Scribd
Upload
17 views

text to pdf (1)

Uploaded by

amanbhadu902
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

text to pdf (1)

Uploaded by

amanbhadu902
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

​Class 10 Chemistry: Acids, Bases, and Salts

This chapter introduces acids, bases, and salts, their properties, and their reactions. Below is a detailed note
covering important concepts and activities from the chapter.

---

1. Acids

Definition: Substances that release hydrogen ions () when dissolved in water.

Examples:

Hydrochloric Acid ()

Sulfuric Acid ()

Acetic Acid ()

Properties of Acids:

1. Sour in taste.

2. Change blue litmus to red.

3. React with metals to release hydrogen gas:

4. React with metal carbonates and bicarbonates to release carbon dioxide:

---

2. Bases

Definition: Substances that release hydroxide ions () when dissolved in water.


Examples:

Sodium Hydroxide ()

Calcium Hydroxide ()

Ammonium Hydroxide ()

Properties of Bases:

1. Bitter in taste and soapy to touch.

2. Change red litmus to blue.

3. React with acids to form salt and water (neutralization reaction):

4. Can react with non-metal oxides to form salt and water.

---

3. Indicators

Natural Indicators: Litmus, turmeric, china rose extract.


Synthetic Indicators: Phenolphthalein, methyl orange.
Olfactory Indicators: Onion, clove, and vanilla (change smell in acidic or basic medium).

Color Changes in Indicators:


| Indicator | Acid | Base |
|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| Litmus | Red | Blue |
| Phenolphthalein | Colorless | Pink |
| Methyl Orange | Red | Yellow |

---

4. pH Scale
Definition: A scale to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution. Ranges from 0 to 14.

: Acidic solution.

: Neutral solution.

: Basic solution.

Importance of pH in Everyday Life:

1. pH in digestive system: Stomach acid () has a pH of ~1.5.

2. Tooth decay: Enamel corrodes if pH of the mouth falls below 5.5.

3. Soil pH: Affects plant growth.

---

5. Salts

Definition: Salts are formed by the reaction of an acid with a base.

Examples:

1. Sodium Chloride (): Table salt.

2. Sodium Bicarbonate (): Baking soda.

3. Calcium Sulfate (): Plaster of Paris.

Preparation of Salts:

Neutralization reaction:
Reaction with metal carbonate:

---

6. Important Chemicals from the Chapter

1. Common Salt ():

Used as a raw material for manufacturing:

Sodium hydroxide ()

Baking soda ()

Bleaching powder ()

2. Baking Soda ():

Preparation:

Uses: Antacid, baking, cleaning agent.

3. Washing Soda ():

Used in cleaning, water softening, and glass manufacturing.

4. Bleaching Powder ():

Prepared by:

Uses: Disinfectant, bleaching agent.


5. Plaster of Paris ():

Preparation:

Uses: Making molds, statues, and setting fractured bones.

---

7. Activities in the Chapter

Activity 2.1: Reaction of Acids with Metals

Aim: To observe the reaction between acids and metals.


Procedure:

Add dilute HCl to a test tube containing zinc granules.


Observation:

Effervescence due to hydrogen gas.


Equation:

Activity 2.2: Testing the pH of Different Substances

Aim: To test the pH of various solutions using a universal indicator.


Procedure:

Add the indicator to substances like lemon juice, soap solution, and vinegar.
Observation:

Lemon juice: Acidic, vinegar: Acidic, soap solution: Basic.

Activity 2.3: Neutralization Reaction

Aim: To observe a neutralization reaction.


Procedure:
Mix dilute HCl and NaOH solutions with phenolphthalein.
Observation:

Color changes from pink (basic) to colorless (neutral).

Activity 2.4: Preparation of Plaster of Paris

Aim: To prepare plaster of Paris.


Procedure:

Heat gypsum and mix with water.


Observation:

Formation of a paste that hardens on cooling.

---

8. Importance of the Chapter

Helps in understanding acid-base chemistry in everyday life.

Applications of salts in industries and daily activities.

Awareness of pH and its role in health and agriculture.

---

This note provides comprehensive coverage of the chapter for easy understanding and preparation.

You might also like