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Elementary Operations of Matrix

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Elementary Operations of Matrix

Uploaded by

ahmedfarhadrajiv2002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELEMENTARY OPERATIONS OF MATRIX

The elementary operations or transformation of a matrix are the operations performed on rows
and columns of a matrix to transform the given matrix into a different form in order to make the
calculation simpler.

The three basic elementary operations or transformation of a matrix are:

1. Interchange of any two rows or two columns.


2. Multiplication of row or column by a non-zero number.
3. Multiplication of row or column by a non-zero number and add the result to the other row or
column.

Case 1: Interchange of any Two Rows or Two Columns


Any 2 columns (or rows) of a matrix can be exchanged. If the ith and jth rows are
exchanged, it is shown by Ri ↔ Rj and if the ith and jth columns are exchanged, it is
shown by Ci ↔ Cj.

For example, given the matrix A below:


1 2 3 4 5 6
𝐴= ( )→𝐴= ( ) [𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2 ]
4 5 6 1 2 3

Case 2: Multiplication of Row or Column by a Non-zero Number


The elements of any row (or column) of a matrix can be multiplied by a non-zero
number. So if we multiply the ith row of a matrix by a non-zero number k, symbolically it
can be denoted by Ri → kRi. Similarly, for column it is given by Ci → kCi.

For example, given the matrix A below:


1 2 3 3 6 9
𝐴= ( )→ 𝐴= ( ) [𝑅1 → 3𝑅1 ]
4 5 6 4 5 6

Case 3: Multiplication of Row or Column by a Non-zero Number and


Add the Result to the Other Row or Column
The elements of any row (or column) can be added with the corresponding elements of
another row (or column) which is multiplied by a non-zero number. So if we add the
ith row of a matrix to the jth row which is multiplied by a non-zero number k, symbolically it
can be denoted by Ri → Ri + kRj. Similarly, for column it is given by Ci → Ci + kCj.
For example, given the matrix A below:
1 2 3 1 2 3
𝐴=( )→𝐴=( ) [𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 4𝑅1 ]
4 5 6 8 13 18

RANK OF A MATRIX
The maximum number of linearly independent columns (or rows) of a matrix is called the rank
of a matrix. The rank of a matrix cannot exceed the number of its rows or columns.

How to Find the Rank of a Matrix?


To find the rank of a matrix, we will transform the matrix into its echelon form.

Then, determine the rank by the number of non-zero rows.

Consider the following matrix.

1 2 3
𝐴 = (2 1 4)
3 0 5
1 2 3
~ (0 −3 −2) [𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 ]
0 −6 −4
1 2 3
~ (0 −3 −2) [𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2 ]
0 0 0

So, the rank of matrix A is 2.

PRACTICE:

1 2 3
 Find the rank of [4 5 6].
7 8 9

NULLITY OF A MATRIX
If A is a matrix of order m × n, then
Rank of A + Nullity of A = Number of columns in A = n
∴ Nullity of A = Number of columns in A - Rank of A.
Consider the following matrix.

1 2 3
𝐴 = (2 1 4)
3 0 5

From previous example we got Rank of A is 2. Column of A is 3.

So, Nullity of A = 3-2 =1.

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