Unit # 2 ( Kinematics)

WRITTEN BY FAROOQ IQBAL QAISRANI SST (F.G.SIRSYED P/S RWP)

Q.1. What is kinematics?

Ans. Kinematics: it is the study of motion of objects without discussing the cause of motion.

Q.2 What is meant by rest and motion? is rest and motion be relative?

Ans. Rest: A body is said to be at rest , if it does not change its position with respect to its
surroundings. e.g book lying on the table is said to be at rest.

Motion: A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings.
e.g. a boy running on the road.

Rest and motion are relative: Yes the state of rest and motion are relative. For example, a
passenger sitting in a moving bus is at rest because he is not changing his postion with respect to
other passengers or objects in the bus, but to an observer outside the bus, the passenger and the
objects inside the bus are in motion.

Q.3.Define and explain different types of motion.

Ans. Types of motion: There are three types of motion.

1. Translatory motion: in this type of motion, a body moves along a line without any rotation.
The line may be straight or curved. e.g a car moving in a straight line.
There are three types of translatory motion.
a. Linear motion: Straight line motion of a body is called linear motion. e.g aeroplanes
flying straight in air.
b. Circular motion: The motion of an object in a circular path is known as circular motion.
e.g. a toy train moving in a circular track.
c. Random motion: The disorder or irregular motion of a body is called random motion.
e.g. motion of dust particles in air.
2. Rotatory Motion:The spinning motion of a body about its axis is called its rotatory motion.
e.g the motion of a wheel
3. Vibratory Motion: To and fro motion of a body about its mean position is known as
vibratory motion. e.g motion of pendulum of clock.

Q.4 What are scalars and vectors?

Ans. Scalars: A scalar quantity is described completely by its magnitude only. e.g. mass, time,
length, volume,work etc.

Vectors: A vector quantity is described completely by magnitude and direction. e.g.

velocity,displacement,torque,momentum etc.

Q.5.How vectors can be represented symbolically and graphically?

Ans. Representation of Vectors: A vector can be represented by bold face letter such as F,a,d
or V or a bar or arrow over the symbols. Such as F , a, d,

Graphically, a vector can be represented by a line segment with an arrow head. The length of
line represents the magnitude of vector and arrow head represents the direction of the vector. e.g.
V vector is shown in the figure. A V B

Q.6 what is meant by position?

Ans. Position: it describe the position of a place or a point with respect to a reference point
called origin. e.g. you want to describe a positon of your school from your home . you will locate
your school position with respect to some reference point.

Q.6a What is meant y position vector?

Ans. Position Vector: A vector that symbolizes either the position or the location of any given point
with respect to any reference point.

Q.7.What are differences b/w distance and displacement?

Difference b/w Distance and Displacement

Distance Displacement
1. The total length of path b/w two points is 1. The shortest distance b/w two points is
called distance. called displacement.
2. It is a scalar quantity. 2. It is a vector quantity.
3. It is denoted by s. 3. It is denoted by d.
Q.8.What are differences b/w speed and velocity?

(iv) Difference b/w speed and velocity:

Speed Velocity
1. The distance covered by an object in unit 1. The rate of displacement of a body is
time is called its speed. called its velocity.
2. V = 2. V =
3. It is a scalar quantity. 3. It is a vector quantity.
Q.9.Define uniform speed and uniform velocity.

Ans. Uniform speed: A body has uniform speed if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of
time however short the interval may be.

Uniform Velocity: A body has uniform velocity if it covers equal displacement in equal interval of
time however short the interval may be.

Q.9a . What is average velocity?

Ans. Average velocity : The average velocity is the total displacement covered in total time.
Mathematically : Vav =

Q.10. Define acceleration,uniform acceleration,deceleration or retardation and positive

acceleration.

Ans. Acceleration: Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity of a body.

Mathematically a = or a = its unit is ms-2

Uniform acceleration: A body has uniform acceleration if it has equal changes in velocity in
equal interval of time however short the interval may be.

Retardation: if the velocity of a body decreases then acceleration is negative acceleration and is
called retardation or deceleration. Its direction is opposite to velocity.

Positive acceleration: if velocity of a body increases then acceleration is positive acceleration

and its direction is towards the direction of velocity.

Q.11. Draw Distance time graph for(i) object at rest (ii) object moving with constant speed
(iii) object moving with variable speed.

Ans. Distance time graphs:

(i) (ii) (iii)

Q.12. Draw Speed time Graphs for (i) Object moving with constant speed (ii) Object moving with uniformaly changing
speed ( uniform acceleration) (iii) Object moving with uniform deceleration.

Ans. Speed time Graphs:

(i) (ii) (iii)

Q.13. Prove first equation of motion graphically.

Ans.
Q.14. Drive second equation of motion graphically. Or Prove that S = vit + at2

Ans.

Q.15.Derive 3rd equation of motion graphically. Or Prove that 2as = vf2 – vi2

Ans.
Q.16.Convert ms-1 to kmh-1 and kmh-1 to ms-1.

Ans. To convert ms-1 to kmh-1: as we know that 1km = 1000 m and 1 hour = 3600 s

So 1ms-1 = x 3600 = 3.6 kmh-1 so multiply speed in ms-1 by 3.6 to get speed in kmh-1.

As 1kmh-1 = ms-1 = ms-1 so multiply speed in kmh-1 by to get speed in ms-1

Q.17. How you can convert ms-2 into kmh-2 or kmh-2 to ms-2 ?

Ans. To convert ms-2 to kmh-2: multiply acceleration in ms-2 by 12960 to get its value in kmh-2.

To convert kmh-2 to ms-2: Divide acceleration in kmh-2 by 12960 to get its value in ms-2.

Q.18. What is meant by gravitational acceleration?

Ans. Gravitational acceleration: The acceleration of free falling bodies is called gravitational
acceleration. It is denoted by g. on the surface of earth its value is 9.8 ms-2. But we use it as 10
ms-2. For bodies falling down freely g is positive and its value is negative for bodies moving up.

Q.19. Write equations of motion for free falling bodies or write equation of motion for
bodies moving under gravity.

Ans. Equation of motion for bodies moving under gravity:

First equation of motion vf = vi + gt

Second equation of motion S = vit + gt2

Third equation of motion 2gs = vf2 – vi2

Q.20. What is LIDAR gun?

Ans. LIDAR gun: it is light detection and ranging speed gun. It uses the time taken by the laser
pulse to make a series of measurements of a vehicle’s distance from the gun and then calculate
the speed of vehicle.

Q.What is meant by terminal velocity?

Ans. Terminal velocity: The uniform velocity attains freely falling bodies is called terminal
velocity. e.g paratrooper comes to ground with terminal velocity.

Solution of Exercise:

Q.2.1 Encircle the correct answer from the given choices:

MCQ’s Answers. i. Line without rotation. ii. Rotatory motion. iii. Displacement. iv. Inclined to
time axis. v. at rest. vi. Car has an acceleration of 1.5 ms-2. vii. c. viii. Velocity. ix. Zero. x.
displacement.

Q.2.2. Explain translatory motion and give example of various types of translatory motion.

Ans. Translatory Motion: In translational motion, a bosy moves along a line without any rotation.
the line may be straight or curved. E.g. car moving in a straight line, motion of riders in ferris
wheel.

Translatory motion can be divided into linear motion, circular motion and random motion.

Q.2.3. Differentiate between the following: (i). rest and motion. (ii) circular and rotatory
motion. (iii) Distance and displacement. (iv) speed and velocity. (v) Linear and random
motion. (vi) scalars and vectors.

Ans: (i) Difference b/w rest and motion:

Rest Motion
1.A body is said to be at rest if does not change1. A body is said to be in motion if does change
its position with respect to its surroundings. its position with respect to its surroundings.
2. A person standing on the plate form is at rest2. A person moving on the plate form is in
with respect to the stalls and plate form building
motion with respect to the stalls and plate form
building.
3. Rest condition has no direction. 3. Moving body has a specific direction.
(ii) Difference b/w circular and rotatory motion

Circular Motion Rotatory Motion

1. The motion of an object in a circular path 1. The spinning motion of a body about its
is known as circular motion. axis is called its rotator motion.
2. A car moving on a circular track 2.The motion of a wheel about its axis.
3. Motion of earth around the sun. 3.Motion of steering wheel is rotatory motion
(iii) (v) Difference b/w linear and random motion:

Linear Motion Random Motion

1. Straight line motion of a body is known 1. The disordered or irregular motion of a
as linear motion. body is called random motion.
2. Aeroplanes flying straight in air 2. The motion of dust particles.
3. Objects falling vertically downward. 3. The motion of butterfly.
(vi) Difference b/w scalars and vectors.

Scalars Vectors
1. A scalar quantity is described completely 1. A vector quantity is described completely
by its magnitude only. by magnitude and direction.
2. Examples. Length, mass, time , volume, 2. Examples: force, Displacement,
speed, work, pressure, velocity,torque,momentum,weight, etc.
 density,temperature.etc.
Q.2.4. Define the terms speed, velocity,and acceleration.

Ans. Speed: The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed.

V= SI unit of speed is ms-1 it is a scalar quantity.

Velocity: The rate of displacement of a body is called its velocity.

V= SI unit of velocity is ms-1. It is a vector quantity.

Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration.

a= or a= its SI unit is ms-2 . acceleration is a vector quantity.

Q.2.5. Can a body moving at a constant speed have acceleration?

Ans. Yes, a body moving with a constant speed have acceleration if it changes its direction.e.g
body moving in a circle with constant speed have an acceleration.

Q.2.6. How do riders in a Ferris wheel posses translatory motion but not rotatory motion?

Ans. They possess translatory motion because their motion is in a circle without rotation.

Q.2.7. Sketch a distance-time graph for a body starting from rest. how will you determine
the speed of a body from this graph?

Ans. when a body starting from rest then the distance time graph is a straight line.its slope gives
the speed of the object.

Speed of object = slope of the graph

Q.2.8. What would be the shape of a speed time graph of a body moving with variable
speed?

Ans. in this case the distance time graph is a curved line. The slope of the curve at any point can
be found from the slope of the tangent at that point. For example.

The slope of tangent at p = = = 3 ms-1 Thus speed at p is 3ms-1.

Q.2.9. Which of the following can be obtained from speed- time graph of a body?

i) initial velocity. ii) final velocity iii) Distance covered in time t. iv) acceleration of motion

Ans. Yes these quantities can be obtained from speed- time graph.

Q. 2.10. How can vector quantities be represented graphically?

Ans. Graphical representation of a vector:

Graphically, a vector can be represented by a straight line drawn with an arrow head at
one end which represent direction of a vector and length of line according to suitable scale
represents the magnitude of vector.
Q.2.11. Why vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted like scalar quantities?

Ans. Because vector quantities have magnitude as well as direction therefore vectors can be
added and subtracted by head to tail rule( vector algebra) .while scalars can be added by
ordinary arithematic and algebra rules.

Q.2.12. How are vector quantities important to us in our daily life?

Ans. Vector quantities are important to us in our daily life as

i. We use vector while going to school ( need direction towards school)

ii. We use vector while going to home ( need direction towards home)
iii. To describe a velocity of vehicle we use direction .
iv. Our breathing system involve force which is vector quanty.
v. For air traffic control system we use speed and direction.(velocity)

Q.2.13. Derive equation of motion for uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion.

Already derived in Q.13,14,15

Q.2.14. Sketch a velocity time graph for the motion of the body. From the graph explaining
each step, calculate total distance covered by the body.

Conceptual Questions; NBF

Q.1 In a park, children are enjoying a ride on big wheel as shown. What kind of

motion the big wheel has and what kind of motion the riders have?

Ans. The big wheel has rotatory motion. The riders have translatory motion.

Q.2 a boy moves for some time, give two situations in which his displacement is
zero
but covered distance is not zero?

Ans. 1. if a boy moves from point A and return back to point A.

2.. if a boy moves in a circle and reached at its starting point.

Q.3. A stone tied to a string is whirling in circle, what is the direction of its velocity
at any instant.?
Ans. Tangent at any point on circle represent direction of its velocity. Direction of velocity is
always perpendicular to string.
Q.4 is it possible to accelerate an object without speeding it up or slowing it down?
Ans. Yes, an object can be accelerated with out speeding up or slowing down if velocity of
the body is variable i-e direction of motion changes.
Q.5 Can a car moving towards right have direction of acceleration towards left?
Ans. Yes, if a car speed is decreasing then it will have negative acceleration i.e direction of
acceleration will be towards left.
Q.6. With the help of daily life examples, tell the situation in which (a) acceleration is
in the direction of motion. (b) acceleration is against the direction of motion. (c)
acceleration is zero and body is in motion.
Ans. (a) When velocity of car is increasing then direction of acceleration is in the dirction of
motion.e.g car start moving from rest.
(b) When velocity of moving car is decreasing then direction of acceleration will be in
opposite to direction of motion.e.g Moving car slows down to rest.
( c) Body is moving in straight line with uniform velocity e.g Aeroplane moving with uniform
velocity.
Q.7 Examine distance time graph of a motorcyclist (as shown) what does this graph
tell us about the speed of motorcyclist? Plot the velocity-time graph for it?
Ans. Graph shows uniform velocity of the motorcyclist.
Q.8 Which controls in the car can produce acceleration and deceleration in it?
Ans. The accelerator pedal produces acceleration in the car by increasing speed of car
and Brake pedal produce deceleration in the car by reducing speed.
Q.9 if two stones of 10 kg and 1 kg are dropped from a 1 km high tower. Which will
hit the ground with greater velocity? Which will hit the ground first? (Neglect the air
resistance).
Ans. Both stones move with the gravitational acceleration and hit the ground with same
velocity and at the same time.
Q.10 A 1 kg steel ball is dropped and another is thrown downward with velocity of 5
m/s. which will have greater acceleration? ( Neglect the air resistance)
Ans. Both balls will have same acceleration which is gravitational acceleration i.e g= 9.8
ms-2

Numerical Problems
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