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Power Electronics Fundamentals and Advance Engineering Applications

Book · April 2023

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8127264

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 Power Electronics
Fundamentals And
Advance Engineering
Applications

By

Er. Sandeep Bishla

2023

i
 Power Electronics Fundamentals And
Advance Engineering Applications

Published By: AGPH Books

(AG Publishing House)
Bhopal, M.P. India
Email : [email protected],
[email protected]
Website : www.agphbooks.com
Contact : +91-7089366889

Copyright © 2023 @ Authors

Author Proof: Er. Sandeep Bishla
Layout & Cover: AGPH Books

ISBN: 978-81-19152-88-9

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, without permission of the author. Any person
who does any unauthorized act in relation to this
Publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damage.

[The responsibility for the facts stated, conclusion

reaches, etc., is entirely that of the author. The
publisher is not responsible for them, whatsoever]

ii
My Respected & Beloved Father

1955 - 2020

Late Shri Miya Singh Bishla

iii
 About The Book

Power electronics widely uses in solid-state electronics to the

conversion and management control of electric power. Nonlinear,
time-varying, energy-processing electronic systems with rapid
dynamics are the focus of this field of study in electronic and
electrical engineering, which includes the design, control,
computing, and integration of such systems.

Power electronics are being used more and more often in

everyday life, from homes to businesses to factories to cars to
planes to satellites to cell phones. A control systems engineer,
electrical engineer, or electronics engineer must be familiar with
the fundamental components of electronic control systems. As a
result, power electronics is now a required course of study for all
aspiring engineers at the bachelor's and master's degrees. For all
engineering majors, Power Electronics Fundamentals and
Applications will be required reading. In order to facilitate
learning, the information has been organised into manageable
modules and presented in a systematic manner. The language is
straightforward, such that even a novice learner should have no
trouble grasping the concepts discussed. This book brings
together the most up-to-date topic matter with a thorough
examination of the underlying theory, design, modelling, and
application of power electronics and drives.

iv
 Preface

Power electronics is a critical enabling technology in virtually all

electronic systems and continues to become increasingly essential
at the grid interface for renewable energy sources and
inefficient electrical loads. Design engineers who have the
background and experience to effectively contribute to
interdisciplinary teams are in high demand as the need for power
electronics technology grows in these dynamic fields. There is a
strong focus on both theory and practice in the power electronics
curriculum. This expertise may be put to use in a variety of
different industries, including those dealing with renewable
energy, utilities, transportation, electronics, medicine, and space
travel.

Power electronics is now essential for the effective conversion,

management, and control of electrical energy. Power electronics
promote the seamless integration and optimum utilization of
power sources, from renewable energy systems to electric
automobiles. Students, researchers, and professionals who want
to comprehend and succeed in this constantly changing field can
use this book as a guide.

With an eye on senior UG and first-year graduate students

interested in converter circuits & electronics, control systems, and
magnetic and power systems, Power Electronics Fundamentals
and Applications is a textbook designed for use in basic power
electronics courses and related subjects. Professionals in the fields
of power electronics, power conversion, and analogue and digital
electronics will also find this book to be an indispensable resource.

The preface constitutes the basic ideas in power electronics and

v
emphasizes how crucial it is to comprehend semiconductor
devices, converters, and control strategies. It emphasizes the
importance of power electronics in modern power systems and
how they affect the reliability of the grid, power quality, and
energy efficiency.

The preface also acknowledges the expanding demand for

sophisticated engineering applications in power electronics.
Wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, digital control methods,
and the incorporation of power electronics with innovative grid
technologies are some new trends and problems it addresses.

The author declares their love for power electronics and their
dedication to creating a thorough resource that covers both
theoretical foundations and real-world applications. They seek to
close the knowledge gap between academia and the marketplace
by giving readers the knowledge and abilities to develop effective
and dependable power electronic systems.

This introduction prepares the reader to thoroughly

examine power electronics, its fundamentals, and its expanding
range of engineering applications. The remaining chapters are
designed to equip readers with the knowledge and skills they
need to successfully navigate this fast-paced industry and
advance the field of power electronics.

Best Wishes
Sandeep Bishla

vi
 Table of Content

CHAPTER-1: ...................... 1
1.1. DIODE...................................................................................... 1
1.1.1. Basics of PN junction ................................................................ 2
1.1.2. Semiconductor Diode Internal construction............................ 2

1.1.3. Semiconductor Diode Current-Voltage characteristic ............ 4

1.1.4. Types of Semiconductor Diode ................................................. 5
1.1.5. Applications of Semiconductor Diode ....................................... 8

1.2. LoGIC GATES AND BINARY OPERATIONS ..................... 9

1.2.1. OR Gate ..................................................................................... 9

1.2.2. AND Gate ................................................................................ 10

1.2.3. NOT Gate ................................................................................ 10
1.2.4. EXCLUSIVE-OR Gate ............................................................ 11

1.2.5. NAND Gate ............................................................................. 13

1.2.6. NOR Gate ................................................................................ 13
1.2.7. EXCLUSIVE-NOR Gate ......................................................... 14

1.3. THYRISTOR .......................................................................... 15

1.4. TYPES OF THYRISTORS .................................................... 17
1.5. GATE TURN-OFF THYRISTOR .......................................... 20
1.5.1. Basics of Gate Turn-Off Thyristor ........................................... 21

1.5.2. Principle of Operation.............................................................. 22

1.5.3. Applications ............................................................................. 24

1.6. ASYMMETRIC THYRISTOR .............................................. 25

1.7. TRIAC .................................................................................... 26
1.8. BIPOLAR JUNCTION POWER TRANSISTOR .................. 28

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 1.8.1. Bipolar Junction Transistor Configurations ............................. 29

1.9. POWER MOSFETS ............................................................... 31

1.9.1. Power MOSFET Circuit .......................................................... 32

1.10. INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR .............. 33

1.10.1. Static I-V Characteristics of IGBT...................................... 33

1.11. HEAT TRANSFER AND COOLING ............................... 34

1.11.1. Primary Factor of Cooling .................................................. 35
1.11.2. Cooling Methods ................................................................ 35

1.12. PROTECTION IN POWER ELECTRONICS ................... 38

1.13. SMART POWER DEVICES ............................................. 40
1.14. POWER TRANSISTOR .................................................... 41
1.15. COMMUTATION ............................................................. 43
1.15.1. Natural Commutation ......................................................... 44

1.15.2. Forced Commutation .......................................................... 44

1.15.3. Natural Vs Forced Commutation ........................................ 45

1.16.
TYPES OF PROTECTION ................................................................ 45
1.16.1. Characteristics..................................................................... 45

1.16.2. Rating ................................................................................. 48

1.16.3. Protection ............................................................................ 50

1.17. GATE CIRCUIT REQUIREMENTS ................................ 53

1.18. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER ................................... 54
1.18.1. Application of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem ........... 56

CHAPTER SUMMERY ..................................................................... 58

REVIEW QUESTIONS ..................................................................... 59

CHAPTER-2: ......................................... 60
2.1. NATURALLY COMMUTATED CONVERTERS ............... 60

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2.2. CONVERTER OPERATION ................................................. 61
2.2.1 Types of Converters ................................................................. 61
2.2.2 Principle of Operation.............................................................. 62

2.3. REGULATION ...................................................................... 64

2.3.1. Primary-Side Regulation ......................................................... 64
2.3.2. Secondary-Side Regulation...................................................... 65

2.4. POWER FACTOR ................................................................. 66

2.5. TRANSFORMER RATING................................................... 70
2.6. CONVERTERS WITH DISCONTINUOUS CURRENT ...... 72
2.6.1. CCM vs DCM.......................................................................... 73

2.7. CONVERTERS WITH VOLTAGE BIAS ............................. 75

2.7.1. Mode 1 Boost Mode ............................................................. 76

2.7.2. Mode 1 Buck Mode .............................................................. 77

2.8. UNDERPINNING THEORIES OF COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS .......................................................................................... 78
2.8.1. Modulation Theory .................................................................. 79
2.8.2. Types of Modulation................................................................ 80
2.8.3. Fourier analysis........................................................................ 82
2.8.4. Detection Theory ..................................................................... 83

CHAPTER SUMMERY ..................................................................... 85

REVIEW QUESTIONS ..................................................................... 86

CHAPTER-3: DC Choppers, Inverters, And

Cycloconverters ............................................................. 87
3.1. PRINCIPLE OF CHOPPERS ................................................. 87
3.1.1. Classification of Chopper ........................................................ 88
3.1.2. Applications of Chopper .......................................................... 89

3.2. ANALYSIS OF CHOPPER CIRCUITS ................................ 90

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 3.2.1. Operations of Chopper Circuit ................................................. 90
3.2.2. Duty Cycle ............................................................................... 91

3.3. MULTI-QUADRANT CHOPPERS ....................................... 92

3.4. VOLTAGE COMMUTATED CHOPPERS ........................... 98
3.5. CURRENT COMMUTATED CHOPPERS ........................... 99
3.6. FORCED COMMUTATION CIRCUITS ............................ 101
3.6.1. Classification of Forced Commutation Methods ................... 101

3.7. BRIDGE CIRCUITS ............................................................ 107

3.7.1. Different Types of Bridges .................................................... 107

3.8. DC CHOPPERS ................................................................... 114

3.9. VOLTAGE-SOURCED INVERTER ................................... 115
3.9.1. Single Phase Half Bridge Voltage Source Inverter ................ 116
3.9.2. 3 Phase Full Bridge Voltage Source Inverter ......................... 116

3.10. CURRENT-SOURCED INVERTER .............................. 118

3.11. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CURRENT SOURCE AND
VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER .................................................. 119
3.12. INVERTER PERFORMANCE........................................ 119
3.13. CYCLOCONVERTERS .................................................. 121
Principles of Cycloconverters .............................................................. 122

3.14. PRINCIPLE OF INVERTERS......................................... 123

3.15. HALF-WAVE AND FULL WAVE INVERTERS .......... 124
3.15.1. Half Bridge Inverter .......................................................... 125
3.15.2. Full Bridge Inverter .......................................................... 127
3.15.3. Half Bridge Inverter Vs Full Bridge Inverter .................... 131

3.16. FEEDBACK DIODE ....................................................... 131

3.17. THREE PHASE INVERTERS ........................................ 133
3.18. MC-MURRY-BEDFORD HALF-BRIDGE INVERTERS

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 137
3.19. PWM INVERTERS ......................................................... 138
3.19.1. PWM Inverter Circuit Diagram ........................................ 138

3.19.2. Applications of PWM Inverters ........................................ 141

3.20. RADAR ............................................................................ 141

3.20.1. History of RADAR ........................................................... 142
3.20.2. Working Principle of Radar .............................................. 142
3.20.3. Fundamentals of Radar ..................................................... 144
3.20.4. Types of Radar.................................................................. 145

3.20.5. Radar Range Equation ...................................................... 149

3.20.6. Applications of RADAR ................................................... 150

CHAPTER SUMMERY ................................................................... 152

REVIEW QUESTIONS ................................................................... 153

CHAPTER-4: ..................................... 154

4.1. HIGH-VOLTAGE DC TRANSMISSION ........................... 154
4.2. VOLTAGE REGULATION ................................................. 157
4.3. THYRISTOR CIRCUIT BREAKERS ................................. 159
4.4. CONTACTORS ................................................................... 163
4.4.1. Construction of a Contractor.................................................. 165

4.4.2. Difference between AC & DC Contractors ........................... 167

4.4.3. Difference between Contractor & Relays .............................. 167

4.4.4. Applications of Contactors .................................................... 168

4.5. MICRO ELECTRONICS & POWER ELECTRONICS ...... 169

4.5.1. Micro Electronics .................................................................. 169

4.5.2. Power Electronics .................................................................. 170

4.5.3. Power Electronics Converters & Applications....................... 172

4.6. THE SMITH CHART AND ITS APPLICATIONS ............. 173

xi
 4.6.1. Fundamentals of the Smith chart ........................................... 173
4.6.2. Variety of ways using the Smith chart ................................... 175

4.7. APPLICATION IN POWER SUPPLIES ............................. 176

4.7.1. Switched-Mode Power Supplies ............................................ 176
4.7.2. Television Receiver Power Supply ........................................ 179
4.7.3. Uninterruptable Power Supplies ............................................ 181
4.7.4. Welding Power Supplies ........................................................ 182

4.8. APPLICATIONS - DRIVES ................................................ 184

4.8.1. DC Machines ......................................................................... 184
4.8.2. Variable-Speed DC Drives .................................................... 186

4.8.3. Case Study - Servo Amplifier ................................................ 188

4.8.4. AC Machines ......................................................................... 189
4.8.5. Synchronous Machine ........................................................... 191

4.8.6. Brushless Machines ............................................................... 192

4.8.7. Stepper Motors ...................................................................... 194

4.8.8. Switched Reluctance Motor ................................................... 195

4.8.9. Linear Motors ........................................................................ 196
4.8.10. Traction Drives ................................................................. 198

CHAPTER SUMMERY ................................................................... 200

REVIEW QUESTIONS ................................................................... 201

CHAPTER-5: ......... 202

5.1. HARMONICS ...................................................................... 202
5.1.1. Impacts of Low Power Quality .............................................. 203

5.1.2. Harmonic Orders and Complex Waveforms .......................... 204

5.1.3. Harmonic Sequencing ............................................................ 209

5.2. DC SYSTEM HARMONICS ............................................... 210

5.3. INVERTER HARMONICS ................................................. 211

xii
5.4. INTEGRAL CYCLE CONTROL ........................................ 214
5.5. HARMONIC FILTERS ........................................................ 215
5.5.1. Types of Harmonic Filters ..................................................... 215

5.5.2. Benefits of Using Harmonic Filters ....................................... 217

5.6. RADIO-FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE .......................... 217

5.6.1. RF Noises .............................................................................. 218
5.6.2. Effects of RF Interference...................................................... 219

5.7. HARMONICS CREATING LOAD AND MODELLING ... 220

5.8. HARMONICS PROROGATION SERIES AND PARALLEL
RESONANCE .................................................................................. 222
5.8.1. Symptoms and characteristics of harmonic resonance ........... 223
5.8.2. Series Resonance ................................................................... 224
5.8.3. Parallel Resonance ................................................................. 225

5.9. HARMONICS POWER FLOW ........................................... 225

5.10. MITIGATION OF HARMONICS ................................... 226
5.10.1. Passive Harmonic Mitigation Techniques......................... 227
5.10.2. Active Harmonic Mitigation Techniques .......................... 228
5.10.3. Hybrid Harmonic Mitigation Techniques ......................... 229
5.10.4. p-q Method ....................................................................... 230

5.10.5. d-q Method ....................................................................... 230

5.10.6. Direct Testing and Calculating Method (DTC) ................. 230
5.10.7. Synchronous Reference Fame Method (SRF) ................... 231
5.10.8. Current Hysteresis Control ............................................... 231
5.10.9. Triangle-Comparison PWM Control................................. 231
5.10.10. Space Vector Modulation (SVM) ..................................... 232

5.11. NOISE IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS .................. 232

Signal-to-Noise Ratios ......................................................................... 233

5.12. BIT ERROR RATE.......................................................... 233

xiii
 5.12.1. BER and Eb/No ................................................................ 234
5.12.2. Factors affecting bit error rate, BER ................................. 236

CHAPTER SUMMERY ................................................................... 238

REVIEW QUESTIONS ................................................................... 239

CHAPTER-6: ............... 240

6.1. FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ...................... 240
6.1.1. Four Types of FACTS Controllers ........................................ 241
6.1.2. Types of Series Controllers.................................................... 241

6.1.3. Types of Parallel Controllers ................................................. 242

6.2. STATIC PHASE SHIFTER SPS ....................................... 243

6.3. STATIS CONDENSE STATCON .................................... 244
6.4. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR
SSSC 245
6.5. UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER UPFC .......... 248
6.6. MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF FACT CONTROLLER
249
6.7. CONTROL STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE SYSTEM
STABILITY ..................................................................................... 252
6.7.1. Steady-State Stability............................................................. 253
6.7.2. Transient Stability.................................................................. 253
6.7.3. Dynamic Stability .................................................................. 254
6.7.4. Improving power system instability....................................... 254

6.8. POWER QUALITY PROBLEM IN DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 255
6.8.1. Interruptions .......................................................................... 255
6.8.2. Waveform Distortion ............................................................. 256
6.8.3. Frequency Variations ............................................................. 257
6.8.4. Transients .............................................................................. 257

xiv
6.9. VOLTAGE SAGS AND SWELLS ...................................... 258
6.9.1. Voltage Sags .......................................................................... 258
6.9.2. Voltage Swell ........................................................................ 259

6.10. VOLTAGE UNBALANCE ............................................. 260

6.11. MITIGATION OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
USING POWER ELECTRONICS CONDITIONERS ..................... 263
CHAPTER SUMMERY ................................................................... 265
REVIEW QUESTIONS ................................................................... 266

CHAPTER-7: 267
7.1. INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER ... 267
7.1.1. History of Fuzzy Logic .......................................................... 268

7.1.2. Characteristics of Fuzzy Logic .............................................. 268

7.1.3. When Not To Use Fuzzy Logic ............................................. 268

7.2. FUZZY SETS THEORY ...................................................... 269

7.2.1. Representation of fuzzy set .................................................... 270

7.3. MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS ............................................. 270

7.4. SET-THEORETIC OPERATIONS ...................................... 273
7.4.1. Union of a Set ........................................................................ 274

7.5. FUZZY ARITHMETIC ........................................................ 275

7.6. FUZZY RELATIONS .......................................................... 277
7.7. FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMS ....................................... 277
7.8. TSK MODEL ....................................................................... 280
7.9. FUZZIFIERS AND DEFUZZIFIER .................................... 281
7.10. COMPONENTS OF FLC ................................................ 285
7.11. FUZZY SYSTEMS AND MACHINE LEARNING ....... 290
7.12. APPLICATION OF FUZZY LOGIC IN INDIAN
INDUSTRIES ................................................................................... 292

xv
7.13. MATLAB AN INTRODUCTION ................................ 293
7.13.1. History of MATLAB ........................................................ 293
7.13.2. MATLAB-Simulink.......................................................... 294

7.13.3. Third Party / Add Application in Simulink ....................... 295

7.13.4. Applications of MATLAB-Simulink ................................ 296

7.14. MATLAB-SIMULINK & WORKING SCHEME ........... 296

7.14.1. MATLAB-Simulink Working Scheme with FLC ............. 298
7.14.2. Results and Waveform by MATLAB-Simulink ............... 300

CHAPTER SUMMERY ................................................................... 302

REVIEW QUESTIONS ................................................................... 304
Further Reading References ............................................................. 305
References ........................................................................................ 311

xvi
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CHAPTER POWER
1 SEMICONDUCTORS

CHAPTER-1:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Brief about Diode with its types, Logic Gates & binary
operations, Thyristor with Characteristics, configurations,
rating & protection, Transistor Family TRIAC, BJT, Power
MOSFETs, Requirement of Gate Circuit, Maximum Power
Transfer applications (Summery & Exercise of Chapter)

1.1. DIODE
The diode consists of two layers, two terminals, and one junction,
making it the simplest semiconductor device possible. Normal
diodes use semiconductors like p- and n-type to create their
junction. Anode is denoted by a p-type terminal whereas Cathode
is marked and denoted by a n-type terminal. Diodes may be found
in a variety of forms on the market. There are uses for all of them.
A diode with zero reverse recovery time is ideal. However, the
cost of designing such a diode might shift. Low-cost diodes may
be utilized since the reverse recovery time impact is not crucial in
many scenarios.

Definition: The term "power diode" refers to a specific kind of

diode used in power electronics circuits, characterized by its two
terminals (anode & cathode) and two layers (P & N). Since low-
power devices need to be modified to be suitable for high-power
applications, this diode is more complicated in manufacturing and
operation.

1 Power Electronics Fundamentals and Advance Engineering Applications