A good paragraph Soundness of Author’s Reasoning: In writing, an relevant as long as the stand of the writer is
should containsentencesthat arerelevant to the argument is usually main
a idea backed up with convincing.
1.As 21st century learners who are influenced by the
paragraph’s main subject and point. While the topic evidences that support the idea . An argument is sound global trends and happenings, it is necessary to make
sentence sets up the main idea, the rest of the sentence if it meets thesetwo criteria: It is valid and itspremises 4. Many writers use argumentative texts to persuade the
decisions or make a stand about issues that have readers to agree to their points of view.
provide details that support or explain this main idea. If (basis of argument) are true. In other words, a sound implications in your daily life.
you see a sentence that does not seem to relate to the argument has the right form and it is true.
topic sentence, it is probably irrelevant. 5. Our personal beliefs can stand as evidences to support
2. A good writer should not just present information, but our argument.
should also show the pros and cons of an issue.

ARGUMENTATIVE The following FIVE FEATURES make

5. First part of an essay
ESSAY up the structure of an argumentative
essay:
PARTS OF AN
INTRODUCTION An argumentative essay 1. Introduction and thesis ARGUMENTATIVEE
is a p ie c e o f writing tha t 2. Opposing and qualifying ideas
ta ke s a s ta nc e o n a n 3. Strong evidence in support of claim
4. Style and tone of language
ESSAY
is s ue . 5. A compelling conclusion
 2. BODY PARAGRAPHS 3. CONCLUSION
1. INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH THESIS STATEMENT is part of your first
-It should have three or more paragraphs that -A paragraph that restates your thesis and
paragraph; it is a concise, one -sentence summary
-It includes the topic, provide of your main point and claim. These steps will help
explain the reasons why you support your summarizes all of the arguments made in
background information necessary to you get your point across clearly and concisely: thesis your body paragraphs.
-Body paragraphs are where you back up your
understand your argument, outline claims with examples, research, statistics,
-A good conclusion will appeal to a reader’s
• Turn the topic into a question and answer it. emotions. Sometimes, writers will use a
the evidence you will present and • State an argument — and then refute it. studies, and text citations. Address opposing
personal anecdote explaining how the topic
states your thesis. • Briefly outline your main points. points of view and disprove them or explain
why you disagree with them. personally affects them .

ARGUMENTATIVE FIVE FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE

PARTS OF
ESSAY
An argumentative essay
OF AN ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY:

1. Introduction and thesis

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY THE
is a p ie c e o f writing tha t
ta ke s a s ta nc e o n a n
2. Opposing and qualifying ideas
3. Strong evidence in support of claim 1. INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
2. BODY PARAGRAPHS
TELEPHONE
4. Style and tone of language By Ed w a rd Fie ld
is s ue . 5. A compelling conclusion 3. CONCLUSION

THE TELEPHONE
by EDWARD FIELD It rings and I am alerted to love or gossip
The Telephone is a poem by Edward I go comb my hair which begins to sparkle
My happiness depends on an electric applia a Without it I was like a bear in a cave
Field, a commentary on the invention And I do not mind giving it so much credit
of the telephone. It is taken from
“Counting Myself Lucky” a
With life in this city being what is
Each person separated from friends
Drowsing through a shadowy winter
It rings and spring has come Thank you!
I stretch and amble out into the sunshine
compilation of Fields’ poems. By a tangle of subways and buses Hungry again as I pick up the receiver
Yes, my telephone is my joy For the human voice and the good news of f
It tells me that I am in the world and wanted