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3. Review of Calculus

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12 views3 pages

3. Review of Calculus

Uploaded by

Mohammad Humayun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Review of Calculus

This lecture contains a short review of those topics from single-variable calculus that
will be needed in later topics. A solid knowledge of calculus is essential for an
understanding of the analysis of numerical techniques, and more thorough review
might be needed if you have been away from this subject for a while.

Limit and Continuity

A function f defined on a set X of real


numbers has the limit L at 𝑥0 , written
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑥0

And f is continuous at 𝑥0 if
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑥→𝑥0

Differentiability
Let f be a function defined in an open
interval containing 𝑥0 . The function f
is differentiable at 𝑥0 if
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = lim
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0
exists, called the derivative of f at 𝑥0 .
Rolle’s Theorem
Suppose f ∈ C[a, b] and f is
differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) = f (b),
then a number c in (a, b) exists with
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0.

Mean Value Theorem


If f ∈ C[a, b] and f is differentiable on
(a, b), then a number c in (a, b) exists with
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎

Intermediate Value Theorem


If f ∈ C[a, b] and K is any number between
f (a) and f (b), then there exists a number c
in (a, b) for which f (c) = K.

* Learn the use of calculator, write a function and calculate its values at different
points.

Example
Show that 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 has a solution in the interval [0, 1].
Solution:
Consider the function defined by
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 1
The function f is continuous on [0, 1]. In addition, f (0) = −1 < 0 and 0 < 1 = f (1).
The Intermediate Value Theorem implies that a number 𝑥 exists, with 0 < 𝑥 < 1, for
which 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 1 = 0.

Work to do
Exercise 1.1
Q1: Show that following equations have at least one solution in the given intervals.
a. 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 = 0, [0.2, 0.3] and [1.2, 1.3]
b. (𝑥 − 2)2 − ln 𝑥 = 0, [1, 2] and [𝑒, 4]
c. 𝑥 − (ln 𝑥)𝑥 = 0, [4, 5]

Q2: Show that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is 0 at least once in the given intervals.


𝜋
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 + (𝑒 − 1) sin( 𝑥), [0, 1]
2
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥 , [0, 1]

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