CHAPTER – 8

LOGARITHMS
In the equation ax = N, we are expressing N in terms of a . The characteristic of the common logarithm of
and x. The same equation can be re-written as, a = N1/x. a number between 0 and 1 is negative and its
Here we are expressing a in terms of N and x. But, among magnitude is one more than the number of zeroes
a, x and N, by normal algebraic methods known to us, we immediately after the decimal point.
cannot express x in terms of the other two parameters a
and N. This is where logarithms come into the picture. For example, the characteristic of log0.0034 will be
When ax = N, then we say x = logarithm of N to the base 3 or 3 .
a, and write it as x = logaN. The definition of logarithm is
given as: "the logarithm of any number to a given base is . The mantissas are the same for the logarithms of all
the index or the power to which the base must be raised numbers which have the same significant digits in
in order to equal the given number." the same order. The values of mantissas, which are
Thus, necessary to solve a problem, are usually given in
the problem itself, as part of data.
if ax = N then x = loga N
Let us look at the value of log0.02 given that the
value of log2 is 0.3010.
This is read as "log N to the base a".
The characteristic of log 0.02 will be 2.
In the above equation, N is a POSITIVE NUMBER and a The mantissa will be the same as that for log2.
is a POSITIVE NUMBER OTHER THAN 1.
Hence the value of log0.02 is 2 .3010. Here the
This basic definition of logarithm is very useful in solving mantissa 0.3010 is positive while the characteristic
a number of problems on logarithms. is negative. But the same can be written with a
negative mantissa, in which case, the characteristic
Example of a logarithm : 216 = 63 can be expressed as will be –1. Let us see how to do this conversion.
log6 216 = 3.
2 .3010 = –2 + 0.3010
Since logarithm of a number is a value, it will have an
= –2 + 1 – 1 + 0.3010 (by adding and subtracting 1)
"integral" part and a "decimal" part. The integral part of the
= {–2 + 1} + {–1 + 0.3010}
logarithm of a number is called the CHARACTERISTIC
= –1 + (–0.6990) = –1.6990
and the decimal part of the logarithm is called the
MANTISSA.
So, the value of log 0.02 can be written as 2 .3010 or
Logarithms can be expressed to any base (positive as –1.6990 and both are the same.
number other than 1.) Logarithms in one base can be
converted to logarithms in any other base. (One of the Similarly, given that the value of log3 is 0.4771, we
formulae given below will help do this conversion). can find out the value of log 0.003. Since there are
However, there are two types of logarithms that are two zeroes in this number immediately after the
commonly used.
decimal point, the characteristic is 3 and the
(i) Natural Logarithms or Napierian Logarithms: These mantissa is positive and the same as that for log3. So
are logarithms expressed to the base of a number the value of log 0.003 is 3.4771. This can also be
called "e." written as –2.5229 (You should do this conversion of
(ii) Common Logarithms: These are logarithms 3.4771 into –2.5229 in the same way we did for log
expressed to the base 10. For most of the problems
0.02).
under LOGARITHMS, it is common logarithms that
Given below are some important rules in logarithms:
we deal with. In examinations also, if logarithms are
given without mentioning any base, it can be taken to
(i) log a a = 1 (logarithm of any number to the same
be logarithms to the base 10.
base is 1)
(ii) log a 1 = 0 (log of 1 to any base other than
The following should be remembered by the student 1 is 0)
regarding Common Logarithms. (iii) log a (mn) = log a m + log a n
(iv) log a (m/n) = log a m – log a n
. The characteristic of the common logarithm of a (v) log a mp = p x log a m
number greater than unity is positive and is one less 1
than the number of digits in its integral part. (vi) loga b 
logb a
For example, the characteristic of log245 will be logb m
2 (because the number has 3 digits and the (vii) loga m 
characteristic should be one less than the number of logb a
digits in the number). p p
(viii) log q m  loga m
a q
Similarly, the characteristic of log4758 will be 3.

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 loga N
(ix) a N a3
8.06. Express log in terms of log a, log b and
(x) a log b  b log a b c46

log c.
You should memorize these rules because they are very
helpful in solving problems. a3
Like in the chapter on INDICES, in LOGARITHMS also Sol. log 4
b6 c
there will be problems on
= log a 3  log b 6  log c 4
(i) Simplification using the rules listed above and
3
(ii) Solving for the value of an unknown given in an = log a  6 log b  4 log c
2
equation
8.07. Find the number of digits in 29420 given that
The following rules also should be remembered while log 6 = 0778 and log 7 = 0845
solving problems on logarithms:
Sol. log 29420 = 20 log (72 6)
Given an equation logaM = logbN, = 20 (2 log 7 + log 6)
= 20 (2 (0845) + 0778) = 20 (1.69 + 0.778)
(i) if M = N, then a will be equal to b; if M  1 and N  1. = 4936
(ii) if a = b, then M will be equal to N. Characteristic = 49.
 29420 has 50 digits.
Please note that unless otherwise specified, all the
8.08. Obtain an equation between x and y, without
logarithms are taken to the base 10.
involving logarithms, if 3 log x = 4 log y + 5.
Examples: Sol. 3 log x = 4 log y + 5
log x3 = logy4 + log 105
8.01. Simplify : log 315 + 4 log 25  6 log 9  3 log 49. log x3 = log y4105
 x3 = 105 y4
Sol. log 315 + 4 log 25  6 log 9  3 log 49
= log ((9) (7) (5)) + 4 log 52  6 log 9 – 3 log72
= log 9 + log 7 + log 5 + 8 log 5  6 log 9  6 log 7 8.09. Find the value of log3 32 3 16 .
2
= 9 log 5  5 log 7  5 log 32
= 9 log 5  5 log 7  10 log 3 1
Sol. log 3 32 3 16  log 1 / 3 2 5  2 4  3
8.02. Simplify : log 700 + log 1280 + 3 log 25. 2 2  
19
Sol. log 700 + log 1280 + 3 log 25  1
= log 23   19
= log (7) (10)2 + log (27) (10) + 3 log 52 21 / 3  
= log 7 + 2 + 7 log2 + 1 + 6 log 5
 
= 3 + log 7 + log 2 + 6 (log 2 + log 5)
8.10. Find the number of zeros after the decimal
= 9 + log 14 500
3
point in   , given that log 3 = 04771 and log
8.03. Solve for x : log10 20x = 4  4
2 = 03010.
Sol. Given that log10 20x = 4 500
 20x = 104 = 10000 3  3
Sol. log    500  log 
 x = 500  4  4
= 500 (log 3  2 log 2)
8.04. Solve for x : log 3x  log 6 = log 12 = 500 (04771  2 (03010)) =  62.4500.
 Number of zeros after the decimal point is 62.
Sol. log 3x  log 6 = log 12
log 3x = log 12 + log 6 = log 72 8.11. If log 2 = 0301, find the values of log 1250,
3x = 72 log 0001250 and log 125000.
x = 24.
10000
8.05. Solve for x : log (x + 3) + log (x  3) = log 72 Sol. log 1250 = log
8
= 4 log 10  3 log 2 = 4  3 (03010) = 3097
Sol. log (x + 3) + log (x  3) = log 72
1250
log (x + 3) (x  3) = log 72 log 0001250 = log = 3097  6 = –2903
(x + 3) (x  3) = 72 106
x2 = 81 log 125000 = log (1250) (100)
= log 1250 + 2 = 5097
x = 9 (If x =  9, log (x  3) would be undefined)

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 Concept Review Questions
Directions for questions 1 to 30: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given choices.
For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

1. Simplify log (32)(18)(48)(12) . 11. log9 272 =

(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 1 (D) 2

log11 64
12. =
2. Simplify the following: log11 81
(a) log 9 3 243. 3 log 2
(A) log3 2 (B) log2 3 (C) (D) log9 8
(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 25/2 (D) 1/4 log 3

(b) log 3125

625 13. What is the value of log(1/5) 0.0000128?
(A) 1/10 (B) 8/5 (C) 4/5 (D) 2/5 (A) 7 (B) 5 (C) 5 (D) 7

(c) log3125(5) 25 + log125(25)60 14. log0.0625 2 =

(A) 85 (B) 145 (C) 45 (D) 145/4 (A) 1/4 (B) 1/4 (C) 4 (D) 4
(d) log 32
(1/1024) 15. log3 4 + log3 16 = log3 x. Find x.
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) –1/4 (D) –4

3. Simplify the following:

(a) log7 + 3 log2 – log14 – log4 16. log2 72 – log2 3 = log2 x. Find x.
(A) 0 (B) log14 (C) 2log56 (D) 1 (A) 69 (B) 75 (C) 24 (D) 216

(b) 2log7 – log81 + log189 – log343 = 17. If (log27 8)(logx 3) = 1, find x.

(A) 0 (B) log21 (C) log7 (D) –log3 (A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16
2
(c) 5 + log13(1/2197) 18. If 4log 4 5 = x, find x.
(A) 8 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3

(d) log25 + log49 + log175 + 7log2 – 3log14

(A) 2log7 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 4log5
19. Solve for x:
(e) 2log25 + 8log16 – 5log32 + 3log5 log 729
(A) 16 (B) 9 (C) 25 (D) 7 (a) = log x
log 81
3
4. Simplify: log2(log2(log2(log11(14641)4))) (A) 10000 (B) 1000 (C) 1000 (D) 100

(b) logx + log4 + log50 = 3

(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 1/2 (D) 2
5. Simplify:
2log169 – 3log143 + log1100 – log1300 + log121 (c) log(x – 1) + log(x² + x + 1) = log7
(A) 0 (B) 1 (A) 8 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 0
(C) 10 (D) None of these
(d) log(x² – 4) – log(x + 2) = log3
6. Simplify: (A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 8 (D) 10
log381 + log9(1/243) + log276561 + log729(81)5/4. 3
(e) log3(x – 18) = 4
(A) 35/6 (B) 20/3 (C) 5 (D) 6 3
(A) 4 (B) 9 (C) 3 (D) 21
log5 3125 x log3 2187 x log4 1024
7. Simplify: (f) log(3x + 4) + log4 – log7 = log(x + 3)
log6 (7776 ) x log 3 (14641)5
11 (A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 1
(g) log50 + log(5x + 1) = log(5x – 7) + 2log1010
(A) 1 (B) 15 (C) 5 (D) 3
8. Simplify: log (2401)3 . log 81
( 343 ) 4
(h) = log7(7x)
(A) 2/3 (B) 3/4 (C) 1 (D) 0 log 3
(A) 49 (B) 343 (C) 7 (D) 2187
log 3 512
9. Simplify: 729 9 . 20. If log (7x + 8) – 2 = log (x + 5) – log 25, then find x.
(A) 29/2 (B) 29 (C) 218 (D) 227
10. What is the value of log3 x0 where x  0?
21. If log7(x – 7) + log7(x² + 7x + 49) = 4, then x =
(A) 196 (B) 7 (C) 49 (D) 14
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22. Find the value of x² – y², if logy (x – 1) + logy (x + 1) = 2. 27. If logb a = logc a and both b and c exceed a, which of
(A) 2 (B) 2y (C) 1 (D) 2xy the following is true?
(A) b is equal to c.
2 log 6561 (B) b is not equal to c.
23. Find x if = log32x + 2.
log 243 (C) b need not be equal to c.
(D) None of these

28. If x is the product of the logarithms of the first

24. Find the value of p if 10 natural numbers, which of the following is true?
log3125 P  log925  log343243  log249 = 4 (A) x = 1
(A) 256 (B) 64 (C) 512 (D) 128 (B) x  1
(C) x  1
25. If a > 1, loga a  log 1 a + log 1 a  ……. (D) None of these
a2 a3
29. Find the integral part of log2 20000.
log 1 a =
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 14 (D) 15
a 20
30. If N is an 18-digit number, find the integral part of
log a log b log c log10 N.
26. If   , then b² =
5 6 7
(A) ac (B) a² (C) bc (D) ab

Exercise – 8(a)
Directions for questions 1 to 30: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

1. (a) What is the value of x, if y = log7 log7 x and (C) 1/9 < log10 3 < 1/3
(D) 1/2 > log10 4 > 1/4
 y 
 
 log 5 
5  7  = 2? 8. If x = 1 + loga bc, y = 1 + logb ca, z = 1 + logc ab what
is the value of xy + yz + zx?
(A) logxyz abc (B) xyz
(C) logabc xyz (D) 1
(b) If loga x = logb x, what is logab if x  1?
(A) x (B) x2 (C) 1 (D) 1 – x 9. If ax = by = cz and y2 = xz what is the value of
(logb a)
?
2. The value of log 0.0016 + log 729 − 5 equals (log c b )
(A) 1 (B) logy x/logz y
(C) xz/y (D) xyz
3. If log10 x = y and loge10 = 1/m, what is x (in terms of
10. If a is a perfect square, what is the value of a given
y, e and m)?
(A) y/m (B) logm y 1 3
that ax = and x = [(log 2 a )  3] ?
(C) ey/m (D) m loge y 8 2

4. What is the value of

 
 
log   a a a a .....  ? e2 x  e2x
 b b b b .....  
    11. If f(x) =
2
, what is the value of f(loge 3)?
 
(A) e6 (B) 9/e6z (C) 41/9 (D) 1
(A) (log a)/(log b) (B) 
(C) 0 (D) 1/2 log10 a
12. If a, b, c are distinct, what is the value of abc if
5. If (log tan5°) (log tan10°) (log tan 15°)……......(log tan (logb a) (logc a) + (loga b) (logc b) + (loga c) (logb c)
60°) = x, what is the value of x? – 3 = 0?
(A) log(sin5°)12 (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) log(cos60°)

6. Solve for x if log2 log2 logx 6561 = 2 and x > 0. 13. If log12 27 = a, what is the value of log616?
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 7 (D) 3 43  a  39  4a 
(A) (B)
3a 3  2a
7. Which of the following is true? 3 a
(A) 1/4 > log10 2 > 1/8 (C) a4 – 9 (D)
(B) 1/2 > log20 3 > 1/3 3a

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 3 4 1/ 6  22
 a  a2b3   22. (a) If 49log7 5  log2 ( 2 2 ) = 31 + log10x, find x.
14. Simplify: log   
 c3   (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 10 (D) 1010
 b3c   
  (b) If 11 = 7 , then x is equal to ______.
(A) log a  log b (A) log 13 (B) log 7
1 1 (C) log 11 (D) log 7
(B) log a + log b  log c
2 3
23. (a) If log10 1234 = 3.0913, log10 769874 = 5.88642,
1 1
(C) log a + log c
3 2 find the value of 8 0.000000001234 .
(D) log a  2 log b (A) 0.0769874 (B) 0.030913
(C) 0.00769874 (D) 0.0030913
15. If z log y + log (log x) = log [log x + log y + log z], which
of the following is true, given that x, y and z are (b) The logarithm of 7623 is 3.8821. Find the number
distinct? whose logarithm is 0.1179.
y z
(A) x z  1 (B) x y  xyz (A) 0.08821 (B) 0.7623
(C) xy = z (D) y² = z (C) 0.07623 (D) 0.8821

16. (a) If log6161 = a, log623 = b, what is the 24. If log 32 = m, then 4 is equal to ______.
value of log7 6 in terms of a and b?
(A) log 27 (B) log 81
(A) a/b (B) a + b
(C) 1/(a – b) (D) b/a (C) log 243 (D) log 729

(b) If log43 = 1/a, what is 25. (a) How many digits are there in (441)50 if
log 36  log 36  ...20 times ? log3 = 0.4771 and log7 = 0.845?
3 3
(A) 9a/4 (B) 80 + 40a
3a 9a  4
(C) (D) (b) The number of zeros immediately after the
36 3 decimal point of N is 5. If 0 < N < 1, what is the
least integer greater than or equal to log10 N?
1
17. If  log 2 y , then what is the (A) –5 (B) –4
log 2 log 4 log 8 (C) 6 (D) Cannot be determined
 
log x log x log x
relation between x and y? 26. If 0 < a  b < 1, then the value of
(A) x = y6 (B) x = y3 (C) x = y2 (D) x = y  3 3
 log a  log b  can be
 a b
18. (a) Solve for x, if log2 (1 – 1/2x) = x – 2.
 b2 a2 
(A) 1 (B) 3
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)

 x  14  
(b) If logx2 × log(x/16)2 = log(x/64)2, then the value of x is
27. If log5 log2 log3 x  13 = 0, then find the
or
value of x.
19. If p, q and r are integers and log(2 × 3 × 5 ) is
the arithmetic mean of log(2 × 3 × 5 ), log(2 ×
3 × 5 ) and log(2 × 3 × 5 ), then p + q + r =
28. If log |x3 + y3|  log |x2  xy + y2| + log |x3  y3|
 log |x2 + xy + y2| = log 247, then how many integral
values can (x, y) have?
20. If log2 [5(2x) + 1)], log4 (21 – x + 1), and 1 are in
arithmetic progression, then what is the value of x?
(A) 1 (B) log 2 5 29. log6 (x + 18) > log6 x + log61.06 only when x is less
(C) log 2 (2 / 5 ) (D) log 5 than
2
(A) 250 (B) 290 (C) 300 (D) 150
21. The value of
1 1 1 9  16 
   ........  30. If log7   + 3 log 343   ≥ 2, then the range of
log a x log x 1 / 4
log 3 x 1/ 9 4  x 
a a
x is _____ .
1  36   36 
log  20
 a 
x 1 / 400
 is (A)  0, 
 49 
(B)   , 
 49 
 
 36 
(A) logxa210 (B) x20 + a (C)  ,   (D) 2,  
(C) logex (D) logax44  49 
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 Exercise  8(b)
Directions for questions 1 to 35: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given choices.
For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

1. What is log25125 – log12525? 13. Which of the following can never be a value of
(A) 1 (B) log25 100(C) 3/25 (D) 5/6 2x 3y 1
log2 x  log3 y given that 2x ≥ 3y and y > ?
3y 2x 3
2. What is the relation between a and b, if
a log0.2 x = b log0.008 x and x  1? (A) 25 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 15
(A) a = b3 (B) a = b/3
1 1 1
(C) a = 100b (D) a  b 1/ 3 14. If  logbc a ,  log ac b and  logab c,
x 1 y 1 z 1
3. If x, y, z are consecutive positive integers, which of then which of the following is true?
the following is the value of log (xz + 1)? 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A)   (B)   1
(A) log (x + y + z) (B) 0 x y z x y z
(C) 1 – logy (D) 2 logy (C) x + y + z = 1 (D) xy + yz + zx = 1
4. If the logarithm of x to the base equal to square root of
1
y is 2, what is the logarithm of the cube of x to the 15. If log7x  3log7y = 1 + log0.1252, then the relation
base equal to cube root of y? 3
between x and y is
7 49
(A) y  3 (B) y  3
x x
5. Simplify: 49
 48   80   64  (C) x = 49y9 (D) x  9
15log   + 9log   15log   + 6log2.5. y
 35   243   63 
(A) 1 (B) 0  8
(C) log3 (D) log2 + log7 16. If log43, log4 (3m  2) and log4  3m   are in
 3
log10 512 arithmetic progression, then the number of possible
6. If log2x = then find x.
log10 64 values of m is
(A) 2 2 (B) 3/2 (C) 8 (D) 4
17. If log2 = 0.3010, then find the value of log6250.
7. If a  b  3 c  4
d  5 e , then find the value of
loga (abcde).
18. If log x 3 log x 3  log x 3, then find the value(s) of x.
81 729

8. If log8 [log5 (log3x)] = 0, then find x. (A) 9 (B) 27

(C) 243 (D) Both (A) and (B)

19. If x > 0 and x  1, the number of values of logkx

satisfying the equation
9. If log(x + y) (x – y) = 3, then what is the value of
log x + 2xy + y ) ? logk x  logkx x 2  log x 3  0 is _____ .
kx 2

3 (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) (D) 1/2
2
20. If xy = yz = zx and (x, y, z) > 0, then
10. If logr 6 = a, logr 3 = b, what is the value of logr (r/2) in 1 1 1
terms of a and b? logz xyz  logx xyz  logy xyz 
x y z
(A) 1 – a + b (B) ab – a – b
(C) a + b (D) 1  xy  yz  zx  xy  yz  zx
(A) 3   (B)
11. If a 2 2
+ 4b = 12ab, what is the value of log(a + 2b)?  xyz  xyz
(A) log(a/2) + log(b/2) + log 2 xyz xy  yz  zx
(B) (log a + log b – log 2) 1/2 (C) (D)
xyz xyz
(C) 1/2 (log a + log b + 4 log 2)
(D) 1/2(log a – log b + 4 log 2)
21. Which of the following is a possible value of x if log3x2
12. If log10 (2x + 3)  1 =log10x, then find x.  log3x x = 8logx 3?
2 3 7 3 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) (A) (B) (C) 243 (D) 9
7 4 8 8 81 243
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22. If logx 162 = m and logx72 = n, then what is the value 28. If a =log431, then _____ .
of logx 7776 in terms of m and n? (A) a < 2 (B) 2 < a < 2.5
m  3n 3m  5n (C) 2.5 < a < 2.8 (D) 2.8 < a
(A) (B)
m  5n m  2n
 1 1
m  3n 3m  5n 29. If 5y = (0.5)x = 1000, what is the value of    ?
(C)
2
(D)
2 y x
(A) 1/3 (B) 0.95 (C) 10 (D) 1
23. For how many positive integer values of x less than
1 30. If x and y be real numbers such that log x + y) +
100, is log5x (4x  15) > ? log x − y) = 3 and log x − log y = 1 − log 3, then
2 xy equals

 1 
log 7  2 logx 3  1 31. Find the sum of all the possible values of m, given
3
24. If 49   , then x 
1 6
that mn = 6 and n = log5 m  6 .
3
1 1 5 5
(A) (B) (C) 49 (D) 7
49 7

25. Simplify: .
32. If x > 1, then find the minimum value of
(A) 1 (B) logp (m + n) 3log20 x logx 0.125 + 3logx 10.
(C) logp mn (D) logmnp (A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 3
26. (a) Find the number of digits in 176450, if 33. Find the sum of all the possible values of x, given that
log 2 = 0.301, log 3 = 0.4771 and log 7 = 0.845.
(A) 161 (B) 163 (C) 162 (C) 164

log 10  log x 2  5 x  2.
log 60
(b) Find the number of zeros immediately after the
decimal point in (5/6)400, given that log2 = 0.3010
and log3 = 0.4771.
34. Given that log3 = 0.4771 and log2 = 0.3010. Find x, if
x > 0 and 5x. 271 – x = 0.1.
(A) 1.84 (B) 1.32 (C) 0.84 (D) 3.32
2
27. If a, b, c, d are integers satisfying logb a = ,
3
4 35. Solve for x, if log x [log5 ( x  5  x )]  0.
logd c = and c – a = 7, then b – d equals _____.
5
(A) –5 (B) –3 (C) 5 (D) 3

Key
Concept Review Questions
1. 1 (d) C 10. 0 18. 25 (h) B 27. C
2. (a) A (e) D 11. A 19. (a) B 20. 4 28. C
(b) B 4. 1 12. D (b) A 21. D 29. C
(c) C 5. A 13. D (c) C 22. C 30. 17
(d) D 6. C 14. A (d) B 23. 64
3. (a) A 7. 5.25 15. 64 (e) C 24. B
(b) D 8. C 16. C (f) D 25. 210
(c) B 9. A 17. A (g) D 26. A
Exercise – 8(a)
1. (a) 49 6. D 12. 1 17. A 22. (a) D (b) D
(b) C 7. B 13. A 18. (a) 1 (b) B 26. A
2. 1 8. B 14. D (b) 4 or 8 23. (a) A 27. 22
3. C 9. A 15. B 19. 12 (b) B 28. 16
4. A 10. 4 16. (a) C 20. C 24. B 29. C
5. C 11. C (b) B 21. A 25. (a) 133 30. A
Exercise – 8(b)
1. D 7. 15 13. C 19. B 25. D 30. 588
2. B 8. 243 14. B 20. A 26. (a) B 31. 3130
3. D 9. D 15. C 21. A (b) 31 32. A
4. 9 10. A 16. 2 22. C 27. A 33. –5
5. B 11. C 17. 3.796 23. 94 28. B 34. D
6. A 12. D 18. D 24. C 29. A 35. 4
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