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Adverb Clauses - Upper

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17 views

Adverb Clauses - Upper

Uploaded by

Ayshan Huseynova
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Adverb Clauses

Adverb clauses are used to show relationships between ideas. They show relationships of time, cause and effect,
contrast, and condition.

a) When the phone rang, the baby woke up.


b) The baby woke up when the phone rang.

In these examples, when the phone rang is an adverb clause of time.

c) Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.


d) He went to bed because he was sleepy.

In these examples, because introduces an adverb clause that shows a cause-effect relationship.

INCORRECT: When we were in New York. We saw several plays. (First sentence is a fragment because adverb clauses
are dependent clauses.)

Summary list of words used to introduce adverb clauses.

TIME CLAUSE AND CONTRAST CONDITION


EFFECT
after by the time (that) because even though if
before once now that although unless
when as/so long as since though only if
while whenever whether or not
as every time (that) DIRECT CONTRAST even if
as soon as the first time (that) while in case
since the last time (that)
until the next time (that)

TIME RELATIONSHIPS
after A present tense, not a After she graduates, she will get a job.
future tense is used. After she (had) graduated, she got a job.
before I will leave before she comes.
I (had) left before she came.
when =at that time When I arrived, he was talking on the phone.
When I got there, he had already left.
When it began to rain, I stood under a tree.
When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.
while, as =during that time While I was walking home, it began to rain.
As I was walking home, it began to rain.
by the time =one event is completed By the time he arrived, we had already left. (Past Perfect)
before another event By the time he comes, we will have already left. (Future Perfect)
since =from that time to the I haven’t seen him since he left this morning.
present I’ve known her ever since I was a child. (ever adds emphasis.)
until, till =to that time and then no We stayed there until we finished our work.
longer We stayed there till we finished our work. (till is more common
in Spoken English, not formal English.)
as soon as, =when one event As soon as it stops raining, we will leave.
once happens, another event Once it stops raining, we will leave.
happens soon afterward.
as long as =during all that time, I will never speak to him again as long as I live.
so long as from beginning to end I will never speak to him again so long as I live.
whenever =every time Whenever I see her, I say hello.
every time Every time I see her, I say hello.
the first time The first time (that) I went to New York, I went to a Broadway Show.
the last time I saw two plays the last time (that) I went to New York.
the next time The next time (that) I go to New York, I’m going to see a ballet.

Note: after and before are commonly used in the following expressions: shortly after/ shortly before, a short time
after/ a short time before, a little while after/ a little while before, not long after/ not long before, soon after.

CAUSE AND EFFECT

because Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.


He went to bed because he was sleepy.
now that Now that I’ve finished the semester, I’m going = because now
to rest a few days and then take a trip.
-It is used with the present, present
Jack lost his job. Now that he’s unemployed, perfect, or future tenses.
he can’t pay his bills.
since Since Monday is a holiday, we don’t have to go When since is used to mean
to work. ‘’because’’, it expresses a known
cause; it means ‘’because it is a fact
Since you’re a good cook and I’m not, you that’’ or ‘’given that it is true that.’’
should cook the dinner. Cause-effect sentences with since
say, ‘’Given the fact that X is true, Y
is the result.’’
Since I came here, I have met many people. It is also used in time clauses.

CONTRAST

Because is used to express expected results.

Even though is used to express unexpected results. Although and though have the same meaning as even though.

Because the weather was cold, I didn’t go swimming. Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming.
Because I wasn’t tired, I didn’t go to bed. Even though I wasn’t tired, I went to bed.

DIRECT CONTRAST

While is used to show direct contrast. ‘’this’’ is exactly the opposite of ‘’that.’’

a) Mary is rich, while John is poor.


b) John is poor, while

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