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Learning Methodology Lecture 4.

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27 views46 pages

Learning Methodology Lecture 4.

Uploaded by

emre.uymaz04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning

Memory, learning, learning methods, relaxation


Memory,
the foundation of
learning
Memory processes and
systems
Short-term memory – Working memory

• Maintain and manipulate information


• Function
• Temporarily store information
• Interact with other information sources
• Limited capacity
• Miller (1956): 7±2
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory (Vol. 8). New York: GA Bower (ed), Recent advances in
learning and motivation.
Miller, G. A. (1994). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing
information. Psychological Review, 101(2), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.101.2.343
Long-term memory

• Diverse information
• Autobiographical memories
• Motor skills
• Spatial model of our environment
• Knowledge of physical laws
• Language
• Memory ≠ recall in a relevant situation
Levels of processing

• The more deeply and in detail we


process an element, the more likely
we are to be able to recall it later
• Sensory < phonological < semantic

Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of verbal learning
and verbal behavior, 11(6), 671-684.
Learning habits and
routines
Environment, planning,
time- management
Environment

• Permanent, dedicated study place


• Table & chair
• Writing surface
• Storage space (notes, books, in order)
• Ergonomics
• Comfortable, but not too comfortable
• Posture
• Standing, walking
Mood

• Organised
• Neither fully sterile nor overcrowded is recommended
• Temperature
• Oxygen
• Noise level
• Silence is essential for many people to pay attention
Lighting

• Natural light!

• Too weak: drowsy effect, tires the eyes

• Whole room weakly, for reading stronger


Learning tools

• Diary (physical, digital) to schedule tasks

• Organized environment

• Limiting distracting devices (phone…)


Planning & Scheduling

• Long-term

• Short-term

• Daily routine
Long-term planning
Achievable
Long-term plan Subtasks
steps

• Beginning of semesters • Objectives


• Strategic thinking • Specific
• Requirements, deadlines • Measurable
• How much time do you need for a • Write it down - deadlines, priorities
given task? • Keep it up during the semester!
Short-term planning
Achievable
Long-term plan Subtasks
steps

• Weekly plan
• Time available?
• Calendar learning time - time blocking
• Allow time for delays
• In the beginning it is more difficult to estimate the necessary time
• Color coding, tracking progress
Time-management

• Learning is a time-consuming process


• Efficient use of time for learning
• Short-term plans are more elaborate
• Flexibility
• Unexpected events, underestimated time needed
• Based on priorities
• Urgent do not displace important
Physiology & Focus

• Sleep
• Nutrition
• Fatigue
• If you're very tired, take a short rest first and then learn more efficiently
• Put aside other problems and thoughts
• Write them down so you can come back to them later
Boredom → activating methods

• Switching tasks
• Rewards
• Celebrating milestones
• Trying out new learning methods
• New learning environment
Breaks
• When you achieve a goal, or finish a block, it worths to have a break
• It also helps retention
• Maintain motivation
• Break should differ from learning
• Movement
• Walking in the fresh air
• Physical and mental health protection
• Stretching, getting out of the sitting position every hour and a half to two
hours
• Too distracting a break is unfortunate
Learning self-evaluation

• How are you approaching your


studies?
• Negative
• Can become a self-fulfilling prophecy
• You can learn to learn, you can
improve at it
• Self-confidence
Learning
methods
Semi-vocal reading

• Exclusion of disturbing mind contents


• A few minutes can help you get into the topic
• Increasing concentration
Lecture – Learning starts with attention

• Teacher explanation is unique


• Not replaced by a note and a slide show
• Questions
• Questions from fellow students, interactions
• Momentary understanding
• Also the basis for independent learning
Recording what you have just learned

• Review of the day's material


• Fresh memory
• New information can be learned more quickly
• Easier to recall in the longer term
Skim reading - Full picture of the curriculum

• The relationship between part and whole


• At the beginning of the semester, the curriculum also helps
• Provides a framework for knowledge
• Recognizing interrelationships helps to understand the details
Mind mapping

• Visual technology
• Structuring information
• Focus: main idea
• Branches: keywords
• Overview
• Colors
Self-testing

• Asking questions
• Test type
• Answers with active recall (short answer, free recall)
Immerse into learning

• Full attention is exceptionally effective


• Focus on content
• Linked to attention (so can be developed)
Questions and requests for help

• Asking the right questions


• Get stuck → formulate it as a question
• Try to answer it independently, phrase it in technical terms
• Professors, trainers, mentors
• Get guidance and answers
• Ask for feedback
• Identify weaknesses, areas for improvement
Have a plan and strategy

• Today's material
• Warm-up exercise
• Variety - Change learning types and subjects
• Timetable
• Active learning
• Self-awareness
Methods to
promote relaxation
during learning
Physical activity

• Regularly
• Also while studying
• Short walks, stretching
• Helps to refocus
• Mental health
• Perseverance, self-confidence
Resting the eyes
• Looking into the distance
• Combine with a few minutes of outdoor walking
• Blue light filtering
• Glasses
• Screen adjustment
• 20 – 20 – 20 rule (20 feet = 6 meters) (American Optometric Association)

• Screen setting
• 15-20° below eye level
• 50 - 70 cm
Catering

• Calm conditions
• Not while studying
• Snacking is not recommended while
studying
Time frames

• Identify and comply


• Time for rest is also important
Sleeping

• Sufficient quantity and quality


• Memory, consolidation of memories
• Regeneration
• Benefits of short sleep
Tips & Tricks
Smartphones for smart use

• Learning applications
• Note-taking, time management, deadlines,
practice apps
• Access online learning materials
• Short learning times
• Whether you're travelling, on breaks
• Notifications
• Silent mode
Notifications
• Switch off for uninterrupted
learning
• Priorities
• What are the important
notifications?
• Reduce the number of notifications
• Notification timers
• You only get it during the break after your studies
• Only the applications you need
E-mail

• An essential tool for university


communication
• Formal language
• Concise and concrete
• Use the object field
• message content in a few words
Zero Inbox - The empty inbox principle

• Goal: Manage email and messages efficiently to minimise the number


of messages that accumulate.
• Steps:
1. Rapid response
2. Screening and prioritisation
3. Delete or archive
4. Forecasting and scheduling
5. Regular maintenance
Diary, calendar

• Do you have a proven system?


• Sometimes it is worth
reconsidering whether it still fits
your current goals
• Physical or digital?
Tracking tasks

• By subject, by type, by week


• Project task steps
• On paper or digitally
• Functions:
• Adding and editing tasks
• Deadlines and priorities
• Categories, subjects
• Automatic reminders and notifications
• Progress tracking and marking
Growth Mindset

It is a way of thinking that


intelligence and skills can be
developed through hard work,
perseverance and learning
Growth Mindset Fixed Mindset

• Challenges, difficulties: • Avoiding challenges


• a motivating opportunity • Fear of failure
• Failure: • Failure:
• source of progress • feeling of inadequacy
Mental health
counselling
• Qualified psychologists,
confidentiality
• Free
• 50 minutes, 12 sessions
• https://uni-obuda.hu/mental-health-
and-counselling/
Thank you for your
attention!
Study apps:
• 1. Notion
• 2. Todoist
• 3. Forest
• 4. Anki
• 5. Google Keep
• 6. Trello
• 7. MyStudyLife
• 8. Microsoft OneNote
• 9. Grammarly
• 10. Slack

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