UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
LAB REPORT
GROUP MEMBER ID
1. Temesgen Belay.................23203/13
2. Tedros Zeleke…………………..22997/13
3. Sisay Kebede.......................40496/13
4. Abdurehman nuredin………23790/13
5. Kalkidan Nibret………………..40109/13
6. Aschalewu Demisse………….40875/13
7. Daniel Mengesha………………00503/14
8. Habtu Abebe………………………41349/13
Submission Date:17/08/2016 E.C
 EXPERMENT #1 Amplitude modulation using DSB TC modulator
Title : Amplitude modulation using DSB TC modulator:
Objective:
On the completion of this unit you will be able to study amplitude modulation using DSB modulator.

Theory
This circuit investigates how amplitude modulation is performed using double side band modulation.
This circuit modulates the frequency of a carrier sine wave, according to the amplitude of audio signal
applied to its audio input.

This circuit uses IC 1496, which acts as a frequency multiplier. In DSB TC, carrier also gets transmitted
with the information. DSB TC consists of carrier, upper side band & lower side band.

Multiplier can act as balanced (suppressed carrier) or standard AM (transmitted carrier). This is achieved
by switch closed (TC) & open (SC)

Block diagram for DSB TC modulation

Procedure:
1) +12V, -12V & GND is connected from master unit to banana socket 1, 3 & 2 respectively.

2) All switch faults are in OFF position.

3) Audio i/p 1 KHz, 200mVpp sin from audio generator is applied to socket 12 from DTFFG III.

4) Carrier i/p 500KHz, (Time/div.= 2 us and set 1 div.)6Vpp sine from DTFFG III function generator is
applied to socket 16.

5) Switch SW1 is kept at TC position.

6) Connect CRO between socket 11 & 32 i.e. GND & observe modulated output (DSB TC).

7) Measurements are taken & determine following Fig DSB TC modulator waveform

Data and Output:

Message signal:

Carrier signal:
Modulated signal:

Conclusion:
In this experiment we tried to shows double side band full carrier modulation using sinusoidal message
signal. Also we elaborate how amplitude gets modulated in double side band full carrier modulation.

Va−Vb 0.58−0.2
Modulation Index= = = 0.487=48.7%
Va+Vb 0.58+0.2

where Va=0.58v ,Vb=0.2v

 EXPERIMENT # 2
Title: modulation using DSB Amplitude SC modulator:

Objective:
To study amplitude modulation with DSB SC modulator.

Theory:
This circuit investigates how amplitude modulation is performed DSB SC modulator ckt.

The main disadvantage of DSB TC is more bandwidth is required for transmission, which is actually not
useful. Hence DSB SC is used. In DSB SC carrier gets suppressed, only two side bands are present.

Block Diagram for DSB SC modulator

Equipment’s:
1) CM6 Panel

2) CRO

3) ХРО-СОМ Master Unit

Procedure:
1) +12V, -12V & GND is connected from master unit to banana Socket 1, 3 & 2 respectively.

2) All switch faults are in OFF position.

3) Audio i/p 1KHz, 1.5Vpp sine is applied from audio generator to socket 12 from DTFFG III.

4) Carrier i/p 600KHz, (keep Time/div.= 0.5 us and set 3.3 div.) 1.5Vpp sin is applied from DTFFG III
function generator to socket 16.

5) Switch SW1 is kept at SC position.

6) CRO is connected between socket 11 & 32

Data and Output:
Message signal:

Carrier signal:
Modulated signal:

Conclusion:
In this experiment we tried to shows double side band suppressed carrier modulation using sinusoidal
message signal. Also we elaborate how amplitude gets modulated in double side band suppressed
carrier modulation.
 EXPERIMENT #3
Title: DSB TC demodulation
Objective:
On the completion of this unit you will be able to study amplitude demodulation of DSB TC modulator
using envelope detector.

Theory:
Envelope detection is usually used in MW broadcast receivers. This circuit investigates how
amplitude demodulation is performed using simple diode detector circuit. This requires correct choice of
RC time constant. If RC is too large (long time constant) the output cannot follow rapid decreases in the
waveform. If RC is too small (short time constant) it responds too quickly & the carrier leaks into the
output giving a large amplitude ripple.

Since we have used silicon diode, which needs 0.7V to conduct, any incoming wave at socket 30 will
have to be amplified using amplifier hence an inverting op-amp is used at socket 30 before applying its
o/p to diode anode (1N4148)

Block Diagram for DSB TC mod-demodulation

Equipment’s:
1) CM6 Panel

2) CRO

3) Master Unit
Procedure:
1) +12V, -12V & GND is connected from master unit to banana socket 1, 3 & 2 respectively.

2) Connections are made as per wiring seq. & set up as shown in figure.

3) All switch faults are in OFF position.

4) TC/SC switch i.e.sw1 are at TC position.

5) Audio i/p (sine wave @1KHz, 200mVpp) is applied to socket 12 from DTFFG III (audio frequency
generator) from master unit.

6) Carrier i/p (500KHz, sin 6Vpp-keep time/ 1 div. - 2 u/s & set 1 div.) is applies to socket 16 from master
unit function generator (DTFFG III).

7) Demodulated o/p is observed at socket 31.

8) Applied audio is varied around 1KHz & received at demodulated o/p.

Data and Output:

Message signal:
Carrier signal:

Demodulated signal:

Conclusion:
This experiment shows how we got the original message signal by demodulating the modulated signal
using simple diode detector

EXPERIMENT #4
Title: DSB SC demodulation
Objective:
On the completion of this unit you will be able to study amplitude demodulation of DSB SC modulator
using product detector.

Theory:
The audio signal can be recovered with a further multiplication by a carrier. It is essential for the
frequency and phase of this carrier to be exactly the same as (synchronous with) the original, otherwise
there will be frequency and phase distortion of the signal.

This circuit investigates how amplitude demodulation of DSB SC is performed using frequency multiplier
circuit with built in RC(LPF)

Block Diagram for DSB SC mod-demodulation

Equipment’s:
1) CM6 Panel

2) CRO

3) Master Unit

Procedure:
1) +12V, -12V & GND is connected from master unit to banana socket 1, 3 & 2 respectively.

2) Connections are made as per wiring sequence & set up as shown in figire.
3) All switch faults are in OFF position.

4) TC/SC switches i.e. sw1 & sw2 are kept at SC position.

5) Audio i/p (sin wave @1KHz, 1.5Vpp) is applied to socket 12 from DTFFG III (audio frequency
generator)

6) Carrier i/p (600KHz, sin 1.5Vpp-keep time/div.= 0.5 u/s & set 3.3 div.) is applied to socket 16 from
master unit function generator (DTFFG III).

7) Demodulated o/p is observed at socket 15.

Data and Output:

Message signal:

Carrier signal:
Demodulated signal:

Conclusion:
This experiment shows how DSB SC gets demodulated using product detector to get the original
message signal we use.
 EXPERIMENT #5
Title: QAM mod-demod
Objective:
On the completion of this unit you will be able to study quadrature amplitude modulation &
demodulation

Theory:
This circuit investigates how quadrature amplitude modulation & demodulation is performed using DSB
SC (2 nos.) multiplier circuit.

Block Diagram for QAM mod-demodulator

Equipment’s:
1) CM6 Panel

2) CRO

3) Master Unit

4) Function Generator
Procedure:
1) +12V, -12V & GND is connected from master unit to banana socket 1, 3 & 2 respectively.

2) Connections are made as per wiring sequence & set up as shown in fig1.

3) All switch faults are in OFF position.

4) TC/SC switches i.e. sw1 & sw2 are kept at SC position.

5) Audio i/p (sine wave @1KHz, 1Vpp) is applied to socket from DTFFG III (audio frequency generator),
audio i/p (sin wave @2KHz, 1Vpp) to socket 20 from external

6) Carrier i/p (60 KHz, 1Vpp-keep time/div = 5 us & se 3.3 div.) is applied from DTFFG III (function
generator) to sock 24 & 4.

7) SW4 (phase control for audio/carrier) is kept in downward direction.

8) QAM o/p is observed at socket 13.

9) To see demodulation modulation connections are kept as they are

10) Original carrier is connected to socket 14 audio o/p (i.e. FG o/p, external) is observed at
demodulator o/p. when 90 degree phase shift carrier is connected to socket 14 audio2 (i.e. audio o/p) is
observed at demodulator o/p.

Data and Output:

Modulated signal 1:
Modulated signal 2:

Carrier signal:
QAM Output signal:

Conclusion:
In this experiment we tried to shows how QAM is derived from two DSB SC modulators to generate the
output looks like the above image.
 Experiment #6
Title: Frequency modulation using Reactance Modulator (Armstrong oscillator):
Objective:
On the completion of this unit you will be able to study frequency modulation using Reactance
modulator.

Theory:
Reactance modulator
This circuit investigates how frequency modulation is performed using reactance modulator ckt. This
circuit modulates the frequency of a carrier sine wave, according to the audio signal applied to its audio
input.

Fig 2.1 Reactance modulator

Armstrong Oscillator:
T8 transistor along with tuned transformer ckt constitutes what is popularly known as Armstrong
oscillator. It differs from Hartley (tapped inductor) & Colpitt's (tapped capacitor) due to use of RF tuned
transformer. The transistor T9 with capacitor C6 biased using audio op-amp buffer amplifier acts as a
modulator by varying the capacitor in the tank on application of audio i/p. Together this circuit becomes
reactance FM.

Equipment:
1) CM7 Panel

2) CRO

3) Frequency counter
Procedure:
1) +12V, -12V & GND is connected to banana socket 1.3 & 2 from master unit respectively.

2) Ensure that all switch faults are in OFF position.

3) DC I/P preset VR1 is set to 5.5V approximately at middle position

4) Audio input 4KHz 1.5Vpp sine is applied to socket 14 from FG

5) CRO is connected between socket 6 & 21

6) Frequency Deviation AF=(Fe-Fi)/2 = 465-444/2=10.5

7) The real problem is how to measure frequency deviation in FM waveform. You need to identify
frequencies at upper and lower boundary of modulation range in a given setup. You can't do it easily on
DSO but can be on analog CRO with some care as in triggered trace the left had starting point will
remain constant while right hand ending of trace will show different sine waves with varying zero
crossing.

Data and Output:

Message signal:
Modulated signal:

Conclusion:
This experiment shows how carrier gets modulated using audio signal by reactance modulator circuit.

Modulation Index=AF/fm Frequency deviation=((500-454.54)/2)KHz

=(22.8/4) =22.8KHz

=5.7

Experiment#7
 Title: Frequency modulation & demodulation using Reactance modulator& Quadrature Detector
Objective:
On the completion of this unit you will be able to study frequency modulation & demodulation using
Reactance modulator & quadrature detector.

Theory:
This section investigates how frequency demodulation is performed using quadrature detector ckt. It
includes phase shifter & product detector circuit.

Free Body Diagram Quadrature detector FM mod O/P

Equipment:
1) CM7 Panel

3) Master Unit

2) CRO

Procedure:
1) 12V, -12V & GND is connected to banana socket 1, 3 & 2 respectively.

2) Make connections as per wiring diagram & set up as shown in fig.

3) Ensure that all switch faults are in OFF position.

4) Audio input is applied (sine wave @1KHz, 1Vpp) to socket 14 i.e. audio i/p.

5) CRO is connected between socket QUAD. o/p & GND & observe demodulated signal at the output of
Quadrature detector.

Table Input & output for Quadrature detector

Audio i/p Reactance Buffer Amp. Quadrature
modulator o/p o/p Limiter o/p Detector o/p
4KHz,sine,1.5Vpp 1.3Vpp modulated 1.5VPP 1.3Vpp 0.3Vpp
Carrier 455KHz demodulated output

Data and Output:

Message Signal:

Modulated Signal:
Demodulated Signal:

Conclusion:
This experiment shows how modulated signal gets demodulated using reactance modulator &
quadrature detector.