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Lesson 1 3. Anuman ang gawin, pitong beses isipin.

PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD 4. Ang hindi lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi
makakarating sa paroroonan.
− Folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives
5. Ang umaayaw ay hindi nagwawagi. Ang
and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances
nagwawagi ay hindi umaayaw.
− Literature is often spread through word of
mouth. 6. Daig ng maagap ang masipag.
− Subjects: work in the home, children, fields,
forests, seas, village food-gathering and the Folksongs
nature of creatures or objects.
− Form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes
− Filipinos already had their own alphabet.
and aspirations, the people’s lifestyles as
However, due to the materials, it became
well as their loves.
difficult to preserve writings. This is the
− Often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and
reason why oral literature continued.
naïve.
1. Oyayi – lullaby songs that are usually played
Riddles/Bugtong for children
− Generally poetic in form and come in one, 2. Soliranin – a song for travelers
two, three or four lines. 3. Kumintang – very popular in the past as war
− Use one or more images to refer to an object songs and has a livelier tune than the kundiman
to be guessed. which talks about feelings of joy, sorrow or the
− Use of obscure words has been invented for beauty of Filipino women and bravery of men
the purposes of rhyme and meter. 4. Diona – a wedding song
Examples: 5. Bung-aw – a funeral song
1. “maikling landasin, di maubos lakarin” Answer: 6. Dipayanin – a drinking song
Anino 7. Bansal – a courting song.
2. Magandang prinsesa, nakaupo sa tasa. Example: Ili-Ili Tulog Anay – Hiligaynon Folk song,
Answer: Kasoy an example of Oyayi sung by a father to his child
3. Lumuluha walang mata, lumalakad walang while the mother is away buying groceries. The
paa. Answer: Ballpen second stanza is the voice of the mother, who is
4. May puno walang bunga, may dahoon walang now waking up the father- asking for help to carry
sanga. Answer: Sandok the groceries bought.
5. Kung kalian mo pinatay, saka pa humaba ang
buhay. Answer: Kandila
6. Dumaan ang hari, nagkagatan ang mga pari.
Epics
Answer: Zipper − Ethno-epics as anthropologists call them
− Chanted in a variety of rituals.
− Stories about the adventures of a hero in a
Proverbs/Salawikain certain ethnic group in the country.
− Echo the values of Filipinos. Examples:
− The most important contribution of these 1. Aliguyon or the Hudhud of the Ifugao – tells of
proverbs to the Filipinos are their lessons the exploits of Aliguyon as he battles his arch
that remain true to this day. enemy, Pambukhayon.
Examples: 2. Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) – tells of the
1. Kung may itinanim, may aanihin. adventures of the prodigious epic hero, Lamang
2. Ang kita sa bula, sa bula rin mawawala. who exhibits extraordinary powers at a very early
age.

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3. Labaw Donggon – about the amorous exploits 3. Old story of the city of Biringan. Said to be an
of the son of a goddess Alunsina, by a mortal, otherworldly, hidden place of engkantos and
Datu Paubari. diwatas. Accounts of said victims said that they
4. The Agyu or Olahing – narrates the exploits of are lured into the city unknowingly only to return
the hero as he leads his people who have been sometime later with little memory of what
driven out of their land to Nalandangan. happened.
TRADITIONAL
1. Alamat ng Pinya
Legends/Alamat
2. Alamat ng Sibuyas
− Origin stories or stories about human
actions perceived to have taken place within
human history. Myths
− Presumed to have some basis in historical − Mostly synonymous with fiction due to the
fact and tends to mention real people or lack of evidence of its story.
events. − Include supernatural elements in a timeless
Summary of the legend of Mt. Mayon: past which includes gods and goddesses,
− Magayon – beautiful maiden in Ibalon; supernatural realms and creatures.
− Makusog – Magayon’s father; chief of the tribe − Gods & Goddesses of the Philippine Mythology:
Pagtuga – warrior and chief of Iraga; tried to woo 1. Bathala – leader of the gods in Tagalog myths
Magayon but to no success (Zeus).
− One day, Magayon bathed in her favorite spot 2. Ulilang Kaluluwa – one of the siblings of
called the Yawa River. She suddenly slipped on Bathala. The two fought and Ulilang was killed
the rocks and cried for help. giving Bathala control of the heavens.
− Pangaronon – saved Magayon from drowning 3. Galang Kaluluwa – other sibling of Bathala; the
because he was nearby; became close to ruler of the sky; Bathala’s bestfriend. When
Magayon and asked Makusog for her hand in Galang died from an illness, Bathala ruled
marriage supreme.
− Pagtuga kidnapped Magayon and threatened 4. Mayari (Goddess of the Moon) Tala (Goddess
her to marry him or his father would die. of the Stars) Hanan (Goddess of the Morning) –
− Pangaronon battled to take Magayon back and three demigod daughters of Bathala when he fell
won, but Magayon was struck with a poisoned in love with a mortal who died after giving birth.
arrow. 5. Aman Sinaya (Goddess of the Sea) – fierce
− Pangaronon got stabbed by one of Pagtuga’s rival of Bathala using his lightning bolts and
men. Makusog buried his daughter and thunder and Aman using her waves and
Pangaronon together after the battle. typhoons. Other Mythical creatures:
− Years passed and the land where they buried 1. Manananggal – aswang (evil spirit) that
rose higher and higher, which was eventually detaches her torso from her lower half and then
called Mayon. takes flight during the night to eat infants.
URBAN LEGENDS 2. Tikbalang – a bipedal horse that is said to
1. Alice Dixon is held captive by the so-called scare travelers or play tricks on them which will
taong-ahas in Robinsons fitting room. lead them astray from the right path.
2. The story of the blood of street children is 3. Batibat or bangungot – forbids humans from
used as the foundation of the San Juanico Bridge. sleeping near its post. It sits upon the chest of its
Told that the bridge would not be finished unless victim until he suffocates.
children were sacrificed by having their blood 4. Sigbin – a creature that resembles a dog but
spilled on the foundation. walks backward with its head lowered between

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its hind legs. Looking for children that it will kill ii. Korido – presentation of metrical romances
for their hearts, which it fashions into amulets. 5. made for narration.
Kumakatok – a group of three-robed figures Ex: Ibong Adarna by Francisco Baltazar
believed by many in the Philippines to knock on
doors in the middle of the night and bring bad
iii. Prose Narratives - written to prescribe proper
omens.
decorum.
Ex: Fr. Modesto De Castro’s ‘Ang Pagsusulatan ng
Lesson 2 Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at Feliza’.
Spanish Period
- The Spanish Colonization in the Introduction of Poetic Joust
Philippines started in 1565 during the 1. Balagtasan – derived from Francisco Balagtas
time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. 2. Crisotan – from the name of the father of
- The strategy of the Spanish as they Pampango Literature Crisostomo Sotto
conquered the literary culture of the 3. Bukanegan – in the Ilocano Literature from its
Philippines was to undermine the native father, Pedro Bukaneg.
oral tradition of spreading stories from
people to people.
The Continuity of the Spanish Revolution
- The colonizers carried on with their
mission which was to convert indios into The rise of the propaganda movement
Christians by the introduction of La Solidaridad – bi-weekly Spanish broadsheet
Doctrina Christiana. to discuss the economic, social, cultural, and
- Doctrina Christiana – the first book political events in the country.
printed in 1593; a Catholic book of Notable propagandists and their pseudonyms:
prayers and doctrines. 1. Jose Rizal, Laong Laan or Dimasalang
− Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo – socio-
political novels calling for the people to fight for
Types of Literary Forms their country and freedom
Two Major Forms of Literature 2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Plaridel − Dasalan at
1. Religious Literatures – used to teach Spanish Tocsohan
to the Filipino people in the form of catechism. – talks about the treatment of the prayles to
Literary pieces were lyrically written by ladinos, Filipinos
natives who were versed in Spanish and Tagalog.
3. Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Diego Laura − Fray
Example: Pasyon Botod
− Depicts the life and sufferings of Christ. − – discussing the Spanish’s use of religion to their
“Ang Mahal na Pasyon ni Hesukristong advance
Panginoon Natin” by Gaspar Aquino De
4. Jose Ma. Panganiban, Jomapa
Belen – most popular version
− La Universidad de Filipinas – a critical essay on
− Senakulo – dramatization of Pasyon; shows
the defects of a church-dominated education in
the passion and death of Christ; adapted
the Philippines
during the Holy Week in a stage or street
play. 5. Antonio Luna, Taga-Ilog
2. Secular Literature – non-religious literary − Impresiones – a collection of essays depicting
forms. Spain, the Spaniards, and their manners in the
most critical manner.
i. Awit – presents colorful tales of chivalry made
for singing and chanting. 6. Mariano Ponce, Tikbalang or Naning
Ex: Florante at Laura by Francisco Baltazar II. 7. Dominador Gomez, Ramiro Franco

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Lesson 3
AMERICAN PERIOD 1. Ignacio Manlapaz
2. Godofredo Rivera
English was added as a medium in writing. Many
Filipinos started writing again due to two 3. Federico Mangahas
significant developments in education and 4. Salvador Lopez
culture: 5. Armando Dayrit
1. The introduction of free public instruction for
all children of school-age The well-known short story Dead Stars by Paz
2. The use of English as the medium of Marquez Benitez stands out as a model of
instruction in all levels of education in public perfection in the field of short stories.
schools.
III. Period of Self-Discovery
I. Period of Re-orientation − Filipino writers had already acquired mastery in
− Americans settled in the Philippines the use of the English language in writing
− English as literary vehicle and medium of − poetry has now also become more original,
instruction in public schools spontaneous, and even socially conscious
− American forces became the first teachers. Poems:
− The writers were still adjusting to the newfound 1. Jose Garcia Villa
freedom and the correct usage of the language in 2. Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion
terms of sentence construction First pieces of 3. Angela Manalang Gloria
literature: 4. Abelardo Subido
1. El Renacimiento in 1901 Dramas:
2. Philippine Free Press in 1905 1. Severino Reyes – Father of Tagalog Drama
3. Sursum Corda by Justo Juliano in 1907 2. Aurelio Tolentino – Father of Kapampangan
4. Proceso by Juan F. Salazar in 1909 5. To My Drama
Lady in Laoag by Sebastian 3. Patricio Mariano
4. Juan Abad
II. Period of Imitation 5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda
− Filipino writers were the pioneers in short story Novels:
writing. 1. Lope K. Santos – Ama ng Balarilang Filipino
− Filipinos were patterning their works to 2. Jose Corazon de Jesus – Huseng Batute at
American and British models which resulted in
Makata ng Pag-ibig
unnaturalness and lack of vitality.
3. Amado V. Hernandez – Makata ng
Manggagawa
Notable editorial essayists with sobriety, 4. Valeriano Pena – Kuntil Butil
substance, and structure contents:
5. Inigo Ed Regalado – popular storyteller,
1. Carlos P. Romulo novelist, and newspaperman.
2. Jorge C. Bocobo Short Stories:
3. Mauro Mendez 1. Jose Garcia Villa – won first place in Philippine
4. Vicente Hilario. Free Press, “Mir-i-nisa”
2. Manuel Arguilla – “How My Brother Leon
Informal and critical essayists with satirical Brought Home a Wife”
contents 3. Paz Latorena – “Sunset”

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4. Jose Lansang – Broken Parasol 3. Eddie Romero – Ganito Kami Noon, Paano
5. Amador T. Daguio – “The Woman Who Looked Kayo Ngayon
Out of the Window” 4. Mario O’Hara – Tatlong Taong Walang Diyos0
Essays:
1. Carlos P. Romulo – editorial essay printed in 1986
the Philippine Herald magazine − The People Power Revolution ended the rule of
2. Francisco B. Icasiano – Mang Kiko the Marcoses
3. Camilo Osias − Political prisoners were released after years.
4. Salvador Lopez – won first place in the − Return of newspapers: The Inquirer, Malaya,
Commonwealth Literary Contest in essay and The People’s Journal
Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
Lesson 4 Filipino writers continued with their poetries,
short stories, and novels whether socially
POST-WAR AND committed or personal.
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD The new trends of this time paved the way for a
1946 − Literature was revived and talked about more creative and elaborate way of writing and
the Japanese brutalities spreading these words on various platforms
− Many young people became activists asking for
changes in the Marcos administration.
− Rebellion is seen in literature as well as on Lesson 5
campus newspapers sparked with nationalistic
cries.
NATIONAL ARTISTS
1. Amado V. Hernandez
I. Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for
Literature - N.A. for Lit (1973)
– The most prestigious and the longest-running - Portrays struggles particularly social labor (go
award-giving body. to marginalized sectors)
- the goal is to expose through literature
Plays - imprison due to criticizing the government
− Revision of Zarzuela, Cenakulo, and the - Ibong Mandaragit focuses on the plight of the
Embayoka of the Muslims. PH workers
− Presented in the rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, - wedded to Honorata “Atang” dela Rama who
the Folk Arts Theater, and the Cultural Center of disseminated his works
the Philippines.
Magazines 2. Jose Garcia Villa
− Liwayway is the leading Tagalog weekly - most commonly known for a style of writing
magazine. It is the oldest Tagalog magazine in the enhanced the unevenly bitter way in the US
country. - starts Pre-Med in PH shift to Pre-Law
− Kislap which contained interests in movies, - participant in writing club where he wrote
music, fiction, and features. poetry that is erotic in nature
Movies - EE Cummings – a friend, dedicated a poem to
− Pista ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino held yearly Jose entitled Doveglion. Represent Jose (Dove,
1. Lino Brocka – Maynila sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag Eagle, Lion) pseudonym.
and Insiang
2. Lupita Aquino – Minsa’y Isang Gamu-gamo 3. Nick Joaquin

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- expert in journalism, famous for using the -famous short story “The Bread of Salt” –
English language in newspapers, essay differences in social classes
incorporated with Spanish taste which is known
as Joaguinesque. 9. Edith L. Tiempo
- writing about the significance of the exploration - only girl for N.A.
of the colonial past “How Spaniards colonized
- poet, fictionist, literary critic
PH”
- style of writing is descriptive but at the same
- pen name is Quijano de Manila
time not using deep words, the purpose is to
describe what she is telling
4. Carlos P. Romulo
- The first Asian Press of the U.N. of General 10. F. Sionil Jose
Assembly
- known as a journalist and contributor to the
- wrote an essay about Filipino culture/sense of newspaper
identity
- produced a 5 part novel, expanded a decade to
- good statesman when it comes to being a write (talking about the generations of the PH
diplomat for other countries people who are living)
- 0ne of his essay became the first recipient of
the Pulitzer prize
11. Bienvenido Lumbera
- popularize bagay poetry
5. Francisco Arcellana
- style of writing using themes about representing
12. Virgilio S. Almario
the truth of harsh reality
- chairperson of the commission sa wikang Fil.
- progenitor the trend of writing short stories
- style is using tagalog
using English in PH

6. Levi Celerio 13. Alejandro Roces

- received the Guinness Book of Records for the - famous work is “My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken”
first person to produce sound using leaf - incorporate humor
- known as song composer (Sa Ugoy ng Duyan) - contributed to popularizing fiesta (actual
celeb), changing the country’s Independence
Day from July 4 to June 12, retrieving the
7. Rolando S. Tinio
important manuscripts of Rizal from the National
- known as a poet and playwright (sometimes Archives
stage director)
- awarded for the theater and script(literature)
14. Lazaro A. Francisco
- themes are agrarian reforms
8. Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez
- Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez
15. Cirilo F. Bautista Lesson
- fictionist and writer of an essay, received first
- poet, fictionist, essayist (opportunity to develop
commonwealth
creative talent)
- Literary contest (debate between Salvador
- made lectures
Lopez and Jose Garcia Villa)
16. Resil B. Mojares
- received pinakamataas na parangal in UP (The
Doctor of Humane Letters or Honoris causa in - from Visayas region, promotes region history
1987) - Cebuano Study Center

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17. Ramon L. Muzones - Works are Filipinos theme and

- politician before writer nationalism (sense of identity)
- the greatest Ilongo writer, literature is written in • Bandera! The PH Flag (photo essay)
Hiligaynon 2005
o Portrays Filipino culture
• Journey with Light: The Vision of
18. Gemino Abad
Jaime Zobel (novel) 2005
- originally Sec. in UP o Admire the world
- awarding the highest possible award in this • The knowing is in the Writing: Notes
century – the Univ Prof. label of the Practice of Fiction (essay)
2006
o Engage young
Lesson 6
writers/manual or guide
CONTEMPORARY WRITERS • Soledad’s Sister (novel) 2008
o Spread awareness of the
Joselito Delos Reyes abuse on DFW
- Born on Coloong, Valenzuela
- Studied at DLSU – Masters of Arts in PH Lualhati Bautista
studies - Tondo, Manila (NCR) December 2, 1945
- PNU-BSeD major in Social Science - Began writing when 16
- Works are based on personal - Lyceum of the PH dropped out to be a
experience/uses humor writer
• iSTATUS-NATION (essay)2014 - Works are honest realism, women
o about nationalism empowerment, female heroines
• Titser Pangkalawakan at iba pang • Dekada 70 (film) 2002
angas social network underworld o Criticize Martial Law/female
(essay)2015 protagonist
o 1st part – personal • Gusto Ko Nang Lumigaya (film) 2000
experience o Arrange marriage – guidance
o 2nd part – hatred for counselor with politician
government • Sixty in the City (novel) 2015
o 3rd part – experience as a o 3 women realizes theres
teacher more in life
o 4th part – context of the
letter he send to his father Macario Dela Cruz Tiu
• Troya: 12 kuwento (short
- Davao City (Region XI)
stories)2016
- Ataneo De Davao University
o Covers poverty, politics
- Works are about religious beliefs, used
local language
Jose Y. Dalisay • Ang Bata na Dili Matulog (2001)
- Pen name “Butch Dalisay” o A nanny babysitting, focuses
- Publish more than 25 books on women and child abuse
- Born on Romblon(region IV-B) Jan 15, • Balyan (2005)
1954 o Traditional med. Vs science
- UP dropped out to be a newspaper • Tsuru (2008) short story
reporter

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o Japanese girl teaches paper 7. Onomatopoeia – refers to a word that

crane that means luck phonetically mimics or resembles the sound of
the thing it describes.
Merlin M. Alunan
- Filipino poet Lesson 8
- Dingle, Iloilo, December 14. 1943 TESTIMONIO
- University of Visayas – BeEd major in
− Emergence in the recent decades in Latin
English
American literature
- Works are events happening/uses native
language − Traces its origins to autobiographical literature.
• Tales of a Spiderwoman(poem)2010 − Authentic narrative – told by a witness who is
o About power of love moved to narrate by the urgency of a situation. −
• Running with Ghosts(poem)2017 Emerges from a need to create social awareness
o About Balangiga Massacre and consciousness to marginalized groups and
• The Haiyan Dead (poem) 2014 the exploitations they face.
o Typhoon Haiyan also known − Has no fixed structure or format; may come in
as Super Typhoon Yolanda almost any form (letters, oral histories, songs,
etc.).
Lesson 7 − Ex: “Disneyland” by Ivy Echavarria Summary:
The story was about the author immigrating to
POETRY USA. The petition started when she was still a
− As a genre, said to aspire to the conditions of child and their parents planned to take them to
music, hence its rhythmic quality. Disneyland when they get there. She dropped
− Employs figurative and symbolic language that college in her country to wait for their
makes it susceptible to different interpretations. immigration. Due to the long process, they came
− Also considered as one of the oldest genres in to USA when she was already 20. She had a job,
Philippine literature. bought a cheap car, but it did not matter one bit.
She’s taking the folks to Disneyland.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
Lesson 9
1. Simile – a type of comparison between things
or objects by using the words “like” or “as”. FLASH FICTION
2. Metaphor – compares two, unlike objects or − Largely fictional work of relative brevity.
things which may have common qualities. − Should have not more than 50 words; others
3. Personification – occurs when writers give say that it can have as many as a thousand
human traits to non-human or inanimate objects. words.
4. Hyperbole – exaggerates to lay emphasis on a − "Short short story," "micro-fiction,"
certain quality or feature. "micronarrative," and "sudden fiction."
5. Understatement – writer deliberately chooses − Smoke-long Story – one is likely to finish
to downplay the significance or seriousness of a reading it before he/she finishes smoking a stick
situation or an event. of cigarette.
6. Oxymoron – combines two seemingly − “Dagli” in the Philippines
contradictory or opposite ideas to create a Ex: “Si Ma’am Kasi” by Eros Atalia Summary: The
certain rhetorical or poetic effect and reveal a story was about a terror teacher, strict about
deeper truth. Generally, the ideas will come as everything, observes everything during exams.
two separate words placed side by side. One day, a student’s phone rang during a test.

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She warned him. The student immediately kept

the phone in his pocket. It vibrated, so he looked The Seneca Review defines the lyrical essay as
again. The teacher caught him, accused him of having the following unique features:
cheating, and confiscated the phone. He gave his 1. Combines prose and poetry
teacher the phone, grabbed his bag, and ran
2. Constructed from a distillation of ideas
away leaving his test paper. A classmate read a
text message on his phone. It turns out his father 3. Mentions but doesn't expound
died and his family was calling him. 4. Suggestive but not exhaustive
5. Relies on associations, imagery, and
connotation
CHARACTERIZATION
6. Makes reference to other genres, such as film,
− The way in which authors convey information
music, literature
about their characters.
7. Arranged in fragments as a mosaic
− Direct – author tells what a character is like.
8. Based on stories that are metaphors
− Indirect the – author shows what a character is
like by portraying actions, speech, or thoughts. 9. Based on intimate voice
Part of the character we need to characterize 10. Crafted with lyrical language
vividly in order to bring them to life:
1. Character’s personality IMAGERIES IN LYRICAL ESSAYS
2. Character’s appearance and manner Imagery
3. Thoughts and motivations – painting a picture with words using figurative
4. Using dialogues to reveal the character’s language to evoke a sensory experience in the
nature reader.
5. Actions
Seven Main Types of Imagery
Lesson 10 1. Visual Imagery – what you can see; visual
descriptions.
LYRICAL ESSAY 2. Gustatory Imagery – what you can taste;
− Form of creative nonfiction that combines both flavors.
poetry: the almost-musical weaving of verse and 3. Tactile Imagery – what you can feel; textures
the straightforward narrative. and the many sensations a human being
− Recreates an experience and evokes emotion experiences when touching something.
in the reader by using sensory details. 4. Auditory Imagery – way things sound.
− Lyric 5. Olfactory Imagery – Scent is one of the most
− Poem that expresses personal emotions. direct triggers of memory and emotion, but can
− Has a certain musicality and rhythm to it be difficult to write about.
− Communicates the poet's feelings through 6. Kinesthetic Imagery – similar to tactile imagery
figurative language. but deals more with full-body sensations;
− Expresses through an almost-musical weaving experienced during exercise.
of verse 7. Organic Imagery – writer communicates
− Essay internal sensations; fatigue, hunger, and thirst as
− Prose composition that conveys the writer's well as internal emotions such as fear, love, and
views about a particular subject. despair.
− Expresses through straightforward narrative or
expository sentences

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Lesson 11 • Environment – captures the surrounding

in which humans, animals, or plant
PHOTOGRAPHIC ESSAY operates in the context of the story.
− Series of pictures that evoke an emotion, • Wildlife and Nature – captures the place
convey an idea, or tells a story. where animals and wildlife abound.
− Expresses an artist's personal ideas through • Sports – captures the intensity, emotion,
narration or exposition in photographs. and action of the chosen sport subject.
− May also propose an argument, challenge our 4. Information and Emotion – photos provide
beliefs, or encourage us to reflect on our values, information to convey context, and effectively
think critically and form opinions. evoke emotion.
1. Narrative Photo Essay – tells a story through a 5. Captions – words chosen by the artist work
sequence of events or actions. together with the images to produce meaning.
2. Thematic Photo Essay – focuses on a central
theme and presents photos relevant to that
Basics of Writing a Good and Concise Photo
theme.
Caption
a. Clearly identify the people and locations that
Elements in Creating a Photo Essay appear on your photo.
1. Story – expresses a central message or tells a b. Provide some context or background.
story even without a detailed written article.
c. Photo captions should be written in complete
2. Range of photos – comprised of a variety of sentences and should be in present tense.
photos, wide-angle shots, some detailed, some
d. Be brief. Your caption should only compose of
portraits, some aerial perspectives.
one to two declarative sentences.
• Overall Shot – used in big events to
capture shots of a crowd or setting
to convey the context of event
• Medium Shot – captures close
action while still showing
surrounding elements relating to the
subject
• Close-up Shot – emphasis on the
emotion and drama in a particular
scene
• Bird’s Eye View – shots taken from a
high angle, looking down at the
subject
• Worm’s Eye View – shots taken from
a lower angle, looking up at the
subject.
3. Order of the photos – The logical and creative
sequence of the photos communicates the
central idea of the photo essay.
• Portrait – strong and evocative
photographs that convey expression,
emotion or personality

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