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Finnish
A Comprehensive Grammar
Bengali
Burmese
Cantonese
Catalan
Chinese
Danish
Dutch
Greek
Indonesian
Japanese
Kazakh
Modern Welsh
Modern Written Arabic
Panjabi
Slovene
Swedish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Finnish
Fred Karlsson
First published 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2018 Edix, Inc.
The right of Fred Karlsson to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copy-
right, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Karlsson, Fred, author.
Title: Finnish : a comprehensive grammar / Fred Karlsson.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2017. |
Series: Routledge comprehensive grammars | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017014269 (print) | LCCN 2017016553 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781315743547 (E-book) | ISBN 9781138821033 (hardback :
alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138821040 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Finnish language—Grammar.
Classification: LCC PH135 (ebook) | LCC PH135 .K34 2017 (print) |
DDC 494/.54182421—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017014269
ISBN: 978-1-138-82103-3 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-82104-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-74354-7 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon and Gill Sans
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
Prefacexiii
Notational conventions and abbreviations xv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 The relation of Finnish to other languages 1
1.2 Finnish and Finland, past and present 3
1.3 The basic characteristics of Finnish 5
1.4 What are the special difficulties? 8
xii
Preface
Fred Karlsson
Helsinki, 22 March 2017
xiv
Notational conventions
and abbreviations
xvi
A adjective Notational
abess. abessive case conventions
ablat. ablative case and
acc. accusative case abbreviations
adess. adessive case
adv. adverb
advl. adverbial
AdvP adverb phrase
allat. allative case
AP adjective phrase
C consonant
Cas. case
cf. compare
Clit. clitic
cond. conditional mood (in verbs)
elat. elative case
emph. emphatic, emphasis
ess. essive case
fun. function
gen. genitive case
grad. gradation
illat. illative case
imp. imperative mood (in verbs)
InfP infinitive phrase
indic. indicative mood (in verbs)
iness. inessive case
inf. infinitive (in verbs)
infl. inflection
instr. instructive case
intrans. intransitive verb
lit. literally
man. manner
Mod. modal
N noun
neg. negative
nom. nominative case
NP noun phrase
Num numeral
NumP numeral phrase
O object
xvii
Notational NumP numeral phrase
conventions obj. object
and p. person, personal
abbreviations part. partitive case
pass. passive ending (in verbs)
pcp. participle
PcpP. participle phrase
pers. person, personal
pl. plural number
pl1 first person plural
pl2 second person plural
pl3 third person plural
PM postmodifier
poss. possessive
PostP postpositional phrase
pot. potential mood (in verbs)
PrepP prepositional phrase
pres. present tense (in verbs)
pron. pronoun
S subject
sect. section
sg. singular number
sg1 first person singular
sg2 second person singular
sg3 third person singular
sg3pl3 third person singular or plural
sg. singular number
sth. something
tns tense
trans. transitive verb
transl. translative case
V verb
xviii
Chapter 1
Introduction
1
1
Introduction The Finno-Ugric languages
Baltic-Finnic
Finnish Estonian Sámi Mordvin Komi Khanty
Karelian Mari Udmurt Mansi
Ingrian Hungarian
Vepsian
Votian
→ → → → → increasing distance from Finnish → → → → →
Finnish and Hungarian are thus quite distant from each other, and the
relation between these two languages can only be established on historical
linguistic grounds. Roughly speaking, Finnish is as far from Hungarian as
English is from Persian.
The earliest archaeological remains unearthed in Finland are from 8500 bc,
left by unknown early inhabitants. There were some early Indo-European
settlements in Finland when the first Finno-Ugric settlers arrived from the
east around 2000 bc. This population incorporated Baltic and Germanic
elements during the last pre-Christian millennium. The population thus
formed then absorbed the Baltic Finns from across the Gulf of Finland
about 2,000 years ago. Politically, Finland was an integral part of Sweden
from around 1200 until 1809, and an autonomous Grand Duchy within
Russia from 1809 to 1917. Finland has been an independent republic since
6 December 1917 and a member of the European Union since 1995.
During the Swedish period, Finnish was very much a secondary language
in official contexts. Its basic public use was in church services and to some
extent in law enforcement. The language of the administration and the intel-
ligentsia was Swedish. It was not until 1863 that Finnish was decreed (not
3
1 by law) to have equal status with Swedish ‘in all matters directly concerning
Introduction the Finnish-speaking population of the country’, to be implemented within
a 20-year period of transition. In reality, Finnish became the dominant lan-
guage of Finland only in 1902 when Finnish finally was pronounced an
official language of Finland – along with Swedish.
The earliest actual texts in Finnish date from the 1540s. The father of writ-
ten Finnish is considered to be Mikael Agricola (1510?–1557), the Bishop
of Turku (Swedish: Åbo), who started the Finnish translation of parts of the
Bible during the Reformation. Some 5,350 of the words used by Agricola
are still used in contemporary Finnish.
In the latter half of the twentieth century this traditional picture of dia-
lect areas was radically levelled by societal processes such as industrial-
ization, urbanization, mass education, improved means of communication
and transport. However, this book does not deal with regional dialects and
their differences. Instead, we shall mostly be concerned with the official
norm of the language, Standard Finnish, one important variant of which
is normal written prose. But even the standard language is not completely
uniform. Its grammatical structures and (in spoken Standard Finnish) its
4
pronunciation both vary depending on the speech situation, the interlocu- 1
tors and a number of other factors. The standard language spoken in offi- Introduction
cial or formal situations is grammatically fairly close to the written norm;
but colloquial spoken Finnish, the vernacular, differs in many ways from
more formal usage in both pronunciation and grammar. The differences
between everyday colloquial Finnish and more formal Finnish are discussed
in more detail in Chapter 27, and demonstrated in practice in the transcrip-
tions of the example sentences along the line, as needed.
There are 21 phonemes (basic sound types) in Finnish: eight vowels and
13 consonants. The number of consonants is noticeably smaller than in
most European languages. The main stress always falls on the first syllable
of a word. The writing system is regular in that a given phoneme (class of
sounds perceived to be the same) is always written with the same letter.
The converse is also true: a given letter always corresponds to the same
phoneme.
There are less than 100 monosyllabic words, but many of these are in com-
mon use. Monosyllables include the pronouns mä (colloquial sg1, full form
minä), sä ‘you’ (colloquial sg2, full form sinä), se ‘it’, me ‘we’, te ‘you, pl2’,
he ~ ne ‘they’, tää ‘this, colloquial’ (full form tämä), toi ‘that’, colloquial
form of tuo ‘that one’; grammatical words such as ei ‘no’, ja ‘and’, vaan
‘but’, jos ‘if’, kun ‘when’, kuin ‘as, than’, siis ‘therefore’, vain ‘only’; and
a few dozen nominals with two vowels (either long vowels or diphthongs)
such as puu ‘tree’, muu ‘other’, suu ‘mouth’, luu ‘bone’, maa ‘land, soil,
country’, työ ‘work’, tie ‘road’, yö ‘night’; and some handfuls of verbs such
as saa- ‘get’, tuo‑ ‘bring, import’, vie‑ ‘export, take away’, lyö‑ ‘hit’, syö‑
‘eat’, juo‑ ‘drink’, ui‑ ‘swim’.
The vast majority of Finnish words contain two or more syllables: around
35,000 of the simple (non-compounded) words in the authoritative Finnish
dictionary Kielitoimiston sanakirja.
Finnish verb forms are built up in the same way. Using the verb stem sano-
‘say’, and the endings -n ‘I’, -i ‘past tense’ and -han ‘emphasis’, we can form
these examples:
In the first place Finnish has more case endings than is usual in European
languages. Finnish case endings normally correspond to prepositions or post-
positions in other languages: cf. Finnish auto-ssa, auto-sta, auto-on, auto-lla
and English ‘in the car’, ‘out of the car’, ‘into the car’, ‘by the car’. Finnish has
about 15 cases; English nouns have only one morphologically marked case.
The second difference is that Finnish sometimes uses endings where Indo-Eu-
ropean languages generally have independent words. This is also true of the
Finnish possessive suffixes, which correspond to possessive pronouns, e.g. -ni
‘my’, -si ‘your’ (sg.), -mme ‘our’, cf. kirja-ni ‘my book’, kirja-mme ‘our book’.
Another set of endings particular to Finnish is that of the clitics, which always
6 occur in the final position after all other endings. It is not easy to say exactly
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La fille du colonel Jean savait un peu de français et d’anglais ;
mais sa timidité, ne lui permettait pas de briller dans la conversation.
J’ai su plus tard que sa famille comptait sur nous pour la
perfectionner dans les langues étrangères. Son père, ayant appris
que Christodule hébergeait des Européens honnêtes et instruits,
avait prié le pâtissier de la faire sortir tous les dimanches et de lui
servir de correspondant. Ce marché paraissait agréer à Christodule,
et surtout à son fils Dimitri. Le jeune domestique de place dévorait
des yeux la pauvre pensionnaire, qui ne s’en apercevait pas.
Nous avions fait le projet d’aller tous ensemble à la musique.
C’est un beau spectacle, que les Athéniens se donnent à eux-mêmes
tous les dimanches. Le peuple entier se rend, en grands atours, dans
un champ de poussière, pour entendre des valses et des quadrilles
joués par une musique de régiment. La cour n’y manquerait pas
pour un empire. Après le dernier quadrille, chacun retourne chez soi,
l’habit poudreux, le cœur content, et l’on dit : « Nous nous sommes
bien amusés. »
Il est certain que Photini comptait se montrer à la musique, et
son admirateur Dimitri n’était pas fâché d’y paraître avec elle ; car il
portait une redingote neuve qu’il avait achetée toute faite au dépôt
de la Belle jardinière. Malheureusement la pluie se mit à tomber si
dru, qu’il fallut rester à la maison. Pour tuer le temps, Maroula nous
offrit de jouer des bonbons : c’est un divertissement à la mode dans
la société moyenne. Elle prit un bocal dans la boutique, et distribua à
chacun de nous une poignée de bonbons indigènes, au girofle, à
l’anis, au poivre et à la chicorée. Là-dessus, on donna des cartes, et
le premier qui savait en rassembler neuf de la même couleur recevait
trois dragées de chacun de ses adversaires. Le Maltais Giacomo
témoigna par son attention soutenue que le gain ne lui était pas
indifférent. Le hasard se déclara pour lui : il fit une fortune, et nous
le vîmes engloutir sept ou huit poignées de bonbons qui s’étaient
promenés dans les mains de tout le monde et de M. Mérinay.
Moi, qui prenais moins d’intérêt à la partie, je concentrai mon
attention sur un phénomène curieux qui se produisait à ma gauche.
Tandis que les regards du jeune Athénien venaient se briser un à un
contre l’indifférence de Photini, Harris, qui ne la regardait pas,
l’attirait à lui par une force invisible. Il tenait ses cartes d’un air
passablement distrait, bâillait de temps en temps avec une candeur
américaine, ou sifflait Yankee Doodle, sans respect pour la
compagnie. Je crois que le récit de Christodule l’avait frappé, et que
son esprit trottait dans la montagne à la poursuite d’Hadgi-Stavros.
Dans tous les cas, s’il pensait à quelque chose, ce n’était assurément
pas à l’amour. Peut-être la jeune fille n’y songeait-elle pas non plus,
car les femmes grecques ont presque toutes au fond du cœur un
bon pavé d’indifférence. Cependant elle regardait mon ami John
comme une alouette regarde un miroir. Elle ne le connaissait pas ;
elle ne savait rien de lui, ni son nom, ni son pays, ni sa fortune. Elle
ne l’avait point entendu parler, et quand même elle l’aurait entendu,
elle n’était certainement pas apte à juger s’il avait de l’esprit. Elle le
voyait très beau, et c’était assez. Les Grecs d’autrefois adoraient la
beauté ; c’est le seul de leurs dieux qui n’ait jamais eu d’athées. Les
Grecs d’aujourd’hui, malgré la décadence, savent encore distinguer
un Apollon d’un magot. On trouve dans le recueil de M. Fauriel une
petite chanson qui peut se traduire ainsi :
« Jeunes garçons, voulez-vous savoir ; jeunes filles, voulez-vous
apprendre comment l’amour entre chez nous ? Il entre par les yeux,
des yeux il descend dans le cœur, et dans le cœur il prend racine. »
Décidément Photini savait la chanson ; car elle ouvrait de grands
yeux pour que l’amour pût y entrer sans se baisser.
La pluie ne se lassait pas de tomber, ni Dimitri de lorgner la jeune
fille, ni la jeune fille de regarder Harris, ni Giacomo de croquer des
bonbons, ni M. Mérinay de raconter au petit Lobster un chapitre
d’histoire ancienne, qu’il n’écoutait pas. A huit heures, Maroula mit le
couvert pour le souper. Photini fut placée entre Dimitri et moi, qui ne
tirais pas à conséquence. Elle causa peu et ne mangea rien. Au
dessert, quand la servante parla de la reconduire, elle fit un effort
visible et me dit à l’oreille :
« M. Harris est-il marié ? »
Je pris plaisir à l’embarrasser un peu, et je répondis :
« Oui, mademoiselle ; il a épousé la veuve des doges de Venise.
— Est-il possible ! Quel âge a-t-elle ?
— Elle est vieille comme le monde, et éternelle comme lui.
— Ne vous moquez pas de moi ; je suis une pauvre fille, et je ne
comprends pas vos plaisanteries d’Europe.
— En d’autres termes, mademoiselle, il a épousé la mer ; c’est lui
qui commande le stationnaire américain the Fancy. »
Elle me remercia avec un tel rayonnement de joie, que sa laideur
en fut éclipsée et que je la trouvai jolie pendant une seconde au
moins.
CHAPITRE III
MARY-ANN