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Am Bpx9A D B is
pesloye M-P
pesloe
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SutM

edum o quase. makrix A is Ona

squaveMaknix is , en Sum leaks
CoXum T ovemaiy
eaclh. os column
w
SuUm each ms
A is a a
A-B3 is ao

iaw av
YO
doemuankis 2e.
valu oF

T
A number
Al-19 temA in pausion_.

dekeminako order n
ehaoa.
eXeenk ma t a
Sum o diagenas
oace
Yoace
T(kAnx) =
k T.(A) , kER
T(A+) =
T (A) +TrC3)
TCAD) >T (Ba)
Ty CBeA)
»
Tv (eA1B3)
A Be)
T(AAT = Sun ot squa eadn eXetmn
matia A
A- o Mul makrix)
T T (A AT) »0

Conugake. A denaled b A
4
A 2ti 3-|
2-3ti
 Makix A
maupo se A = (
LPCAJ a Mon-2en
Cerugak
CA) A uMuliy> ko o 2c
T (A AS)= Sum Squa omad mudos teseseh
eleen A AM M P(A) +
n(A) = m

A - e , F (aA)= l&l+lL"l+
le'l+ldt.
Am. p/A) mn,t
TCA) » Tr (AT) PCA) -0 A is nw makrix
dek A) 0
PLAB)+ PlBA)
Moh Sinqu JetCn)+0 PCAT) PCA)
A-Te] PCA+B) PA) + P(8)
PCA)+ P(B) - s P(AB) s PCA), PCR)
AdA) A A m- np
d
e charaXevisie pynomia
A e Suan maix of dYdt
CA(M) dek (xl - A) de(A-T )
A
, Al= ( b) ponak ree calle t ehapaekemste
A d eq CA dekla-t)-o
isc char ncevisie eua kim

A Ad(A) cat) CAC) =

a -*I)-f2}-I:
IA Ca- x)Cd- a) -be
AdyAdy Al =IAl
- - (atd)x +ad-be
Ter GLle makoix
AB BA I triek
o e e n singukav
AB)" A ,cal) -¥-[TtCA)] +[dektA)
A,D
natd) 7+(ad -be).
A Leen sikaa (A)» A

A3x3 c -'- [(a)A* MM+Mss|4

- (A)
SquA Ma tiX
tamon F
ais fies tts ohovaekeritieeqakm.
 oP
,

oo

E
ED

A
 tuy heed.
kem AX B beeM-
T :T:P e L T ,so * Stem
eagh e R TO)e R c, awgh-unked makrix.
iek is
pt
CM.
T) - viek
vaend Sykem Ax
e+*
be a .m) e R
Co, b -vaniala
iseall Sem -equakim in TU A e

A x Ax -B e
TEis called Cmsien i los ssVkion
a

o wise i s A inConsisfenk. Kno ma enouS

T sye f equak m Ax =B is eded oniStem

Tncowewt

kDo eheous i B=0 ad e+0 wqe sal i te soln

iseallA on-em zeneb ws. PA)=P(A:) P) = PCA:0) P(A)+PlA:B)
= ho vaiabl<o ovarnalblo
T wowogeneo Stem- aqakimn

auas Cosisfet
e homo geous Stm-
Ax 0 a
.
, khas unigue sakn T ssem wnquwe SojM.
solnm
Tn 1A0
As t e sol HR sallkun is called 2ero ov

A =0 thviasa Th skn l be -

Y=32=3-
PCA) yariale, t kos unigue sade
varialle, f ls
P ) o . of

Varial
P
No o eq
Ax -0
o k spaee
kerlA ele s

i s i spaee 1{A) n-p(A) =

 vales
wwekrie aix A AT (sque makri) eige O

anA n a ix Hexa tan maMmx A oe A Compk

, A S y m a i e

makrix,n i , euan A - AS
sm AB+ BA L
PAPT 1s also
A+ issz pUneXa real.
iagona elemes d
EA is al stm
A+B is Lon-tivio ewm s n
AB is S AD-B A
tema ha
A 4&
No. ot hon tiaM ewkoves n
sqwec- ke, kA is He om
2 is man-sMgulon
A- i a s m i t oA keC
SquOve Mamx
Abe a
A+AT Kis pU. imamhay
A is nt
AA iS S kA is skes-e

Eigenveekr ot sm atix A2 is te
Smeriemafix is aluegs degonal galole AB is fes AB BA
Eigen values ar rea is fem
A

A
Squon Mabma is elgen vae is a Teak
es-metne
is a em
sordto e skes mki e. if ATaA A AG

A agonall ekeus 2 r o Ske Hem. A

nis A|=d amd
Anr. is skeo-S Laganad denenks e Y 0

i7 PTAP ske t a ,skes mamix A

ser. PUArek maanom
ad amsque mamx A Sam

keIR, A is skes ttem

k, And bbe, e m
eigon valn is t h r 00Pure. imnar
n A+D isske-
tpmee AD BA nahoix AAS AA T
n- ADs ske sm
A i s is skes
e i g n vals

A
Ske ifk d.
 Orgea makrix- E v matr is siagonaiaLle
AAT I
Lo O
1A = or - 1 T vaXutom Makmx
B . A BAB a
BA

OTtho A+B is he
A is ortof k»*||
Ya o oo
-Tin
AAT
o Squan ees EA o

PA) =V
ond S u m d s a e
4
CeluMn witcorrepokl
e w k s dav Du o Coumn is A is ve k t
ealumn
edeun a n o mu o kEN
Ais inve i
ana 2ero se AB BA
oher h
AB is invo
Rgak harix AB+BA --
O o is A A+Bis invo
ekines vale. eitur 1 ov -1 sv lbet
invales n mshkns. e gem
T v (A) Z

TJempofeF maix AA Aay' sasenak2ole

Yn Yn
. .Y Onsnnn Nnlpoe mabix ASq xis
MamX Sd
n Yn A=
ikpotewmaix me N S
eepofen e
evukpotew wiek
T- A is
0 , 1;4isien keaerk r
A is idem i keN a snll pes.fi dex of4 t makrix.
matix.
a
A, B idem nouw
AB=--BA s
is kem av Kower
A+ p upper
is ie if AB BA
u nakmix, shikl
AD
anglaw amx.
idei naki AB is vel
AB =BA,
1Al1 , 1f A A, is
l> i}
Ais f idenkth At B M net
lptent
T() E Z, T(A)=P(A) Ae Tdex P , A,,is al
index [P/k, tj-ceilg
n (rder ofA), 0except
T(A) vale 4 s C] 2 [otj 4
egan is et ev
 dex A ,hdex B ", mamx is non-gihgulan.
Mcey (A R) n (m,M)
v o O
Peomakmalix:-
Trace. 0 Matix wnoe enm eS
dlet A) 0
bknull mak
>

otagohapalle Sum of each ro

Not
ts agnalinolle Aeeh Couumn is is caled
ama, self inage
Compaon mam rix 3
(Pl 2 ) =(23),1 we
P - ) 2-)
0-ap
0-a

s mage. demun
A T (P)- Mo.
o
Me o oansposrit
IPl 1
M p I
. P

T CA) n- = en
de A) =- Aa 7 0 h o g e n a manix
mabix
a p omaM

M Charaeernyi e . equ (1"-1) a11)..

e t ehavaekeristie. polmomik ot tmabx. , ength.
3
ex- O D S - 3 M + 2 - 4 x 4 4

apix len Sa, chw eqm- 1) Cx-1)

eexk oFRhee o s Pekotion mabnx is iagonaizalble

ptratjm oY G Copex(ce)
o column
deewkox Nixis
o
Eno Aewwkr maki
en igen. is

eho 2
Compltx ,
oO
6
P

Nw
L

COooo
 VeckoSpace T se o a pomo miks
e x o compos1tion Abe a s
a oao A R 'o is srd b e
werna
twerna eposlim seA Neer sPace.
{la,t) aob E
,AA A
a,eA Thsek a majas sderee. n
Fxe compostim At +02+
u, Vond F e ay vee space
se 1474
e T sd pemails sderet 3 a
,EV t , YaEV, AE
eteena eopostim
Vovt* S ,4, 4z e IR Pis veek veek spae,
+ t e P , + a -" ¬ P
, EF, nd ¥aev P
9 +14) +(4N-*) 22+22
erec ames
Ts pokpom
Veaby space lutE, +,:) lbe is veckw SPace.
and V hnempi Sek. Th. derens Veelov spae
ealee
Sealors
9C9) R9) e G) z)
oV elea e ckw T Vis a veek UR)
cR) z[)
9CR)X
9pace over e leld F
gc)x
Re) x c(e)z(c)x
V,+) is aleek RCg)x
w.v.sl seokow (R(2)
i s dlsed 4a¬F,uev.
lz) x

ulipleskn tt, UEY, 9C9NT)X

eaks Muwkipieakn A vek adliom-
PisP Pri
Kt0) ua autBu va,BEF, uEV Zp 1 netr ch i s .
Caw dnam
to disinet
F is f Ielp
- u; + uEV
1 is P-Rm.
1
Mtekeeu F.
 PM)
T O2co) des does e to)
tonomi spaec vt S iy w Veck spoce. a
W PX) EV; ast y tzt rele.

W F ) EV P) -o A suose-
Su- Sspace o ved spaee. W
hde E is ealleA Supspaee. ot V
Over
vecvpace,
Spaee W
Mamx Space No Mamx
cperakm dehee on V
OpeatM Sa
waAEV; AA.*'h1
wa Aev , A A n Sulospace. mR i 03 R
WaAEV; A> AS T
w-SAEV, , TH(A) >0 WAEV A is swosk Vs v.

WaS AEV, Az -AT Te y su spacee W

WAEV; IAl>0
w BA:EMBeM
Some fncd i
Seqwence pace- .Slospaee i R

is Cergewt chvogenk

Pssina threugh
aa
trigi
uAny
is oo swospnee R
.e k Spaee
fmekim Space

iseawiwunsV{:: xR ismandoie uospoee M

V=}1:-R
W (0,0,0)
V f :xR i» oexdel W =( rou t ovin
A g hn pOssin

supspaee
Any plan passino he
f Ovigíh
is s w o space

7W1a): *2z-0,w^1) M*2]3

hasub p aee
sueRe5u , w spae
Swb spaeee
 oSulbspace. is Space
terseg segko neo Co hafi ,,V2, . .. , Vu
Sulospaee w loe. space i o veckry SpACe V A
Coued aottvo Co mlbinattn Vecs
V is
vee kwr
Sum ubrpace , W,o4
sum otwo sulprer
uoPher , +V+ -an, diEF
av w Sulospa.ce t
a
s Liuer Span-spawg sek lpevakia sek
um
V S C S wostk
T V= W+WL h n
W, W oFVeekty pacehn s p essille
Salesuespaee.
cawoihdy ta inur enmdoinakon Jeunks 3is callA
W+WL is spamna se
n e space
W W
w and W e t
LCs) a s)o spa ns) .

Disponsulospaee d SEVV
bes
space veekspace
0 n VCF)
Suspoce S- W0 W is suspace V lA SupspAe
cal SWospaee LS)
Spanned b 9.
Divee ppoole swlospnee
is supspaee ef v ifS is subseeefv
Ve veekr space T e Ls)
Wa WL
pmedh ov L s ) - S.
f
Vis cal suospaee.
s is
(suespaec) if -

LA) L L(B) V
t V W+W , As BE V R
WW2 0
i s dee W WL
V Line Depeneeuk A Suler
Union suespAee W d w Veekr spaee V(E) 1s S d o oe depehbenk-
t suospace t aon o So spec .

h S and sealor ,L)-.A M

is deind w U WL.
F, a 2em stA,M, +LL
WUW
Lihes TudeqgodonA SseSa vget spaee
VCF) is said to be neav ndepeweunki , y-
hS ses e a A,AL) -du in f s:
iA 4+L+. Au Mn a0+

A2*L2 - in 0
 in LP.
A sek
s Cowttwh o (zenu) vectr , t a i x space MazCR
Py
e s e 03 LT. as's
s e o

Tvec mensien of Suospaee cowsisthg S ic

ahhx
Consist a sslas
Smmarie
LTstis LT. Dimewsin swospa ee. l
Eve sulese LD
LDsutis maix is M-
Eve Sperse
Eve
a veeky space
4
Basis A SWosek Savenaee
spaee VCE) said
osis VUE W ASulesP4 ee of
b V
W -m
Chlfit(Yesmi elib.) n dim
af LT veekrS
s coui îh VV is
veek ih
vee
eleenks
ne comlonakion ale uwoer of -32=
ne
S
SpACe
Ta
vCF) be a veck Wis sue spacee
pmension
wsis VvCF) kut epewen eons
derons
eMumle 2 2
2 2
called cwensim ofVE). 2 ,-2-3P
senerald
vee spaec Co-ee
Co-e iciew
matpix, A
33
pule
hrten v e spoee.
geherake resmektm 22,
ierirRat ,afne PLA)= ,So
R- ko.of vyrieti
R, dm of
ea polgaomial spaee
mW
u, t 3-2 2 L .

n, aasis»1,X, ' beto- Swospace of VE).

zehenakes veekm spaee. W W
orTates
dm W t om W -oim , w
spaee. IR[ dmW+WL)
yeak,piuohi
nl wtetu
kd,e q e atmos- daWWL) ho. ef vaviabke - (ko
pasiy-,1,,x',.., x*} inWt+ He. oesietton WL)
veekv speL.
mesiuy Htl, nkt eherakd
ineov Treafamakn vee qace T: &VtF)vF)ea
vE)ad v'CE) be of wntke
t,
unekion
trawsvlon, Space Ts
SpACE Ov
ten keT)-xEV IT) - 0
is ellA a n e rawrema
Vv'
¬F
freVCF)6 , * z,]év d a,P
vCF) keT) is a subspace, VF) .

Trt) TC)+ T(
&TA) ATC) be LT H Ty-Tev'laEv
T: VV
TA+BT) = TG) + B|U is age of Liue Transumaon

T:Vv' be. L.T, R

TVF) v'CF) 7 Leav foTmai

SvF) w[E) dim. RagT)} P(T) = paw efLT T

LT T.

SetCo)-Sr)
SoTC)-S(TUN) LT T.
Tn
Tus SeT : V- w ded dikerT)3 =qlr) -
ruk
EV a ka
Sreskees Law T:VF)v'(F) be LT,
tyansmwatr
VF) is he
REA dm V(F)
a
T : VLF) pCT)+nlT) =
.

d e soin VF)
, s l e Litaw dep .T:Vv' be L.T, R
dependant n VE
Tr TS) G e Saan
TO) e e Tndegend sek nh v'CE) T i s ohe-one ncav tunmmkin_
wile ser Tukpendork n V(. T) »0 ieker(T) {o =

ans T is on to ve tronsfamako

TO,a)*t, T d ) =&(ato), T( = i- PlT) dn.VE)

3haa uon -maar LT sT: V v
T : vE) v'LF) e LT, n
a n e trowsfmakion is cUA snaulon
is addke, ioi
TO) »o, o
& nT) - T
VE)
b S-SMglo
TS LT od ToS be onug
T)2 -TO) LT n s i s ow-on T is o n LT
 Mati pmesakun -

L.T a veek spaee Cvsis t o

Vm LF) b
T: V(F)
x aix veak enkies
- xn,e P h , x
be LT, 3. Ta)=Ax
( F ) pcekirly T
lonsis M ix ord Mx
ajis As
T Matriz rprutatm w.v.
. . T) |T)d,+21(2* + Pr) nP(A). 2 nT)-h. qlA)
Tn) T )
A Ta)t * Azl,* *
Di pow veckw space
legre

m Am
Om
Th OYd ofLT à
makrix
M M atmVm(F), n okin uala)
LT n
T : P,R] P, TR] be -

TP))-Pa)rP(
w aK co-eheit
BTR Porial .
ak MAS
o dee ele
Bsis o P CRI } 1,1,n * »
No
Nou,

TG) T() T) T T(PG))» P"()4P(

2
Tt2) +1-
T T) ) +x

T) ) +*=2+

T) » o O-owe