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1.2 Aggregate

Architecture: Building Components

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orierevincent
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16 views

1.2 Aggregate

Architecture: Building Components

Uploaded by

orierevincent
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Aggregates account for 60-75% of the total volume of


concrete.
2. We have fine and coarse aggregates
 Fine consists of natural sand or crushed stones passing
through 3/8” or 0.4” sieve e.g gravel
 Coarse are particles greater than 0.19 inch but generally
range 3/8 and 1.5” in diameter.
3. Natural gravel or sand are usually dug from pit, river,
lake or seabed.
 Crushed aggregate is produced by crushing quarry rock,
boulders, or large-size gravel.
4. After digging aggregate, it is processed:- crushed,
screened and washed to obtain proper cleanliness and
gradation. After processing, they are stored to minimize
contamination.
SELECTION OF AGGREGATES
1. Grading- particle size. It affects the amount of
aggregates used, cement and water requirements,
workability and durability of concrete. If the water
cement ratio is chosen correctly a wide range in grading
can be used with no major effect on strength.
2. Shape and size:
 Shape: smooth rounded compact aggregates require
less water for workability while rough textured angular
and elongated particles require more water.
NB: if you must have elongated aggregates the quantity
must be limited to 15%.
Angular aggregates increase the void content so you need
more cement for binding.
3. Moisture condition of aggregates: the internal structure
of aggregates is made up of voids which may or may not
contain water, so the water ratio should take cognisance
of the water of the water content of the internal
structure.
4. Abrasion and skid resistance: abrasive conditions occurs
where heavy duty machines are used, so harder
aggregates can be selected in highly abrasive conditions
to minimize wear.

CEMENT TYPES.
1. You select cement based on the performance of
concrete.
2. Portland cement produced by heating lime, iron, silica
and aluminium to clinkering temperature of 2500 to
2800oF in a rotating kiln and grinding the clinker to a fine
powder.
There are different types of cements depending on:
 Raw material source
 Plant (factory) specific characteristics
 Finishing processes (grinding, blending with gypsum,
limestone or supplementary cementing materials).
There are standards in developed countries e.g American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
1. C150- standard specification for portland cement.
2. C595- standard for blended hydraulic cement.
3. C1157- performance specification for hydraulic cement.
Cement= clay and chalk /limestone
Concrete is usually made of ordinary Portland cement or
rapid hardening Portland cement.
Standard- BSEN197-1
 OPC is adequate for most purposes but it has low
resistance to acid and sulphate attacks
 RHPC develops its working strength faster than OPC but
does not set faster
Curing =28 days
At day 7 curing= 70%
Setting= 24-48 hours
Sulphate resisting Portland cement- BS4027
STORING OF CEMENT
Keeping dry. It could set if it comes in contact with moisture.
Batching should be done. The first batch to be supplied
should be used first.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CEMENT: Fast setting cement- 20-
40minutes,
Temperature for pouring concrete (>50oF)
If concrete is poured 2-4 hours before rain, protect the
surface.
WATER
Free from impurities, acid, sulphates. Pond, canal, river and
sea water should not be used. Only water fit for drinking
should be used.
NB: Gypsum added to concrete can cause false set.
TESTING CEMENT
1. Chemical test: this includes oxide analysis (SiO2, CaO,
Al2O3, FeO3)
2. Physical test: this includes air content, fineness, strength
and setting time.
You create a paste from the cement and subject to test.
Ass: testing of cement.

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