Mathematical Methods Unit 2 Semester 2 2023

Mathematics Methods, Semester 2,2023

Test 7: Introduction to Calculus

SECTION 1: Calculator Free Total = /52

Name: __________________ Mark: ________ / 20

Time allowed for this section: 20 minutes

Show all your working clearly.

___________________________________________________________________
Question 1 (6 marks)
𝑑
(a) Determine ((4𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)). (2 marks)
𝑑𝑥
Solution
𝑑
(4𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 3) = 8𝑥 − 11
𝑑𝑥

Specific behaviours
✓ expands expression
✓ correctly differentiates

(b) Determine 𝑓′(−1) when 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 8 + 3𝑥 5 − 8𝑥. (2 marks)

Solution
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 8𝑥 7 + 15𝑥 4 − 8

𝑓(−1) = 8(−1)7 + 15(−1)4 − 8

= −8 + 15 − 8
= −1

Specific behaviours
✓ correctly differentiates
✓ correct value

(c) Determine the instantaneous rate of change of area 𝐴 when 𝑡 = 2 if the area of a
11 5𝑡 2𝑡 2 𝑡 3
region at time 𝑡 seconds is given by 𝐴 = + − + cm2. (2 marks)
45 6 3 9
Solution
𝑑𝐴 5 4𝑡 3𝑡 2
= − +
𝑑𝑡 6 3 9
When 𝑡 = 2
𝑑𝐴 5 8 4
= − +
𝑑𝑡 6 3 3
5 − 16 + 8 3 1
= = − = − cm2 /s
6 6 2
1
Specific behaviours
✓ obtains 𝐴′(𝑡)
✓ correct rate of change
Mathematical Methods Unit 2 Semester 2 2023

Question 2 (6 marks)
′ (𝑥)
(a) Determine the function 𝑓 given that 𝑓(2) = 1 and 𝑓 = 7 − 6𝑥. (3 marks)

(b) Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 33 at the

point where 𝑥 = −2. (4 marks)

2
Mathematical Methods Unit 2 Semester 2 2023

Question 3 (8 marks)
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 has a stationary point at (−2, −11) and a gradient of 9 at the
point where 𝑥 = −1.

(a) Determine the values of the constants 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐. (6 marks)

Solution
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏
𝑑𝑥
0 = 3𝑎(−2)2 + 𝑏 ⇒ 12𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0
9 = 3𝑎(−1)2 + 𝑏 ⇒ 3𝑎 + 𝑏 = 9
9𝑎 = −9 ⇒ 𝑎 = −1
𝑏 = −12(−1) = 12
−11 = −1(−2)3 + 12(−2) + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 5

𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 12, 𝑐=5

Specific behaviours
✓ differentiates equation
✓ equation using 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑥 = −2
✓ equation using 𝑦 ′ = 9 when 𝑥 = −1
✓ determines value of 𝑎
✓ determines value of 𝑏
✓ uses (−2, −11) to determine 𝑐

(b) Determine the coordinates of any other stationary points. (2 marks)

Solution
𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑥 2 + 12
𝑑𝑥
= 0 when 𝑥 = ±2

−1(2)3 + 12(2) + 5 = 21

Other SP at (2, 21)

Specific behaviours
✓ determines other 𝑥-coordinate
✓ states coordinates

3
Mathematical Methods Unit 2 Semester 2 2023

Mathematics Methods, Semester 2, 2023

Test 7: Introduction to Calculus

SECTION 2: Calculator Assumed

Name: __________________ Mark: ________ / 32

Time allowed for this section: 35 Minutes

One A4 page of hand-written notes, scientific and CAS calculators may be used.
Show all your working clearly. All answers to 2dp unless otherwise stated.
Question 4 (6 marks)
An open box is to be made out of a rectangular piece of card measuring 64cm by
24cm. Figure 1 shows how a square of side length 𝑥 cm is to be cut out of each corner
so that the box can be made by folding, as shown in figure 2.

a) Show that the volume of the box, 𝑉𝑐𝑚3 , is given by 𝑉 = 4𝑥 3 − 176𝑥 2 + 1536𝑥.

Let width of figure 2 = 𝑦, Let depth of figure 2 = 𝑧. Volume of figure 2 =𝑥𝑦𝑧

𝑦 = 24 − 2𝑥, 𝑧 = 64 − 2𝑥
𝑉 = 𝑥(24 − 2𝑥)(64 − 2𝑥)
𝑉 = 𝑥(24 − 2𝑥)(64 − 2𝑥)
𝑉 = 𝑥(1536 − 48𝑥 − 128𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )
𝑉 = 𝑥(1536 − 176𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 ),
𝑉 = 4𝑥 3 − 176𝑥 2 + 1536𝑥

b) Find, to the nearest 𝑐𝑚3 , the maximum value for 𝑉, justifying that it is indeed the
maximum value. (3marks)
3 2
𝑉 = 4𝑥 − 176𝑥 + 1536𝑥
𝑉 ′ = 12𝑥 2 − 352𝑥 + 1536
Stationary when 𝑉 ′ = 0
0 = 12𝑥 2 − 352𝑥 + 1536,
16
𝑥 = 3 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 24, 𝑥 ≠ 24, 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 = 24 − 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
16 3 16 2 16
𝑉 = 4 ( ) − 176 ( ) + 1536 ( ) 𝑉 = 3792.59𝑐𝑚3 ~3793𝑐𝑚3
3 3 3
Justifying it is a maximum, using the sign test:
𝑥 5 16 6
3
𝑉′ 76 0 −144
𝑉′ positive zero negative

Therefore it is a maximum

4
Mathematical Methods Unit 2 Semester 2 2023

Question 5 (9 marks)
A function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 8𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 . Solution

(a) Complete the following table. See table (2 marks)

Specific behaviours
✓✓ −1 per error
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) −48 −5 0 3 16 27 0

(b) Use calculus to determine the coordinates of all stationary points of the graph 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥).
(3 marks)
Solution
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 8 + 12𝑥 − 4𝑥 3

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1, 2

𝑓(𝑥) is stationary at (−1, 0) and (2, 27).

Specific behaviours
✓ shows 𝑓′(𝑥)
✓ solves 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
✓ states coordinates of both points

(c) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) on the axes below for −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3. (4 marks)

Solution
See graph
Specific behaviours
✓ locates domain endpoints
✓ axes intercepts
✓ behaviour at stationary points
✓ smooth curve throughout

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Mathematical Methods Unit 2 Semester 2 2023

Question 6 (7 marks)
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥, where 𝑥 is measured
in radians.

The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is shown.

Two points, 𝑃 and 𝑄, lie on the curve with

𝑥-coordinates 0.4 and 0.4 + ℎ respectively,
where ℎ > 0.

The secant through 𝑃𝑄 is also shown.

𝛿𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
(a) Use the difference quotient = to calculate, to 4 decimal places,
𝛿𝑥 ℎ
the slope of secant 𝑃𝑄 when

(i) ℎ = 0.2. Solution (2 marks)

𝛿𝑦 cos(0.6) − cos (0.4)
= ≈ −0.4786
𝛿𝑥 0.2

Specific behaviours
✓ uses correct values in quotient
✓ correct value

(ii) ℎ = 0.02. Solution (1 mark)

𝛿𝑦 cos(0.42) − cos (0.4)
= ≈ −0.3986
𝛿𝑥 0.02

Specific behaviours
✓ correct value

(b) Show use of the difference quotient to determine an estimate, correct to 4 decimal
places, for the slope of secant 𝑃𝑄 as the value of ℎ tends to 0. (3 marks)
Solution
𝛿𝑦
ℎ = 0.01 ⇒ ≈ −0.3940
𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦
0 < ℎ ≤ 0.000 06 ⇒ ≈ −0.3894
𝛿𝑥
To 4 dp, best estimate for gradient as ℎ → 0 is −0.3894.

Specific behaviours
✓ calculates quotient with 0 < ℎ < 0.02
✓ calculates another quotient with smaller ℎ
✓ correct estimate, to 4 dp

(c) Briefly describe how your answer to part (b) relates to a feature of the graph of 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥) at the point 𝑃. Solution (1 mark)
It is the slope of the graph at the point 𝑃.

Specific behaviours
✓ states slope at point
6
Mathematical Methods Unit 2 Semester 2 2023

Question 7 (10 marks)

Particle P is moving along the 𝑥-axis so that its displacement, in cm, at time 𝑡 seconds, 𝑡 ≥ 0,
is given by 𝑥 = 2.7 + 0.6𝑡 − 0.1𝑡 2 .

(a) Sketch the displacement-time graph of particle P on the axes below. (3 marks)

Solution
See graph
Specific behaviours
✓ turning point
✓ both intercepts
✓ parabolic shape

(b) Determine the velocity of particle P at the instant it reaches the origin. (3 marks)
Solution
Reaches origin when 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 9.
𝑑𝑥
𝑣= = 0.6 − 0.2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑣(9) = 0.6 − 0.2(9) = −1.2 cm/s

Specific behaviours
✓ indicates correct time
✓ obtains velocity function
✓ correct velocity

(c) Particle Q is also moving along the 𝑥-axis, but with a constant velocity. When 𝑡 = 6, it
has the same displacement and velocity as particle P. Determine when particle Q
reaches the origin. (4 marks)
Solution
𝑥(6) = 2.7, 𝑣(6) = −0.6

Displacement equation (tangent to curve at 𝑡 = 6):

𝑥 − 2.7 = −0.6(𝑡 − 6)
𝑥 = 6.3 − 0.6𝑡
Reaches origin:
6.3 − 0.6𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 10.5

Hence Q reaches origin when 𝑡 = 10.5 seconds.

Specific behaviours
✓ initial displacement and velocity
✓ displacement equation for Q
✓ equates displacement to 0
✓ solves for correct time