1

Funda mentals of
Electricals and
Electronics

Electricity has an important place in modern society.

In this age, almost all the appliances we use, work on
electricity. Even the automobile industry has started an
electric car which will run on electricity instead of fuel.
When power supply in a city breaks down, hospitals,
hostels, office buildings, schools, food storage plants,
banks and shops, etc., stop working.
Electricity makes no sound, does not have an odour,
and cannot be seen. Learning the theory of electricity
makes us cautious about the hazards associated with
electric appliances. Therefore, it is very important to
understand the concept of electricity for installation
and troubleshooting electric appliances.
The electric elements in the appliance include
controlled and uncontrolled sources of energy, resistors,
capacitors, inductors, etc. The electric circuit should be
designed correctly to perform a specific function.
Analysis of electric circuits refers to computations
required to determine the unknown quantities, such as,
voltage, current and power associated with one or more
elements in a circuit. To work in the area of electrical
and electronics engineering, a person should have the
basic knowledge of electrical electronic circuit analysis
and laws. Systems, such as, mechanical, hydraulic,
thermal, magnetic and power are easy to analyse and

Chap 1.indd 1 05-Nov-21 4:23:08 PM

 model by a circuit. To learn how to analyse the models
of these systems, first, one needs to learn the techniques
of circuit analysis. We shall briefly discuss some of the
basic circuit elements and the laws that will help us to
develop the background of this subject. In this chapter,
students will understand the basic concepts of electricity
and electric circuits. Students can apply their knowledge
to design, build and demonstrate their own circuits.

Electricity
Electricity is a set of physical phenomena
associated with the presence and flow of
electric charge. Electricity gives a wide variety
of effects, such as, lightning, static electricity,
electromagnetic induction and electric
current. In addition, electricity permits the
creation and reception of electromagnetic
radiation, such as, radio waves. Electrical
energy can be easily transferred from one
Fig.1.1: Various driving forces on the earth location to another with minimum loss.

Sources of electricity
Energy is the driving force for the universe,
where energy is present in different forms as
shown in Fig. 1.1. In our planet, energy is
present in the form of hydel, wind, solar and
thermal energy. These forms of energy can be
used to generate electricity. Thunderstorm
and lightning is an example of naturally
generated electricity as shown in Fig. 1.2.
Fig.1.2: Natural discharging of energy
Energy transformation
According to the law of conservation of energy, “energy
can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change
its form”. One form of energy can be transformed to
another form. Electrical energy can be generated by
transforming several types of energy.
Nuclear Energy → Electrical Energy
Chemical Energy → Electrical Energy
Hydel Energy → Electrical Energy
Thermal Energy → Electrical Energy

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 High voltage transmission
line
Solar Energy → Electrical Energy
Wind Energy → Electrical Energy
For example, Fig.s 1.4(a) and 1.4(b) show how
electrical energy can be generated from different
sources. This generated electrical energy can be
transferred from one place to another using a
transmission tower. A typical transmission tower Transmission
tower
is shown in Fig. 1.3.

Energy foundation
To understand electricity, we need to know
about atoms. Everything in the universe— solids,
Fig.1.3: Transmission tower
liquids and gases are made up of atoms. Every
star, tree, animal and
even the human body are
made up of atoms. Atoms
are the building blocks of
the universe. Atoms are
so small that millions of
them can fit on the head
of a pin.
The centre of an atom
is called the nucleus.
Atoms consist of sub
atomic particles— protons,
electrons and neutrons. The
protons and neutrons are
very small, and electrons are
much, much smaller.
Protons carry positive (+)
charge, electrons carry Transmission tower
Thermal power plant
negative (-) charge and
neutrons are neutral. The
positive charge of protons
is equal to the negative
charge of electrons.
Electrons move in their
orbit around the nucleus. Substation
The positively charged Residential area

protons attract negatively

charged electrons and Fig.1.4 (a) and Fig.1.4 (b): Generation and transmission of electricity

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 3

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 Industrial area

High voltage transmission line

Thermal Power plant

Electrical Substation

Low voltage transmission line

Residential area

Fig. 1.5: Distribution of electricity

hence hold the atomic structure as shown in

Fig. 1.6.
Neutron
(No charge) Electric charge is a basic property of electrons,
Proton protons and other subatomic particles. Opposite
(+ve charge)
Electron
charges attract each other and same charges repel
(-ve charge) each other. This makes electrons and protons stick
together to form atoms. One foundational unit of
Fig.1.6: Atomic structure electrical measurement is coulomb, which is a
measure of electric charge proportional to the number
of electrons in an imbalanced state. It was discovered
by Charles Augustine de Coulomb.
One coulomb of charge is equal to the charge on
6.25×1018 (6,250,000,000,000,000,000) electrons.
The symbol for electric charge quantity is the capital
letter Q, while the symbol of coulomb is represented by
the capital letter C.
Flow of charge inside a wire
Free electrons move randomly from one point to another
inside a conductor. Due to this random flow, net electric
charge of a conductor is zero. When an external power

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 source is attached, Free electrons Net electric
net flow of electrons is moving randomly charge is zero

in one direction. This Flow of electrons

in one direction
movement of electrons
A B
generate a current. If
there is a current of 1 Fig.1.7: Flow of charge
ampere passing through
a wire, it theoretically means that 6.25×1018 electrons
are moving from one point to another in 1 second as
shown in Fig. 1.7.

Conductors and insulators

When electrons move among the atoms of matter, a
current of electricity is created. As in the case of a piece
of wire, the electrons are passed from atom to atom,
creating an electrical current from one end to another.
Conductors
The material in which the electrons are loosely held
and can move easily are called conductors. The metals
like copper, aluminium or steel are good conductors
of electricity.
Insulators
The materials which hold their electrons tightly, do not
allow the electrons to move through them. These are
called insulators. Rubber, plastic, cloth, glass and dry
air are good insulators and have high resistance value.

Types of electricity
We have seen that electricity is a natural phenomenon
as it is generated through lightning. This electricity is
static in nature. Electricity that is generated in power
plants is dynamic in nature. Thus electricity can be
classified as:
• Static electricity: Materials are made up of
atoms. Atoms are electrically neutral because they
contain equal numbers of positive and negative
charges. Static electricity requires a separation of
positive and negative charges. When electrons do
not move from one point to another, the electricity
generated is called static electricity. Energy

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 5

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 Notes stored in electric cell or battery is an example of
static electricity.
• Dynamic or Current electricity: Current
electricity flows through wires or other conductors
and transmits energy to devices. Flow of electricity
is possible due to the flow of charged particles
like electrons. When electrons are in motion,
the generated electricity is called dynamic or
current electricity. Dynamic electricity cannot be
stored unless it is converted to static electricity.
Current flowing through electric wire and electric
appliances are examples of dynamic electricity.

Assignments
• Discuss the sources of electricity.
• Prepare a data sheet in which electric power generating
capacity of the five hydel power generating stations are
mentioned.
• List out the names of top five thermal power plants in
India as per their electricity generating capacity.

Electrical Quantities
Current, voltage and resistance are the three basic
building blocks of electric and electronic circuit. These
are called electrical quantities. The energy flowing
through a wire or the voltage of a battery is not visible
through the naked eye.
An electric circuit is formed when a conductive path
is created to allow free electrons to move continuously.
This continuous movement of free electrons through
the conductors of a circuit is called current, and it is
often referred to as ‘flow’, just like the flow of a liquid
through a hollow pipe.
The force motivating electrons to flow in a circuit is
called voltage. Voltage is a specific measure of potential
energy that is relative between two points.
Free electrons tend to move through conductors with
some degree of friction, or opposition to motion. This
opposition to motion is called resistance. The amount
of current in a circuit depends on the amount of voltage
available to motivate the electrons, and also the amount
of resistance in the circuit to oppose the flow of electons.

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 The standard units of measurement for electric
current, voltage and resistance are given below.
Quantity Symbol Unit of Measurement

Current I Ampere (A)

Voltage V Volt (V)

Resistance R Ohm (Ω)

The symbol given for each quantity is the standard

alphabetical letter used to represent that quantity in an
algebraic equation. Each unit of measurement is named
after a famous experimenter in electricity— the ‘amp’
after the Frenchman Andre M. Ampere, the ‘volt’ after
the Italian Alessandro Volta, and the ‘ohm’ after the
German Georg Simon Ohm.

Voltage
Voltage is the potential difference between two points.
Voltage is also the amount of work required to move one
Alessandro Volta
coulomb charge from one point to another. (1745–1827)
Mathematically, it can be written as:
V=W/Q
where,
‘V’ is the voltage,
‘W’ is the work in joule and
‘Q’ is the charge in coulomb.
In an electric circuit, the battery is used as an electric
potential. Battery is one of the sources of voltage in an
electric circuit. Inside a battery, chemical reactions
provide the energy needed to flow electrons from the
negative to positive terminal.
When voltage is applied in an electric circuit,
negatively charged particles are pulled towards higher
voltages, while positively Electrons Direction of flow of current

charged particles are pulled

towards lower voltages.
Therefore, the current in a
wire or resistor always flows Direction of flow of electrons
from higher to lower voltage.
A voltmeter can be used
to measure the voltage (or Battery

potential difference) between Fig.1.8: Flow of electrons on application of DC supply

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 two points in a system. Value of voltage is measured in
volt or joules per coulomb. Symbolic representation of
voltage is ‘V’ or ‘v’.
When one joule of work is done to move one coulomb
charge from one point to another, the potential difference
between the two points is said to be 1 volt.

Generator

Diesel

Mechanical
Engine

Fig.1.9: Diesel AC voltage generator Fig.1.10: DC voltage source in truck

Example: How much work is done in moving a charge

of 2 C across two points having a potential difference of
12 V?
Solution: Given, amount of charge Q, that flows
between two points at potential difference V (= 12 V) is
2 C. Thus, the amount of work done (W) in moving the
charge is:
W = VQ
= 12 V × 2 C
= 24 J
Assignments
• Calculate the amount of work required to move a 10C
When electrons move, charge between the two points having a potential
they create vacancy for difference 24V.
other electrons. In this • Calculate the amount of charge required when 12J
way, the movement is of work is performed to move the charge in potential
repeated resulting in difference of 10V.
electric current.
Current
The flow of electric charge is called electric current.
The electrons carry charge and flow from one place to
another. More moving electrons generate more charge.

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 The amount of current flowing from one place to
another is determined by the amount of charge flowing
through it per unit of time as shown in Fig. 1.11.
The unit of current is ampere (A). Symbolic
representation of current is ‘I’. Mathematically, it can
be written as;
I = Q/t
Where,
‘I’ is the current,
‘Q’ is the amount of charge in coulombs,
‘t’ is the time in seconds.
Note: Coulomb is the unit of charge.

A Conductor
Cross sectional area of wire
Current

Charges
Voltage V

Fig. 1.11: Flow of charge through a cross section ‘A’ Fig.1.12 Flow of electrons in the conductor

If 1 coulomb charge passes through a point in 1

second, it will produce 1 ampere current. Conventionally,
the direction of current flow is taken as opposite to the
flow of electrons.
Example: Calculate the amount of current flowing
through a wire when the amount of charge is 5 coulombs
and the time is 10 seconds.
Solution: We will use the relation between the
current, charge and time.
I= Q/t
5/10
0.5 Ampere

Assignments
• Calculate the amount of current consumed by radio
when the amount of charge is 120 coulombs in 1
minute.
• Consider an electric circuit in which LED is used for
indication. While observing, it was found that the rate
of charge used by the LED is 180 coulombs in 2.5
minutes. Calculate the current drawn by the LED.

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 Notes • What does an electric circuit mean?
• Define the unit of current.
• Calculate the number of electrons constituting
1 coulomb of charge.

Classification of current
Depending upon the movement of electrons in an electric
circuit, current can be classified as:
Direct Current (DC)
Direct current is unidirectional in nature, i.e., movement
of electrons takes place only in one direction. This
means that current flows only in one direction. DC
voltage sources (like batteries and cells) produce direct
current. Direct current is used in wall clock, remote
control, vehicles, automobiles, cell phones, etc.
Alternating Current (AC)
Alternating current is bi-directional in nature, i.e.,
movement of electrons takes place in two directions.
This means that current flows in two directions. AC
voltage source (like AC generator) produces alternating
current. Hydel power plants, thermal power plants,
etc., are the examples of alternating voltage sources.
Alternating current is used in ceiling fans, coolers,
washing machines, etc. In India, standard AC generating
frequency (f) of alternating current is 50 hertz.

Frequency can be defined as + Amplitude Output with Slip

‘the number of cycles in one Ring AC sine
wave
second’. Movement from point A
A to point B represents one 0 B
cycle. Hertz (Hz) is the unit of
frequency. - One Complete Cycle
Example: 50 Hz represents 50
Fig. 1.13: Cycle of AC Signal
cycles in 1 second.

The main difference between AC and DC current

is the direction of the flow of electrons. In alternating
current, the movement of electric charge periodically
reverses direction. In direct current, the flow of electric
charge is only in one direction.
The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine
wave. In certain applications, different waveforms are
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 used, such as, triangular or square waves. Audio and
radio signals carried on electrical wires are examples of
alternating current.

Assignment
Prepare a list of gadgets in tabular form, having two columns.
In the first column, list out the gadgets, which work on the
alternating current and in the second column, list out the
gadgets which work on the direct current.

Resistance
We know that in conducting materials, electrons
are loosely held and can move easily. In insulators,
electrons are tightly bound to their atoms and they
do not move easily. A high voltage is required to move
the electrons in an insulating material. On the other
hand, low voltage is required to move the electrons in
any conductor. In conductors, the resistance is low,
while in insulators the resistance is high.
Resistance resists the flow of electrons and hence
the flow of electric current in the circuit. Conceptually
resistance controls the flow of electric current. Resistance
is represented by the symbol R. The SI unit of electrical
resistance is ohm (Ω).
Example: We use various appliances for our daily
use at home. To control the amount of current flowing
into the appliance, resistors are used. If a resistor is Georg Simon Ohm
not used in the circuit, then it will cause damage to (1789–1854)
the appliance.

Electric power
Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is
transferred by an electric circuit. Electric power is the
rate of doing work, which means amount of work done
in one second. Power is represented by symbol P. The SI
unit of power is watt (W) which is equal to one joule per
second. It is named after Scottish inventor James Watt
(1736 –1819).
Electric horsepower (HP) is another unit of
measurement of power. It is equal to 746 watts. It is
slightly higher than mechanical horsepower, which is
745.7 joules per second.

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 The electric power in watts produced by an electric
current I consisting of a charge of Q coulombs every t
seconds passing through an electric potential (voltage)
difference of V is—
QV/t = V × I
where,
‘Q’ is electric charge in coulombs
‘t’ is time in seconds
‘I’ is electric current in amperes
‘V’ is electric potential or voltage in volts
P = Work done per unit time
James Watt
(1336 – 1819) P = W/t or P=I2R
Where,
‘W’ is the work done in joules
t is the time in seconds
Power can also be defined in terms of current and
voltage i.e., the product of voltage and current results
in power. Watt is a measure of energy flow. Since, watt
is a very small unit of power, in actual practice we need
a much larger unit — the kilowatt, which is equal to
1000 watts. Since, the product of power and time gives
electrical energy; therefore, unit of electrical energy is
watt hour or kilowatt hour. One watt hour of energy is
consumed when 1 watt of power is used for 1 hour. The
commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kWh).
Fig. 1.14: LED Bulb by 1kWh = 1000 watt × 3600 seconds
Government of India
= 3.6 × 106 watt second or 3.6 × 106 × 2 joule
Example: Suppose, power of LED is 9 watts, which
means that it will do 9 joules of work in 1 second.

Assignments
1. Calculate the electric power, when the voltage across
an electric motor is 440V and current drawn by the
motor is 2A.
2. Calculate the amount of charge flowing through the
machine in 10 seconds, when the applied voltage to
the 1000 watt machine is 220V.
3. Calculate the applied voltage to the machine, when
the current and power are 10A and 1500 watt
respectively.
4. A 100 watt electric bulb glows for two hours daily,
and four 40 watt bulbs glow for four hours daily.
Calculate the energy consumed (in kWh) in 30 days.

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 More to know: Government of India has launched National
Notes
Programme for LED-based Home and Street Lighting in New
Delhi for energy conservation by reducing energy consumption.
Government of India has also launched a scheme for Light
Emitting Diode (LED) bulb distribution under the Domestic
Efficient Lighting Programme (DELP).

Fig. 1.15: Domestic Efficiency Lighting Programme

(DELP) 9 Watt LED

Power factor
In AC circuit, various components are connected such
as, resistor, inductor and capacitor. These components
consume power. When voltage is applied to an inductor,
it opposes the change in current. The current is built up
more slowly than the voltage, lagging in time and phase.
In this way, it can be stated that current lags voltage.
In case of capacitor, voltage depends on the charge. In
this case, flow of current transfers the charged electron
to the plates of the capacitor, after which, a voltage
gets established across the plates. When inductor or
capacitor is involved in an AC circuit, the current and
voltage do not peak at the same time. The fraction-of-
a-period difference between the peaks are expressed in
degrees and is known as phase difference. The phase
difference is < = 90 degrees. Because of this phase
difference in voltage and current, power in capacitor
and inductor will be minimum or, it can be said that
the circuit will lose this power. This power is called as
reactive power. In case of resistor, both current and
voltage are in the same phase. Therefore, power applied
to the resistor will get utilised. This power is called
real or true power. Combination of true power and
reactive power is called apparent power.

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 Power factor is the ratio of real power to the apparent

Reactive Power (kVAR)

er
(kV
A) power. Value of power factor varies from 0 to 1. It is
ow

Ap
p are
ntP
denoted by cos Ø.
Power Factor
Angle
Power factor = Real power / Apparent power
Real Power (kw)
Referring to Fig. 1.16, it is observed that as the
Fig. 1.16: Power factor triangle reactive power starts reducing, the real power and
apparent power become equal. When real power and
apparent power become equal it means that the AC
circuit is resistive in nature i.e. it will only have a
resistive component in the circuit. At this time, it can
be summarised that the reactive power due to capacitor
and inductor will not get utilised by the circuit.
Apparent power is the total power given to the circuit,
reactive power is the unutilised power, and real power
is power utilised by the circuit.

Assignment 1
Form an electric circuit as shown in
Fig. 1.17 and find out the parameters Earthing
showing voltage, current, resistance Bulb Terminal

and power.
Battery
Material required: Battery of 9V, Live/
Neutral Phase
fixed resistor of 3 Ohm, bulb or LED
of 5 watt. Fig.1.18: Power socket
Fig.1.17: Electric circuit
Assignment 2
Analyse the live, neutral and earth ports of the power socket which is shown in Fig. 1.18.
Note: Perform the above assignments in the presence of an elder or teacher.

Basic Electric Circuit

I
An electric circuit supplies electricity to the electric
V R device. These devices are called loads. Before the load
will operate, electricity must have a complete path from
the source to the load and back to the source. This path
for electricity is called a circuit. An electric circuit is an
Fig.1.19: Basic electric circuit interconnection of electric components in such a way
that electric charge is made to flow along a closed path
(a circuit), usually to perform some useful task. In Fig.
1.19, the voltage source V on the left drives a current I
around the circuit, delivering electrical energy into the
resistor R. From the resistor, the current returns to the
source, completing the circuit. The components in an

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 electric circuit includes elements, such as, resistors, Notes
capacitors, switches, transformers and electronic. The
components in the circuit can be active or passive.
Symbols of some commonly used components in
circuit diagrams are—
S. No. Components Symbol
1. An electric cell
+

2. A battery or a combination of cells + –

3. Plug key or switch (open)

4. Plug key or switch (closed)

5. A wire joint

6. Wires crossing without joining

7. A resistor of resistance R

8. Variable resistance or rheostat or

9. AC Voltage Source

10. DC Voltage source +

–

Assignment
Identify and name the following symbols.

+ + – Ω V I
+

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 15

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 Active and passive components
There are two classes of electronic components—active
Load
and passive. Both these electronic components are
different from each other.
Active components: Active components produce energy
in the form of voltage or current. These components
Switch require external source for their operation. Some of
Battery the common examples of active components are diode,
transistors, etc. If we connect a diode in a circuit and
then connect this circuit to the supply voltage, then
Fig.1.20 (a): Closed circuit the diode will not conduct the current until the supply
voltage reaches 0.3V (in case of germanium) or 0.7V (in
case of silicon).
Load Passive components: Passive components do not
produce energy in the form of voltage or current. These
components do not require external source for their
operation. Some of the common examples of passive
components are resistor, capacitor, inductor, etc.
Switch
Like a diode, resistor does not require 0.3V or 0.7V.
Battery
i.e., when we connect a resistor to the supply voltage,
it starts working automatically without using a specific
voltage. In simple words, active components are energy
Fig.1.20 (b): Open circuit donors, and passive components are energy acceptors.

Open and closed circuit

A circuit is a closed path or loop around which an
electric current flows. If the circuit is complete, it is
called closed and the device will receive power and work
properly. If this path is broken, the circuit is open and
the device will not work as explained in Fig. 1.20 (a)
and 1.20 (b).

Practical Exercises
Activity 1
Analysis of open and close circuit. Prepare the circuit to power
the lamp as shown in Figs. 1.21 and 1.22.
Apparatus required
9 volts battery, connecting wire, resistor, lamp, wire stripper,
wire cutter and switch.

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 R R Notes
Lamp is Lamp is
OFF glowing

Battery Battery

Switch Switch
OFF on

Fig. 1.21: Open circuit Fig. 1.22: Close circuit

Procedure
Following steps are used to form a circuit:
1. Take a battery; identify the positive and negative
terminals of the battery.
2. Cut the wire using wire cutter and strip the insulation
using a wire stripper.
3. Connect the wire to the positive and negative terminals
of the battery.
4. Connect the resistor to the wire which is connected to
the positive terminal of the battery.
5. Connect the other terminal of the resistor to one of the
terminals of the lamp.
6. Connect the other terminal of the lamp to one of the
terminals of switch.
7. Connect the other terminal of switch to the wire which
is connected to the negative terminal of the battery.
Result
When the switch is turned ‘ON’, the lamp will start glowing.

Activity 2
Construct a test lamp and connect it to mains.
Apparatus required
1 bulb, 1 bulb holder, wire, wire cutter, wire stripper, plug
Circuit diagram

Plug Wire Lamp

Test leads Bulb Bulb

A B Holder

Fig.1.23: Circuit diagram for test lamp

Procedure
1. Using wire cutter, cut the wire into two pieces each of
one metre length.
2. Now, you have two pieces of wire. Strip the insulation
of the wire terminals.

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 17

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 Notes 3. Fix the bulb holder using one end of the two pieces of
wires and install a light bulb on to the holder.
4. You have other two ends of the wire free.
5. Fix a two-pin plug on those free pairs of wires. It means
you can light up the bulb if you put a two-pin plug in
a live two-pin socket.
6. Check the continuity of the test lamp to ensure that
bulb turns on when the plug is inserted in a live two-
pin socket.
7. Now, pull out the plug from the socket.
8. Finally, you need to slice one of the wires in the middle
and remove insulation from each of the cut-ends for
half an inch so that the bare copper is clearly visible.
9. Your test lamp is ready for experimental test. Always
use a cap to cover the bare copper wire to avoid any
accidental electrification.

Series and parallel circuits

The electrical and electronic circuits are arranged in
many ways. The circuit can be named based on the
way components are connected. There are two types of
connection circuits known as Series and Parallel.
Series circuit
In a series circuit, electric load is connected along a
single path in the circuit. So, the current flowing through
each of them will remain the same. Since, there is only
one path for the electric current to flow through, if a
wire is cut or switch is opened, all electric loads in the
circuit will stop working. If a battery has insufficient
charge or energy, there is insufficient current through
the circuit to make the lights glow. In this case, battery
may be replaced or putting two batteries in a series
may solve this problem. In the series circuit, as shown
in Fig. 1.24, the arrows show the direction of the flow
of current.
A series circuit or series-connected circuit is a
circuit having just one current path. Thus, Fig. 1.24 is
an example of a series circuit in which a battery of
constant potential difference V, and three resistances,
are all connected in series.
Since a series circuit has just one current path,
it follows that all the components in a series circuit

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 carry the same current I, a fact evident from Copper
R1 connecting
Fig. 1.24. wire

In a series circuit, the total resistance, RT is +

V R2
equal to the sum of the individual resistances. –
Thus, in case of Fig. 1.24, the total resistance,
R3
RT= R1 +‫‏‬R2 + R3, while in the general case of n Fig. 1.24: Series circuit
resistances connected in series, the total
resistance is as follows:
RT = Total Resistance
R1 = 1st Resistance connected in Series
R2 = 2nd Resistance connected in Series
R3 = 3rd Resistance connected in Series
Series Circuit
Parallel circuit Fig.1.25: Bulbs connected in
series
In a parallel circuit, electric load in the
circuit forms multiple paths. Since, I I I 1
I 2
I 3 n

there are a number of paths, even if

one electric load stops working, the V R R 1
R 2 R 3 n

other loads in the circuit will still

work. The current from the source
Fig.1.26: Parallel circuit
divides, so some of the current flows
through one path and the rest through other paths. This
means that the power source must supply more current
RT = Total Resistance of
to power a parallel circuit than a series circuit which may Circuit
run down the battery faster. In a parallel circuit shown R1 = 1st Resistance in
in Fig. 1.26, the arrows represent the direction of flow Parellel Circuit
R2 = 2nd Resistance in
of current.
Parellel Circuit
Parallel circuit is one in which the battery current is R3 = 3rd Resistance in
divided into a number of parallel paths. Parellel Circuit
Total resistance of the parallel circuit is as follows:
RT = (R1 × R2 × R3 ×… Rn)/(R1 + R2 + R3 + ……+ Rn)
Key Concept Diagram
For a series circuit, R1 is said R1
to be in series with R2. For
these circuits, the current
Battery

flowing through each device in

R2

series is the same. Adding the Parallel circuit

voltages across each element Fig.1.27: Bulbs connected
in series is equal to the total in parallel
(battery) voltage. Fig.1.28(a)

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 19

Unit 1.indd 19 01-Nov-21 4:34:28 PM

 Notes For a parallel circuit, R1 is
said to be in parallel with R2.
For these circuits, the voltage

Battery

R1

R2
across each device in parallel
is the same. Adding the
current through each element
in parallel is equal to the total
Fig.1.28(b)
(battery) current.

Example 1: Calculate the total resistance when three

resistors of values R1= 20 ohms, R2 = 30 ohms, R3 = 50
ohms are connected in series.
Solution: Given, R1 = 20 ohms, R2 = 30 ohms, R3 = 50
ohms.
Using series resistors relation,
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 20 + 30 + 50
= 100 Ohms
Example 2: Calculate the total resistance when three
resistors R1 = 10 ohms, R2 = 20 ohms, R3 = 40 ohms are
connected in parallel.
Using parallel resistors relation
RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/(R3)
= (10 × 20 × 40)/ (20 × 40 + 40 × 10 + 10 × 20)
= 8000/1400
= 5.31 ohms
Assignments
1. Build the series and parallel connections of resistors
and calculate the resistance. Set up a circuit in which
three resistors of different values are connected in
series and in parallel. Then manually calculate the
value of total resistance in both series and parallel
connections. Verify the values using ohmmeter.
2. Calculate the total resistance of R1 =15 ohm, R2 =30
ohm, R3 = 40 when connected serially.
3. Calculate the total resistance when, R1=10 ohm, R2=40
ohm, R3=50 ohm are connected parallelly.

Practical Exercises
Activity 3
Build a simple electric bulb holder.
Material required
Thin cardboard (15 cm × 6 cm), aluminium foil (6 cm × 4 cm),
scissors, glue stick, pushpin, pen, light bulb, electrical tape

20 Field Technician—Other Home Appliances– Class IX

Unit 1.indd 20 01-Nov-21 4:34:28 PM

 Procedure Notes
1. Cut out the shape as shown in Fig. 1.29.

Part A Part B

Fig.1.29

2. Lay the shape on top of the cardboard, use a pen to

trace around it, and then cut out the piece of cardboard
as shown in Fig. 1.30.

Fig.1.30
3. Glue the piece of aluminium foil onto part B of the
bulb holder as shown in Fig.1.31.

Fig.1.31
4. Use a pushpin to poke a hole near the middle of part A
as shown in Fig. 1.32. Use a pen to widen the hole.

Part A

Part B
Fig.1.32

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 21

Unit 1.indd 21 01-Nov-21 4:34:29 PM

 Notes 5. Make sure the
hole is large
enough for a
bulb to fit into it.
Then loop part
A around the
backside of part B. Tape
Tape it into place
using electrical Fig. 1.33
insulation tape as shown in Fig. 1.33.

Activity 4
Make a simple electric circuit using a bulb holder.
Material required
Bulb holder, light bulb, cardboard (20 cm × 15 cm), battery,
C or D cell, 2 brads, push pin, pen, two connecting wires
(stripped on each end), 15 cm long, electrical tape.
Procedure
1. Attach the battery to the cardboard circuit board
by moving it down towards the narrow side of the
cardboard.
2. Prepare to attach the bulbholder to the cardboard
circuit board by
using a pushpin to Tape
Battery
poke holes in the
bulb holder and the
cardboard circuit
board.
3. Use the tip of a pen to
widen the holes and
then use brads to
lock the bulb holder Fig. 1.34
in place on the circuit board as shown in Fig. 1.34.
4. Tape one end of a connecting wire to the terminal of the
battery. Wrap the other end around a bulbholder brad.

Brad

Fig.1.35

22 Field Technician—Other Home Appliances– Class IX

Unit 1.indd 22 01-Nov-21 4:34:29 PM

 5. Tape one end of the other connecting wire to the other Notes
terminal of the battery. Lay the other end into the bulb
holder as shown in Fig. 1.35.
6. Place the bulb into the bulb holder. Make sure the
bottom of the bulb is touching the aluminium foil as
shown in Fig. 1.36.

Negative
Light bulb terminal
Electrical tape

Positive
terminal

Fig.1.36

Ohm’s Law
Is there a relationship between the potential difference
across a conductor and the current through it? Let us
explore it with an activity.

Practical Exercises
Activity 5
To prove Ohm’s law.
Material required
A resistor of about 5 Ω, an Battery Key
ammeter (0 – 3 A), a voltmeter + –
(0 – 10 V), four dry cells K Rheostat
of 1.5 V each with a cell +
holder (or a battery), a plug A
–
key, connecting wires and a
piece of sandpaper. R

Procedure
1. Draw the circuit V
+ –
diagram as shown Fig.1.37
in Fig. 1.37. Circuit set up to verify Ohm’s Law
2. Arrange the
apparatus as per the circuit diagram.
3. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand
paper.
4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. All
the connections must be neat and tight. Take care to
connect the ammeter and voltmeter with their correct
polarity (+ve to +ve and -ve to -ve).

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 23

Unit 1.indd 23 01-Nov-21 4:34:29 PM

 Notes 5. Determine the zero error and least count of the
ammeter and voltmeter and record them.
6. Adjust the rheostat to pass a low current.
7. Insert the key K and slide the rheostat contact to
see whether the ammeter and voltmeter are showing
deflections properly.
8. Adjust the rheostat to get a small deflection in ammeter
and voltmeter.
9. Record the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter.
10. Take atleast six sets of readings by adjusting the
rheostat gradually.
11. Plot a graph with V along x-axis and I along y-axis.
12. The graph will be a straight line which verifies Ohm’s
law.
13. Determine the slope of the V-I graph. The reciprocal of
the slope gives resistance of the wire.
Observations
• Range of the given ammeter = .................. A
• Least count of the given ammeter = ................... A
• Range of the given voltmeter = .....................V
• Least count of the given voltmeter = .....................V
• Mean value of V/I from observations, R = ........ Ω
Observations from the graph
• Slope of I vs V graph = ...........
• R from graph = 1/ slope = .............. Ω
Observation table

Voltage Current
across through
(V) (A)
0 0
2 .5
4 1
6 1.5
8 2
Fig.1.38
10 2.5
Graph between voltage and current
12 3

Precautions
• All the circuit connections must be neat and tight.
• Voltmeter and ammeter must be of proper range.
• The key should be inserted only while taking readings.

24 Field Technician—Other Home Appliances– Class IX

Unit 1.indd 24 01-Nov-21 4:34:30 PM

 Georg Simon Ohm (16 March 1389– a A
6 July 1854) was a German physicist Ammeter
and mathematician. As a school teacher,
Ohm began his research with the new DC
Voltmeter V
Resistor
R
Source
electrochemical cell. He investigated the
relation between current and voltage in a
resistor and published his experimental b

results in 1823. Ohm’s Law can be used Fig.1.39: Circuit setup for Ohm's law
to understand the behaviour of electricity
in individual components as well as in the
entire circuit.

Ohm’s experiment
A DC variable supply voltage is connected
with positive terminal at point ‘a’ and
Corrent (I)
negative terminal at ‘b’ as shown in Fig.
1.39. As voltage is increased, the current
recorded by the ammeter increases. For
every voltage value, the current is recorded
and the corresponding point is plotted on Voltage (V)
the graph. With this, a straight line graph
Fig.1.40: Ohm's Law Graphical Analysis
passing through origin is obtained in the
first quadrant.
Combining the two proportionalities, we have,
V α IR
Or, V= k (I × R)
where, k is a constant of proportionality. However,
the units of voltage, current and resistance are defined,
so that k = 1. When the current is 1 ampere, voltage is
1 volt, the resistance is 1Ω.
1 = k. 1. 1
Thus, the equation becomes
V= IR
Thus, Ohm’s law states, “Current in a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference between
the terminals of the conductor and inversely proportional
to the resistance of the conductor.”
It means that, if the resistance is kept constant,
as the voltage increases, the current increases and
if the voltage decreases, then the current decreases.
Also, if the voltage remains constant as the resistance
increases, the current decreases and vice versa.

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 25

Unit 1.indd 25 01-Nov-21 4:34:31 PM

 Notes It means, keeping the voltage constant, the resistance is
inversely proportional to the current.
Thus, from Ohm’s law, we have;
V=IR
where,
‘V’ = voltage applied to the conductor
‘I’ = current flowing through the conductor
‘R’ = resistance of the conductor
Problems on Ohm’s Law
Below are some solved examples to better understand
Ohm’s law.
Example 1: A 10 V battery is connected to the electric
bulb of resistance of 20 Ω. Find the current flowing
through the electric bulb.
Solution: Given,
V= 10 V
R = 20 Ω
The current flowing through the electric bulb is
given as:
V=IR
I = V/R
I = 10/20
I = 0.5 A
So, the current flowing through the bulb is 0.5 A.
Example 2: An electric iron of resistance 40 Ω is
connected to a supply voltage. The current flowing
through the electric iron is 6 A. Find the voltage applied
to the electric iron.
Solution: Here, I = 6 A, R = 40 Ω
V=IR
So, voltage is expressed as V = 6 × 40,
V = 240
Example 3: A 110 V source supplies power to a halogen
light. The current flowing through the halogen light is
5 A. Find the resistance of the halogen light.
Solution: Here, V=110, I=5A
R=V/I
= 110/5
= 22 Ω
So, the resistance of halogen light is 22 Ω.

26 Field Technician—Other Home Appliances– Class IX

Unit 1.indd 26 01-Nov-21 4:34:31 PM

 Assignments Notes
A. Solve the problems based on Ohm’s law
1. 9 V is applied across a 3 Ω resistor. What is the current
flowing?
2. A 6 Ω resistor passes a current of 2 A. What is
the voltage?
3. What is the voltage of a circuit with a resistance of 255 Ω
and a current of 3 A?
4. A small electrical pump is labeled with a rating of 5 A
and a resistance of 30 Ω. At what voltage is it designed
to operate?
5. A 9 V battery is hooked up to a light bulb with a rating
of 2 Ω. How much current passes through the light?
6. A lamp is plugged into the wall outlet, which is
providing 110 V. An ammeter attached to the lamp
shows 2 A flowing through the circuit. How many ohms
of resistance is the lamp providing?
7. If your skin has a resistance of 9000 Ω and you touch
a 9 V battery, how much current will flow through you?
8. What is the amount of current flowing through your
body with a skin resistance of 12,000 Ω is given, if you
touch a 120 V house potential?
9. When you are soaked in sea water, your resistance is
lowered to 1000 Ω. Now how much current will flow
through you if you touch a 9 V battery?
10. When you are soaked in sea water, what current will
flow through you if you touch a 120 V house potential?
B. Write the electrical symbols and units. Complete the
following table of electrical symbols and units.

Current Voltage Resistance

Symbol

Unit

C. In the following table, from the given values,

calculate the unknown quantities. The unit ‘k’ stands
for kilowatt (kW), which means 1000 W.

Voltage Current Resistance Power

100 V 5A

12 V 1Ω

5A 8Ω

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 27

Unit 1.indd 27 01-Nov-21 4:34:31 PM

 Notes 230 V 13A

3A 150 Ω

50 V 20 Ω

40 Ω 1 kW

0.5 A 2.5 W

250 V 62.5 W

D. Find the electrical quantities in the circuit shown in

Fig. 1.41.

120 V
D 50 Ω
A 100 Ω

B 100 Ω C 100 Ω

Fig. 1.41

1. Calculate the equivalent resistance of this circuit.

2. Calculate the total current drawn.
3. Calculate the voltage across the following:
Resistor A _____________________
Resistor B _____________________
Resistor C _____________________
Resistor D ____________________
4. Calculate the amount of power consumed by the
circuit.

E. Find the following quantities for the circuit shown in

Fig. 1.42.
1. Calculate the voltage across each load when the switch
is open.
2. Calculate the current drawn from the battery.
3. Calculate the voltage drop across each resistor.
4. Calculate the equivalent resistance in the circuit.

10 Ω

R1
R2 5Ω
10 V Battery

R3 5Ω

Fig. 1.42

28 Field Technician—Other Home Appliances– Class IX

Unit 1.indd 28 01-Nov-21 4:34:31 PM

 Kirchhoff’s Law
Kirchhoff’s law is named after Gustav Kirchhoff,
a German physicist. Kirchhoff defined the basic
relationship between voltage (V) and current (I). These
laws are used for circuit analysis. Kirchhoff’s laws
relate to the conservation of energy, which states that
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed
into different forms. This can be expanded to the laws
of conservation of voltage and current. In any circuit,
the voltage across each series component (carrying the
same current) can be added to find the total voltage.
Similarly, the total current entering a junction in a
circuit must equal the sum of current leaving the
junction. Kirchhoff’s laws are classified as:
1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law
2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoff’s current law states that, “Total incoming
currents at a point are equal to the total outgoing
currents”. It can be understood by an example. Consider
that I1 and I2 are coming towards a point. Current I1 and
I2 are incoming as they are coming towards a point P
as shown in Fig. 1.43. Current I3 is outgoing from the
point. The sum of incoming currents I1 and I2 are equal
to the sum of outgoing current I3.
Mathematically, at P, I1 + I2 = I3

I1 I1

I3 P (I1+ I2)
P

I2 I2

Fig. 1.43: Kirchhoff’s Current Law

In a series circuit, total current flowing in the circuit

remains same at any point in the circuit.

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 29

Unit 1.indd 29 01-Nov-21 4:34:31 PM

 Point A Point B

I
Direction of current flowing in series circuit

Cell

Same Current

Fig. 1.44: Loads connected in series circuit Fig.1.45: Analogy of current in series circuit

Point B

Point A
Point C

I=I1+I2+I3

Cell Point D
I1 I2 I3

Current at point A= currents

at point B + point C + point D
Fig.1.46: Loads connected in a parallel circuit Fig.1.47: Analogy of current in parallel circuit

In a parallel circuit, total current flowing in the

circuit is divided in parallel branches.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoff’s voltage law states, “Total voltage drop across
the loads in the circuit is equal to the total voltage
applied to the circuit” or “the algebraic sum of the
products of currents and resistance in each of the
conductors in any closed path (or mesh) in a network
plus the algebraic sum of the E.M.F. (electromotive
force) in that path is zero”.
In other words, ∑ IR + ∑ E.M.F. = 0
R1 R2
EMF is the force exerted on the
+ – – + electrons to enable them to move from
one place to another.
+
V1
+ Let us now write the equation for
V2
rise
– –
Fig. 1.48 in accordance with Kirchhoff’s
voltage law. To do this, we start at any
Fig.1.48: Circuit diagram for Kirchhoff’s
voltage law analysis
point and move around the circuit, listing
the voltage drops and the voltage rises
30 Field Technician—Other Home Appliances– Class IX

Unit 1.indd 30 01-Nov-21 4:34:32 PM

 as we go. (In doing this, remember that
we have defined that going from minus
V V V
to plus constitutes a rise in voltage and
1 2 3
+
going from plus to minus constitutes a V=V +V +V 1 2 3
V Cell
drop in voltage.) Thus, if we agree to list –
all voltage drops on the left-hand sides
of our equations and all the voltage rises
Fig.1.49: Series circuit
on the right-hand sides, the Kirchhoff
voltage equation for
Fig. 1.48:
Total potential energy gained
R1I + V2 + R2I = V1
Note that V2 appears
as a voltage drop,
because we go through
that battery from
plus to minus (+ to -).
Alternatively, putting all
the battery voltages on
Fig.1.50: Representation of series circuit
the right hand side, the
above equation becomes
R1I + R2I = V1 – V2 +
Hence, I = (V1 – V2) / (R1+R2) V Cell V V V
–
It can be understood by an example. Consider
a circuit in which three loads are used, i.e., R1, Fig.1.51 Parallel circuit
R2 and R3. Total applied voltage to the circuit
is V. Voltage drop across the loads are V1, V2 and V3. V = 1st Voltage drop
1
Therefore, according to Kirchhoff’s voltage law, total across the parallel circuit
applied voltage (V) is equal to the sum of individual V2 = 2nd Voltage drop
voltage drop (V1, V2, V3) across the loads. across the parallel circuit
V3 = 3rd Voltage drop
Mathematically, across the parallel circuit
V = V1 + V2 + V3
As shown in Fig. 1.49, voltage drop across
the loads are 5V, 2V and
Total potential energy gained

Total potential energy lost

3V. Total applied voltage

is 10V.
10V = 5V + 2V + 3V
In a parallel circuit,
the total voltage provided
by the source is equal to
the voltage across each
parallel branch. Fig.1.52: Representation of parallel circuit

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 31

Unit 1.indd 31 01-Nov-21 4:34:33 PM

 Notes Assignment A

Analysis of Kirchhoff’s Law

The circuit in Fig. 1.53, with 3 A of current running through
the 4 Ω resistor indicated in Fig. 1.53.
1. Determine the current through each of the other
resistors.
2. Determine the voltage of the battery on the left.
3. Determine the power delivered to the circuit by the
battery on the right.
4. Identify the
B C
currents – 1Ω +
I1
through
the
– 3Ω + G – 2Ω +
resistors E F
IL I3 I
by the + 4
+ I2
+
value of V 3A 20V
4Ω –
the resistor – – IR
(I1, I2, I3, A
I4) and the L = Load D
currents Fig.1.53
flowing through the batteries are ILeft (current flowing
from battery at the left side) and IRight (current flowing
from battery at the right side).
5. Start with the 2 Ω resistors, apply the loop rule to the
circuit on the lower right.
20 V = I2(2Ω) + (3A) (4Ω)
I2 = 4A
6. Start the circuit analysis from 3 Ω resistors. Apply the
junction rule at point A in the center of the circuit.
I2 = I3 + I4
4A = I3 + 3 A
I3 = 1 A
7. The current through the 1 Ω resistor certainly runs
from right to left. If we apply the loop rule to the top
circuit, we will have to run against that current. This
changes what is normally considered a potential drop
into a potential increase.
I1(1Ω) = (4A)(2Ω) + (1A)(3Ω)
I1 = 5A
8. Apply the loop rule to the outer circuit i.e. ABCD to
get the voltage of the battery on the left (continuing
with the assumption that the current is running anti-
clockwise). We find the current running through the left
battery backwards.
20V = (5A)(1Ω) + VL
VL = 9V

32 Field Technician—Other Home Appliances– Class IX

Unit 1.indd 32 01-Nov-21 4:34:34 PM

 9. Let us verify this result by repeating the procedure for Notes
the bottom circuit, i.e., AEFD
20 V = (4A)(2Ω) + (1A)(3Ω) + VL
VL = 9 V
10. The power delivered to the circuit by the battery can
be calculated by multiplying voltage and current in the
circuit. We already have the voltage (it's given in the
problem) and we have to determine the current. Apply
the junction rule to the junction on the left.
IL = I1 + I3
IL = 5A + 1A
IL = 12A
and again to the junction at the bottom
IR = IL + I4
IR = 12A + 3A
IR = 15A
11. To find the power of the battery on the right
P = VI
P = (20V)(15A)
P = 300W

Assignment B
Determine the current through each resistor in the circuit
shown below.

+ +
12 V I1 5V
4Ω
– –

I2 I3
3Ω 2Ω

Fig.1.54

Practical Exercises
Activity 6
a R1 b
Verify Kirchhoff’s law by 82Ω 100Ω
c
observing the reading in
ammeter and voltmeter as
shown in Fig. 1.55.
+ R2 R3
30Ω
50Ω

Material required 5V
Resistances of 30Ω, 50Ω, –
82Ω and 100Ω, connecting
cords, power supply. d
Fig.1.55

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 33

Unit 1.indd 33 01-Nov-21 4:34:35 PM

 Notes Procedure
1. Using the DC circuit trainer, connect the circuit
shown in Fig. 1.55.
2. Measure the values of voltage and current of each
resistor in the circuit and record it in the table below.

R1(Ohm) R2(Ohm) R3(Ohm) R4(Ohm)

I (mA)
V (Volt)

3. Measure the voltage and current values across

the resistors.
4. Measure the voltage and current values across the
resistors R1, R2, R3, and R4 and note the reading in the
table. Observe the total voltage applied in the circuit
and the voltage drop across the individual resistor.
5. If total applied voltage in the circuit and the voltage
drop across the individual resistor are equal, then we
can say that Kirchhoff’s voltage law is verified.

Activity 7
Calculate the amount of energy consumption in home
appliances.
Material required
Household appliances such as refrigerator, fan, television,
tubelight.
Procedure
Follow the given steps to calculate the energy consumption in
home appliances.
Calculation of energy
To calculate the energy consumption in home appliances, the
following technique is used. We know that:
Power = Energy/Time
or
Energy = Power × Duration of Usage (Time)
By modifying this formula slightly, we can determine the
energy consumption per day:
Energy consumption/day = Power Consumption × Hours
Used/Day
where,
1. Energy consumption will be measured in kilowatt hour
(kWh), like on your electricity bills.
2. Power consumption will be measured in Watt.
3. Hours used per day will be the actual time you use the
appliance.

34 Field Technician—Other Home Appliances– Class IX

Unit 1.indd 34 01-Nov-21 4:34:35 PM

 Since we want to measure energy consumption in Kilowatt Notes
hour, we must change the way power consumption is
measured from Watt to Kilowatt (kWh). We know that 1
kilowatt hour (kWh) = 1,000 Watts hour, so we can adjust the
formula above to:
Energy consumption/Day (kWh) = Power consumption
(Watt/1000) × hours used/day

Example: Calculate the amount of energy consumed by

a ceiling fan. If you use a ceiling fan (200 watt) for four
hours per day, and for 120 days per year, what would
be the annual energy consumption?
Solution: Given, ceiling fan = 200 watt and the fan
works for 4 hours per day; 120 days per year.
Formula used: Energy consumption/day (kWh) = Power
consumption (Watt/1000) × hours used/Day
Energy consumption per day (kWh) = (200/1000) ×
4 (hours used/day).
Energy consumption per day (kWh) = (1/5) × 4 energy
consumption per day (kWh) =4/5 or 0.8. So the energy
consumption per day is 0.8 kWh.
To find out the energy for 120 days, do simple
multiplication— 0.8 × 120 = 96 kWh

Assignment
1. Calculate the amount of energy consumed by a
tubelight. If you use a tubelight of 40 watts for eight
hours per day and for 365 days, what would be the
annual energy consumption?
2. Calculate the amount of energy consumed by a
television. If you use a television consuming 100 watt
for six hours per day, and for 200 days per year, what
would be the annual energy consumption?

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following components is used to close or
break the circuit?
(a) Bulb (b) Switch
(c) Wire (d) Electric cell
2. Which of the following components is used to provide
resistance?
(a) Heat (b) Energy
(c) Product (d) Resistor

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 35

Unit 1.indd 35 01-Nov-21 4:34:35 PM

 Notes 3. Frequency (f) of alternating current is_____________
hertz in India.
(a) 45 (b) 60
(c) 50 (d) 55
4. In a series circuit, current remains _____________and
voltage is _____________.
(a) divided, same (b) same, same
(c) divided, divided (d) same, divided
5. In a parallel circuit, current remains_____________ and
voltage is _____________.
(a) divided, same (b) same, same
(c) divided, divided (d) same, divided
6. Amount of work in one second is known as _____________.
(a) power (b) current
(c) voltage (d) charge
7. Ohm’s law states that _____________.
(a) voltage is directly proportional to the applied voltage
(b) voltage is directly proportional to the applied current
(c) current is directly proportional to the applied voltage
(d) current is directly proportional to the applied current
8. The amount of charge flowing through a point in one
second is called _____________.
(a) voltage (b) current
(c) power (d) charge
9. The amount of work required to move a unit coulomb
charge from point A to point B is called _____________.
(a) current (b) charge
(c) voltage (d) power
10. What are the basic components of all matter?
(a) Electrons, neutrons, and protons
(b) Electrons, proton and ions
(c) Neutrons, protons and ions
(d) Electrons, neutrons and charged ions
11. Electric charge can be produced by _____________.
(a) sticking (b) rubbing
(c) oiling (d) passing AC current
12. An electron has _____________ charge.
(a) positive (b) negative
(c) zero (d) both (a) and (b)
13. A proton has _____________ charge.
(a) positive (b) negative
(c) zero (d) both (a) and (b)
14. A neutron has _____________ charge.
(a) positive (b) negative
(c) zero (d) both (a) and (b)
15. Unit of electric current is _____________.
(a) Ampere (b) Volt
(c) Watt (d) Joule

36 Field Technician—Other Home Appliances– Class IX

Unit 1.indd 36 01-Nov-21 4:34:35 PM

 16. The unit of electrical power is _____________. Notes
(a) Volt (b) Watt
(c) Joule (d) Ampere
17. The term used to designate electrical pressure is
_____________.
(a) Voltage (b) Watt
(c) Joule (d) Ampere
18. The statement which correctly represents Ohm’s law is
_____________.
(a) V = IR (b) V = R/I
(c) R = VI (d) I = R/V
19 If V = 50 V and I = 5 A, then R = _____________.
(a) 50 Ω (b) 5 Ω
(c) 10 Ω (d) 2 Ω
20. If P = 50 watt and R = 2 Ω, then I = _____________.
(a) 50 A (b) 5 A
(c) 10 A (d) 2 A
21. A current of 3A flows through a conductor whose
ends are at a potential difference of 6V. Calculate the
resistance of the conductor.
(a) 4 Ω (b) 5 Ω
(c) 1 Ω (d) 2 Ω
22. Combination of three resistances in a series is given
as _____________.
(a) R1 + R2 + R3 (b) 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
(c) R1 × R2 × R3 (d) R1 + R2 × R3
23. A current of 2A flows through a 12V bulb. Calculate the
resistance.
(a) 6 Ω (b) 16 Ω
(c) 24 Ω (d) 20 Ω
24. Conductors which do not obey the Ohm’s law are called
_____________.
(a) un-ohmic conductor (b) non-ohmic conductor
(c) low-ohmic conductor (d) less-ohmic conductor
25. A complete electric circuit is called _____________ circuit.
(a) open (b) close
(c) incomplete (d) complete
26. Copper wires are used as connecting wires because of
_____________.
(a) low resistivity (b) low conductivity
(c) high resistivity (d) none of the above
27. Electrical conductors are materials which contain
_____________.
(a) only positive charge (b) movable electric charge
(c) only negative charge (d) None of the above
28. How many terminals do an electric cell consist of?
(a) One (b) Three
(c) Two (d) Four

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 37

Unit 1.indd 37 01-Nov-21 4:34:35 PM

 Notes 29. Electric cell converts ____________________ energy into
____________________ energy.
(a) electrical, mechanical (b) Mechanical, electrical
(c) chemical, electrical (d) electrical, chemical
30. Battery is used in the circuit to ____________________.
(a) measure current
(b) maintain potential difference
(c) oppose the current
(d) measure potential

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. In _____________ circuit, current remains same and

voltage divides.
2. In _____________ circuit, current divides and voltage
remains same.
3. Amount of _____________ in one second is known as
power.
4. A component which is used to close or break a circuit is
_____________.
5. Proton has _____________ charge.
6. Unit of electrical _____________ is watt.
7. Current is directly proportional to the applied voltage is
a law given by _____________.
8. 1kWh = _____________ watt × _____________ second
9. Switch is used for _____________ and _____________ of
circuit.
10. Electrons have _____________ charge.

C. State whether True or False

1. Frequency (f) of alternating current is 60 hertz in India.

2. Electrons are electrically neutral.
3. Due to rubbing of two bodies, electric charge is produced.
4. Kirchhoff’s law states the relation between voltage,
current and resistances.
5. Unit of current is ampere.
6. A resistor easily passes current.
7. Unit of voltage is watt.
8. Unit of power is joule/second.
9. Current in a circuit is instantly established.
10. 1kWh = 1000 watt × 3600 seconds.

D. Short Answer Questions

1. What is the supply of voltage at residential homes?

2. What is one volt?
3. What is the supply frequency of supply voltage?

38 Field Technician—Other Home Appliances– Class IX

Unit 1.indd 38 01-Nov-21 4:34:35 PM

 4. What is electric current? Notes
5. What does 10 A mean?
6. Explain diagrammatically, how the components are
connected in series circuits?
7. Explain diagrammatically, how the components are
connected in parallel circuits?
8. Explain diagrammatically, how the components are
connected in complex circuits?
9. What will happen to the series circuit if a bulb is fused?
Will the circuit be closed in this case?
10. List the appliances where resistors are used.
11. What are the different variable resistors?
12. How AC and DC currents are different from each other?
13. List the appliances which use DC power.
14. Calculate the current ‘I’ flowing through the circuit in
Fig. 1.56.
R=6 Ohm Bulb

Current
I=?
V=12V
+ –
Battery
Fig.1.56
15. Calculate the Resistance ‘R’ in the circuit in Fig. 1.57.

R=? Bulb

Current
V=24 V I=6 A

+ –
Battery
Fig. 1.57
16. Calculate the voltage ‘V’ in the circuit in Fig. 1.58.
R=8 Ohm Bulb

Current
V=? I=5 A
+ –
Battery
Fig. 1.58
17. Verify the KCL and KVL and find I1, I2, I3 for Fig.1.59.
a 5Ω b 6Ω c
+
20 V 10 Ω
+ _
3V h d
_ +
2Ω _5 V
_ +f
g e
4 V 20 Ω
Fig. 1.59

Fundamentals of Electricals and Electronics 39

Unit 1.indd 39 01-Nov-21 4:34:36 PM