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Introduction to Simulink
with Engineering Applications
Second Edition
Steven T. Karris

Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
Introduction to Simulink®
with Engineering Applications
Second Edition
Steven T. Karris

Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
Introduction to Simulink ® with Engineering Applications, Second Edition

Copyright ©2008 Orchard Publications. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Direct all inquiries to Orchard Publications, [email protected]

Product and corporate names are trademarks or registered trademarks of The MathWorks™, Inc. They are used only
for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Library of Congress Control Number 2008923972

ISBN-10: 1-934404-10-1
ISBN-13: 978-1-934404-10-2

TXu 1−303-668

Disclaimer
The author has made every effort to make this text as complete and accurate as possible, but no warranty is implied.
The author and publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss
or damages arising from the information contained in this text.
 Preface
This text is an introduction to Simulink ®, a companion application to MATLAB ®. It is written
for students at the undergraduate and graduate programs, as well as for the working professional.

The author claims no originality of the content, and the description of the Simulink blocks is
extracted from The MathWorks™ documentation without intent to infringe. The intent is to
provide a complete reference text, and whenever necessary, the author refers the reader to The
MathWorks™ documentation. Whenever there is a conflict between this text and The
MathWorks™ documentation, the latter takes precedence.

Although some previous knowledge of MATLAB would be helpful, it is not absolutely necessary;
Appendix A of this text is an introduction to MATLAB to enable the reader to begin learning
both MATLAB and Simulink simultaneously, and to perform graphical computations and
programming.

Chapters 2 through 19 describe the blocks in all Simulink Version 7.1 libraries. Their application
is illustrated with Simulink models that contain the pertinent blocks, and some are supplemented
with MATLAB functions, commands, and statements. Some background information is provided
for lesser known definitions and topics. Chapters 1 and 20 contain several Simulink models to
illustrate various applied math and engineering applications. Appendix B is an introduction to
masked subsystems, and Appendix C introduces the reader to random generation procedures.
Appendix D is an introduction to Weighted Moving Averages.

This text supplements our Numerical Analysis Using MATLAB and Excel, ISBN 978−1−934404−
03−4. It is self-contained; the blocks of each library are described in an orderly fashion that is
consistent with Simulink’s documentation. This arrangement provides insight into how a model is
used and how its parts interact with each another.

Like MATLAB, Simulink can be used with both linear and nonlinear systems, which can be
modeled in continuous time, sample time, or a hybrid of these. Examples are provided in this text.

Most of the examples presented in this book can be implemented with the Student Versions of
MATLAB and Simulink. A few may require the full versions of these outstanding packages, and
these examples may be skipped. Some add−ons, known as Toolboxes and Blocksets can be
obtained from The MathWorks,™ Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA, 01760-2098, USA,
www.mathworks.com.

To get the most out of this outstanding application, it is highly recommended that this text is used
in conjunction with the MATLAB and Simulink User’s Guides. Other references are provided in
the reference section of this text.
This is the second edition of this title, and although every effort was made to correct possible
typographical errors and erroneous references to figures and tables, some may have been
overlooked. Accordingly, the author will appreciate it very much if any such errors are brought to
his attention so that corrections can be made for the next edition.

The author wishes to express his gratitude to the staff of The MathWorks™, the developers of
MATLAB® and Simulink® for the encouragement and unlimited support they have provided me
with during the production of this text.

Our heartfelt thanks also to Mr. Howard R. Hansen, and Dr. Niel Ransom, former CTO of
Alcatel, for bringing some errors on the first print to our attention.

Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
[email protected]
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Simulink 1−1
1.1 Simulink and its Relation to MATLAB ....................................................................1−1
1.2 Simulink Demos ......................................................................................................1−20
1.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................1−28
1.4 Exercises ..................................................................................................................1−29
1.5 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ..................................................................1−30

2 The Commonly Used Blocks Library 2−1

2.1 Inport, Outport, and Subsystem Blocks................................................................ 2−2
2.2 Ground Block ........................................................................................................ 2−4
2.3 Terminator Block .................................................................................................. 2−5
2.4 Constant and Product Blocks ............................................................................... 2−6
2.5 Scope Block ........................................................................................................... 2−8
2.6 Bus Creator and Bus Selector Blocks ................................................................... 2−8
2.7 Mux and Demux Blocks ..................................................................................... 2−12
2.8 Switch Block ....................................................................................................... 2−15
2.9 Sum Block ........................................................................................................... 2−17
2.10 Gain Block .......................................................................................................... 2−18
2.11 Relational Operator Block .................................................................................. 2−19
2.12 Logical Operator Block ....................................................................................... 2−20
2.13 Saturation Block ................................................................................................. 2−21
2.14 Integrator Block .................................................................................................. 2−22
2.15 Unit Delay Block ................................................................................................ 2−27
2.16 Discrete-Time Integrator Block .......................................................................... 2−29
2.17 Data Types and The Data Type Conversion Block ........................................... 2−32
2.18 Summary ............................................................................................................. 2−42
2.19 Exercises .............................................................................................................. 2−46
2.20 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ............................................................. 2−48

3 The Continuous Blocks Library 3−1

3.1 Continuous−Time Linear Systems Sub−Library ....................................................... 3−2
3.1.1 Integrator Block .............................................................................................. 3−2
3.1.2 Derivative Block.............................................................................................. 3−2
3.1.3 State−Space Block ........................................................................................... 3−7
3.1.4 Transfer Fcn Block .......................................................................................... 3−7
3.1.5 Zero−Pole Block............................................................................................... 3−9
3.2 Continuous−Time Delays Sub−Library .................................................................. 3−10

Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition i

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 3.2.1 Transport Delay Block................................................................................. 3−11
3.2.2 Variable Time Delay Block ......................................................................... 3−12
3.2.3 Variable Transport Delay Block.................................................................. 3−13
3.3 Summary ............................................................................................................... 3−15
3.4 Exercises ............................................................................................................... 3−17
3.5 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ............................................................... 3−18

4 The Discontinuities Blocks Library 4−1

4.1 Saturation Block ..................................................................................................... 4−2
4.2 Saturation Dynamic Block ..................................................................................... 4−3
4.3 Dead Zone Block .................................................................................................... 4−4
4.4 Dead Zone Dynamic Block..................................................................................... 4−5
4.5 Rate Limiter Block.................................................................................................. 4−6
4.6 Rate Limiter Dynamic Block .................................................................................. 4−8
4.7 Backlash Block........................................................................................................ 4−9
4.8 Relay Block ........................................................................................................... 4−11
4.9 Quantizer Block.................................................................................................... 4−12
4.10 Hit Crossing Block................................................................................................ 4−13
4.11 Coulomb and Viscous Friction Block................................................................... 4−14
4.12 Wrap to Zero Block .............................................................................................. 4−16
4.13 Summary ............................................................................................................... 4−17
4.14 Exercises ............................................................................................................... 4−19
4.15 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ............................................................... 4−20

5 The Discrete Blocks Library 5−1

5.1 Discrete−Time Linear Systems Sub−Library............................................................ 5−2
5.1.1 Unit Delay Block.......................................................................................... 5−2
5.1.2 Integer Delay Block...................................................................................... 5−2
5.1.3 Tapped Delay Block..................................................................................... 5−3
5.1.4 Discrete−Time Integrator Block .................................................................. 5−4
5.1.5 Discrete Transfer Fcn Block ........................................................................ 5−4
5.1.6 Discrete Filter Block .................................................................................... 5−5
5.1.7 Discrete Zero−Pole Block............................................................................. 5−8
5.1.8 Difference Block........................................................................................... 5−9
5.1.9 Discrete Derivative Block .......................................................................... 5−10
5.1.10 Discrete State−Space Block ....................................................................... 5−11
5.1.11 Transfer Fcn First Order Block.................................................................. 5−14
5.1.12 Transfer Fcn Lead or Lag Block................................................................. 5−15
5.1.13 Transfer Fcn Real Zero Block .................................................................... 5−18
5.1.14 Discrete FIR Filter Block ........................................................................... 5−19

ii Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition

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 5.2 Sample & Hold Delays Sub−Library..................................................................... 5−21
5.2.1 Memory Block ............................................................................................ 5−21
5.2.2 First−Order Hold Block.............................................................................. 5−22
5.2.3 Zero−Order Hold Block.............................................................................. 5−23
5.3 Summary ............................................................................................................... 5−25
5.4 Exercises................................................................................................................ 5−27
5.5 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ............................................................... 5−29

6 The Logic and Bit Operations Library 6−1

6.1 Logic Operations Group Sub−Library ..................................................................... 6−2
6.1.1 Logical Operator Block ................................................................................ 6−2
6.1.2 Relational Operator Block............................................................................ 6−2
6.1.3 Interval Test Block ....................................................................................... 6−2
6.1.4 Interval Test Dynamic Block ....................................................................... 6−3
6.1.5 Combinatorial Logic Block........................................................................... 6−4
6.1.6 Compare to Zero Block ................................................................................ 6−9
6.1.7 Compare to Constant Block....................................................................... 6−10
6.2 Bit Operations Group Sub−Library ...................................................................... 6−11
6.2.1 Bit Set Block ............................................................................................... 6−12
6.2.2 Bit Clear Block ........................................................................................... 6−13
6.2.3 Bitwise Operator Block............................................................................... 6−14
6.2.4 Shift Arithmetic Block ............................................................................... 6−16
6.2.5 Extract Bits Block ....................................................................................... 6−17
6.3 Edge Detection Group Sub−Library ..................................................................... 6−18
6.3.1 Detect Increase Block................................................................................. 6−18
6.3.2 Detect Decrease Block ............................................................................... 6−20
6.3.3 Detect Change Block ................................................................................. 6−21
6.3.4 Detect Rise Positive Block ......................................................................... 6−22
6.3.5 Detect Rise Nonnegative Block ................................................................. 6−23
6.3.6 Detect Fall Negative Block ........................................................................ 6−24
6.3.7 Detect Fall Nonpositive Block ................................................................... 6−25
6.4 Summary............................................................................................................... 6−27
6.5 Exercises ............................................................................................................... 6−31
6.6 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ............................................................... 6−32

7 The Lookup Tables Library 7−1

7.1 Lookup Table Block ................................................................................................7−2
7.2 Lookup Table (2−D) Block .....................................................................................7−3
7.3 Lookup Table (n−D) Block .....................................................................................7−6
7.4 PreLookup Index Search Block...............................................................................7−7

Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition iii

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 7.5 Interpolation (n−D) Using PreLookup Block......................................................... 7−8
7.6 Direct Lookup Table (n−D) Block ....................................................................... 7−10
7.7 Lookup Table Dynamic Block .............................................................................. 7−16
7.8 Sine and Cosine Blocks ........................................................................................ 7−17
7.9 Summary ............................................................................................................... 7−21
7.10 Exercises................................................................................................................ 7−23
7.11 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ............................................................... 7−24

8 The Math Operations Library 8−1

8.1 Math Operations Group Sub−Library ..................................................................... 8−2
8.1.1 Sum Block .................................................................................................... 8−2
8.1.2 Add Block .................................................................................................... 8−2
8.1.3 Subtract Block.............................................................................................. 8−3
8.1.4 Sum of Elements Block ................................................................................ 8−4
8.1.5 Bias Block..................................................................................................... 8−4
8.1.6 Weighted Sample Time Math Block ........................................................... 8−5
8.1.7 Gain Block ................................................................................................... 8−6
8.1.8 Slider Gain Block ......................................................................................... 8−6
8.1.9 Product Block............................................................................................... 8−7
8.1.10 Divide Block................................................................................................. 8−7
8.1.11 Product of Elements Block........................................................................... 8−7
8.1.12 Dot Product Block ....................................................................................... 8−8
8.1.13 Sign Block .................................................................................................... 8−9
8.1.14 Abs Block ................................................................................................... 8−10
8.1.15 Unary Minus Block .................................................................................... 8−11
8.1.16 Math Function Block................................................................................. 8−11
8.1.17 Rounding Function Block.......................................................................... 8−13
8.1.18 Polynomial Block ....................................................................................... 8−14
8.1.19 MinMax Block ........................................................................................... 8−14
8.1.20 MinMax Running Resettable Block .......................................................... 8−15
8.1.21 Trigonometric Function Block .................................................................. 8−16
8.1.22 Sine Wave Function Block ........................................................................ 8−17
8.1.23 Algebraic Constraint Block........................................................................ 8−18
8.2 Vector / Matrix Operations Group Sub−Library ................................................... 8−19
8.2.1 The Assignment Block............................................................................... 8−19
8.2.2 The Reshape Block .................................................................................... 8−21
8.2.3 The Squeze Block....................................................................................... 8−21
8.2.4 The Matrix Concatenate Block ................................................................. 8−23
8.2.5 The Vector Concatenate Block ................................................................. 8−24
8.2.6 The Permute Block .................................................................................... 8−25
8.3 The Complex Vector Conversions Group Sub−Library ........................................ 8−26

iv Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 8.3.1 Complex to Magnitude−Angle Block........................................................ 8−26
8.3.2 Magnitude−Angle to Complex Block....................................................... 8−27
8.3.3 Complex to Real−Imag Block.................................................................... 8−28
8.3.4 Real−Imag to Complex Block.................................................................... 8−29
8.4 Summary................................................................................................................ 8−30
8.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................ 8−34
8.6 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises................................................................ 8−36

9 The Model Verification Library 9−1

9.1 Check Static Lower Bound Block.......................................................................... 9−2
9.2 Check Static Upper Bound Block.......................................................................... 9−3
9.3 Check Static Range Block ..................................................................................... 9−4
9.4 Check Static Gap Block......................................................................................... 9−5
9.5 Check Dynamic Lower Bound Block .................................................................... 9−6
9.6 Check Dynamic Upper Bound Block .................................................................... 9−8
9.7 Check Dynamic Range Block ................................................................................ 9−9
9.8 Check Dynamic Gap Block ................................................................................. 9−10
9.9 Assertion Block.................................................................................................... 9−12
9.10 Check Discrete Gradient Block........................................................................... 9−13
9.11 Check Input Resolution Block ............................................................................ 9−14
9.12 Summary .............................................................................................................. 9−16
9.13 Exercises............................................................................................................... 9−18
9.14 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises .............................................................. 9−19

10 The Model−Wide Utilities Library 10−1

10.1 Linearization of Running Models Sub−Library..................................................10−2
10.1.1 Trigger−Based Linearization Block........................................................10−2
10.1.2 Time−Based Linearization Block...........................................................10−4
10.2 Documentation Sub−Library ............................................................................10−7
10.2.1 Model Info Block...................................................................................10−7
10.2.2 Doc Text Block .....................................................................................10−9
10.3 Modeling Guides Sub−Library ..........................................................................10−9
Block Support Table Block...............................................................................10−9
10.4 Summary .........................................................................................................10−11

11 The Ports & Subsystems Library 11−1

11.1 Inport, Outport, and Subsystem Blocks ........................................................ 11−2
11.2 Trigger Block ................................................................................................. 11−2
11.3 Enable Block.................................................................................................. 11−2
11.4 Function−Call Generator Block .................................................................... 11−3

Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition v

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 11.5 Atomic Subsystem Block ............................................................................... 11−4
11.6 Code Reuse Subsystem Block ........................................................................ 11−9
11.7 Model Block ................................................................................................. 11−17
11.8 Configurable Subsystem Block..................................................................... 11−19
11.9 Triggered Subsystem Block.......................................................................... 11−25
11.10 Enabled Subsystem Block............................................................................ 11−27
11.11 Enabled and Triggered Subsystem Block.................................................... 11−30
11.12 Function−Call Subsystem Block ................................................................. 11−34
11.13 For Iterator Subsystem Block ...................................................................... 11−37
11.14 While Iterator Subsystem Block.................................................................. 11−39
11.15 If and If Action Subsystem Blocks .............................................................. 11−41
11.16 Switch Case and The Switch Case Action Subsystem Blocks.................... 11−43
11.17 Subsystem Examples Block ......................................................................... 11−46
11.18 S−Functions in Simulink............................................................................. 11−49
11.19 Summary...................................................................................................... 11−55

12 The Signal Attributes Library 12−1

12.1 Signal Attribute Manipulation Sub−Library .................................................... 12−2
12.1.1 Data Type Conversion Block ............................................................. 12−2
12.1.2 Data Type Duplicate Block ................................................................ 12−2
12.1.3 Data Type Propagation Block ............................................................ 12−4
12.1.4 Data Type Scaling Strip Block ........................................................... 12−5
12.1.5 Data Conversion Inherited Block ...................................................... 12−5
12.1.6 IC (Initial Condition) Block............................................................... 12−6
12.1.7 Signal Conversion Block .................................................................... 12−7
12.1.8 Rate Transition Block ........................................................................ 12−8
12.1.9 Signal Specification Block ................................................................ 12−11
12.1.10 Bus to Vector Block.......................................................................... 12−12
12.1.11 Data Type Propagation Examples Block .......................................... 12−14
12.2 Signal Attribute Detection Sub−Library ........................................................ 12−16
12.2.1 Probe Block....................................................................................... 12−17
12.2.2 Weighted Sample Time Block.......................................................... 12−18
12.2.3 Width Block ..................................................................................... 12−19
12.3 Summary ........................................................................................................ 12−20

13 The Signal Routing Library 13−1

13.1 Signal Routing Group Sub−Library ................................................................. 13−2
13.1.1 Bus Creator Block .............................................................................. 13−2
13.1.2 Bus Selector Block ............................................................................. 13−2
13.1.3 Bus Assignment Block ....................................................................... 13−2

vi Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 13.1.4 Mux Block ..........................................................................................13−6
13.1.5 Demux Block ......................................................................................13−6
13.1.6 Selector Block.....................................................................................13−6
13.1.7 Index Vector Block.............................................................................13−8
13.1.8 Merge Block........................................................................................13−8
13.1.9 Environmental Controller Block......................................................13−10
13.1.10 Manual Switch Block .......................................................................13−12
13.1.11 Multiport Switch Block ....................................................................13−13
13.1.12 Switch Block.....................................................................................13−14
13.1.13 From Block .......................................................................................13−14
13.1.14 Goto Tag Visibility Block .................................................................13−15
13.1.15 Goto Block........................................................................................13−16
13.2 Signal Storage and Access Group Sub−Library .............................................13−18
13.2.1 Data Store Read Block .....................................................................13−18
13.2.2 Data Store Memory Block................................................................13−18
13.2.3 Data Store Write Block....................................................................13−19
13.3 Summary ........................................................................................................13−22

14 The Sinks Library 14−1

14.1 Models and Subsystems Outputs Sub−Library................................................14−2
14.1.1 Outport Block.......................................................................................14−2
14.1.2 Terminator Block .................................................................................14−2
14.1.3 To File Block........................................................................................14−2
14.1.4 To Workspace Block ...........................................................................14−4
14.2 Data Viewers Sub−Library...............................................................................14−6
14.2.1 Scope Block .........................................................................................14−6
14.2.2 Floating Scope Block ...........................................................................14−8
14.2.3 XY Graph Block.................................................................................14−12
14.2.4 Display Block .....................................................................................14−16
14.3 Simulation Control Sub−Library ...................................................................14−17
Stop Simulation Block...................................................................................14−17
14.4 Summary........................................................................................................14−18

15 The Sources Library 15−1

15.1 Models and Subsystems Inputs Sub−Library .................................................. 15−2
15.1.1 Inport Block .......................................................................................15−2
15.1.2 Ground Block.................................................................................... 15−2
15.1.3 From File Block................................................................................. 15−2
15.1.4 From Workspace Block .................................................................... 15−2
15.2 Signal Generators Sub−Library ...................................................................... 15−3

Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition vii

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 15.2.1 Constant Block ................................................................................. 15−3
15.2.2 Signal Generator Block ..................................................................... 15−4
15.2.3 Pulse Generator Block ...................................................................... 15−5
15.2.4 Signal Builder Block.......................................................................... 15−6
15.2.5 Ramp Block ....................................................................................... 15−9
15.2.6 Sine Wave Block............................................................................... 15−9
15.2.7 Step Block....................................................................................... 15−12
15.2.8 Repeating Sequence Block ............................................................. 15−13
15.2.9 Chirp Signal Block.......................................................................... 15−14
15.2.10 Random Number Block .................................................................. 15−15
15.2.11 Uniform Random Number Block ................................................... 15−16
15.2.12 Band Limited White Noise Block................................................... 15−17
15.2.13 Repeating Sequence Stair Block..................................................... 15−22
15.2.14 Repeating Sequence Interpolated Block ........................................ 15−22
15.2.15 Counter Free−Running Block ........................................................ 15−24
15.2.16 Counter Limited Block ................................................................... 15−25
15.2.17 Clock Block..................................................................................... 15−26
15.2.18 Digital Clock Block......................................................................... 15−27
15.3 Summary....................................................................................................... 15−29

16 The User−Defined Functions Library 16−1

16.1 Fcn Block....................................................................................................... 16−2

16.2 MATLAB Fcn Block ..................................................................................... 16−3
16.3 Embedded MATLAB Function Block .......................................................... 16−3
16.4 S−Function Block .......................................................................................... 16−7
16.5 Level−2 M−file S−Function Block................................................................. 16−7
16.6 S−Function Builder Block ........................................................................... 16−11
16.7 S−Function Examples Block........................................................................ 16−11
16.8 Summary...................................................................................................... 16−12

17 The Additional Discrete Library 17−1

17.1 Transfer Fcn Direct Form II Block............................................................... 17−2
17.2 Transfer Fcn Direct Form II Time Varying Block........................................ 17−3
17.3 Fixed-Point State-Space Block..................................................................... 17−4
17.4 Unit Delay External IC Block ...................................................................... 17−6
17.5 Unit Delay Resettable Block ........................................................................ 17−7
17.6 Unit Delay Resettable External IC Block..................................................... 17−8
17.7 Unit Delay Enabled Block ............................................................................ 17−9
17.8 Unit Delay Enabled Resettable Block ........................................................ 17−11
17.9 Unit Delay Enabled External IC Block ...................................................... 17−12

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 17.10 Unit Delay Enabled Resettable External IC Block .................................... 17−13
17.11 Unit Delay With Preview Resettable Block............................................... 17−15
17.12 Unit Delay With Preview Resettable External RV Block ......................... 17−16
17.13 Unit Delay With Preview Enabled Block .................................................. 17−17
17.14 Unit Delay With Preview Enabled Resettable Block................................. 17−19
17.15 Unit Delay With Preview Enabled Resettable External RV Block ........... 17−20
17.16 Summary .................................................................................................... 17−22

18 The Additional Math Increment / Decrement Library 18−1

18.1 Increment Real World Block........................................................................... 18−2
18.2 Decrement Real World Block ......................................................................... 18−3
18.3 Increment Stored Integer Block ...................................................................... 18−4
18.4 Decrement Stored Integer Block ..................................................................... 18−5
18.5 Decrement to Zero Block ................................................................................ 18−6
18.6 Decrement Time To Zero Block...................................................................... 18−7
18.7 Summary .......................................................................................................... 18−8

19 The Simulink Extras Library 19−1

19.1 Additional Discrete Group blocks ...................................................................19−2

19.1.1 Discrete Transfer Fcn (with initial states) block.................................19−2
19.1.2 Discrete Transfer Fcn (with initial outputs) block..............................19−5
19.1.3 Discrete Zero−Pole (with initial states) block .....................................19−8
19.1.4 Discrete Zero−Pole (with initial outputs) block ................................19−12
19.1.5 Idealized ADC Quantizer block ........................................................19−15
19.2 Additional Linear Group blocks ....................................................................19−18
19.2.1 Transfer Fcn (with initial states) block .............................................19−18
19.2.2 Transfer Fcn (with initial outputs) block ..........................................19−21
19.2.3 Zero−Pole (with initial states) block..................................................19−23
19.2.4 Zero−Pole (with initial outputs) block ..............................................19−26
19.2.5 State−Space (with initial outputs) block...........................................19−27
19.2.6 PID Controller block .........................................................................19−29
19.2.7 PID Controller (with Approximate Derivative) block......................19−31
19.3 Additional Sinks Group blocks......................................................................19−33
19.3.1 Power Spectral Density block ............................................................19−33
19.3.2 Averaging Power Spectral Density block ..........................................19−37
19.3.3 Spectrum Analyzer block...................................................................19−38
19.3.4 Averaging Spectrum Analyzer block .................................................19−41
19.3.5 Cross Correlator block .......................................................................19−43
19.3.6 Auto Correlator block........................................................................19−45
19.3.7 Floating Bar Plot block ......................................................................19−46

Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition ix

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 19.4 Flip Flops Group blocks................................................................................. 19−48
19.4.1 Clock block ....................................................................................... 19−48
19.4.2 D Latch block.................................................................................... 19−49
19.4.3 S−R Flip Flop block........................................................................... 19−50
19.4.4 D Flip Flop block............................................................................... 19−51
19.4.5 J−K Flip Flop block............................................................................ 19−52
19.5 Linearization Group blocks ........................................................................... 19−53
19.5.1 Switched Derivative for Linearization block ..................................... 19−53
19.5.2 Switched Transport Delay for Linearization block............................ 19−56
19.6 Transformations Group blocks...................................................................... 19−59
19.6.1 Polar to Cartesian block .................................................................... 19−59
19.6.2 Cartesian to Polar block .................................................................... 19−60
19.6.3 Spherical to Cartesian block.............................................................. 19−61
19.6.4 Cartesian to Spherical block.............................................................. 19−62
19.6.5 Fahrenheit to Celsius block ............................................................... 19−63
19.6.6 Celsius to Fahrenheit block ............................................................... 19−64
19.6.7 Degrees to Radians block .................................................................. 19−65
19.6.8 Radians to Degrees block .................................................................. 19−65
19.7 Summary........................................................................................................ 19−67

20 Engineering Applications 20−1

20.1 Applications to Differential Equations ........................................................... 20−1

20.1.1 Math Example .................................................................................. 20−1
20.1.2 Dynamics Example ........................................................................... 20−3
20.1.3 Chemical Solutions Example ........................................................... 20−6
20.1.4 Heat Flow Example .......................................................................... 20−8
20.1.5 Cantilever Beam Deflection Example ............................................ 20−10
20.1.6 Tractrix Curve Example ................................................................. 20−13
20.1.7 Bessel Differential Equation Example ............................................ 20−15
20.1.8 Van der Pol Differential Equation Example .................................. 20−18
20.1.9 The Simple Pendulum Example ..................................................... 20−22
20.1.10 Simple Oscillator Example ............................................................. 20−26
20.2 Zero−Order Hold and First−Order Hold Circuits as Reconstructors .......... 20−28
20.3 Digital Filter Realization Forms ................................................................... 20−30
20.3.1 Direct Form I Realization of a Digital Filter .................................. 20−30
20.3.2 Direct Form II Realization of a Digital Filter ................................. 20−31
20.3.3 Series Form Realization of a Digital Filter ..................................... 20−34
20.3.4 Parallel Form Realization of a Digital Filter ................................... 20−36
20.4 Models for Binary Counters ......................................................................... 20−39
20.4.1 Model for a 3−bit Up / Down Counter .......................................... 20−39

x Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 20.4.2 Model for a 4−bit Ring Counter .....................................................20−40
20.5 Models for Mechanical Systems .................................................................20−41
20.5.1 Model for a Mass−Spring−Dashpot .................................................20−41
20.5.2 Model for a Cascaded Mass−Spring System ....................................20−43
20.5.3 Model for a Mechanical Accelerometer ..........................................20−45
20.6 Feedback Control Systems ..........................................................................20−46
20.7 Models for Electrical Systems .....................................................................20−49
20.7.1 Model for an Electric Circuit in Phasor Form .................................20−49
20.7.2 Model for the Application of the Superposition Principle ..............20−51
20.8 Transformations ..........................................................................................20−53
20.9 Discrete Time Integration with Variable Amplitude Input .......................20−54
20.10 The Digital Filter Design Block ..................................................................20−57
20.11 S-Function Examples ..................................................................................20−65
20.11.1 Temperature Coefficients for Semiconductor Diodes ...................20−65
20.11.2 Simple Pendulum ..........................................................................20−67
20.12 Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................20−70
20.13 Summary ......................................................................................................20−71

A Introduction to MATLAB A−1

A.1 MATLAB® and Simulink®............................................................................A−1
A.2 Command Window ..........................................................................................A−1
A.3 Roots of Polynomials ........................................................................................A−3
A.4 Polynomial Construction from Known Roots..................................................A−4
A.5 Evaluation of a Polynomial at Specified Values...............................................A−6
A.6 Rational Polynomials........................................................................................A−8
A.7 Using MATLAB to Make Plots .....................................................................A−10
A.8 Subplots..........................................................................................................A−18
A.9 Multiplication, Division, and Exponentiation ...............................................A−18
A.10 Script and Function Files ...............................................................................A−26
A.11 Display Formats..............................................................................................A−31

B Masked Subsystems B−1

B.1 Masks Defined.................................................................................................... B−1
B.2 Advantages Using Masked Subsystems ............................................................. B−1
B.3 Mask Features .................................................................................................... B−1
B.4 Creating a Masked Subsystem ........................................................................... B−2

C Random Number Generation C−1

C.1 Random Numbers .............................................................................................. C−1
C.2 An Example ....................................................................................................... C−1

Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition xi

Copyright © Orchard Publications
D Weighted Moving Average ....................................................................................... D−1

References R−1

Index IN−1

xii Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition

Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1
Introduction to Simulink

T
his chapter is an introduction to Simulink. This author feels that it is best to introduce Sim-
ulink in this chapter with a few examples. Tools for simulation and model−based designs are
presented in the subsequent chapters. Some familiarity with MATLAB is essential in
understanding Simulink, and for this purpose, Appendix A is included as an introduction to
MATLAB.

1.1 Simulink and its Relation to MATLAB

The MATLAB® and Simulink® environments are integrated into one entity, and thus we can
analyze, simulate, and revise our models in either environment at any point. We invoke Simulink
from within MATLAB. We begin with a few examples and we will discuss generalities in subse-
quent chapters. Throughout this text, a left justified horizontal bar will denote the beginning of
an example, and a right justified horizontal bar will denote the end of the example. These bars
will not be shown whenever an example begins at the top of a page or at the bottom of a page.
Also, when one example follows immediately after a previous example, the right justified bar will
be omitted.

Example 1.1
For the electric circuit of Figure 1.1, u 0 ( t ) *is the input and the initial conditions are i L ( 0 − ) = 0 ,
and v c ( 0 − ) = 0.5 V . We will compute v C ( t ) .
R L
+
1Ω 1⁄4 H C
+ vC ( t )
−
i(t) 4⁄3 F
−
vs ( t ) = u0 ( t )
Figure 1.1. Circuit for Example 1.1
For this example,
dv
i = i L = i C = C --------C- (1.1)
dt

* Throughout this text, the designation u 0 ( t ) will be used to denote the unit step function. We will use u ( t ) to
denote any other input to be consistent with the MATLAB and Simulink designations.

Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition 1−1

Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Introduction to Simulink

and by Kirchoff’s voltage law (KVL),

di
Ri L + L ------L- + v C = u 0 ( t ) (1.2)
dt
Substitution of (1.1) into (1.2) yields
2
dv d vC
- + vC = u0 ( t )
RC --------C- + LC ---------- (1.3)
dt 2
dt
Substituting the values of the circuit constants and rearranging we obtain:
2
1 d v dv
--- ----------C- + 4
--- --------C- + v C = u 0 ( t )
3 dt 2 3 dt

2
d vC dv
----------- + 4 --------C- + 3v C = 3u 0 ( t ) (1.4)
dt
2 dt

2
d v dv
----------C- + 4 --------C- + 3v C = 3 t>0 (1.5)
dt
2 dt

To appreciate Simulink’s capabilities, for comparison, three different methods of obtaining the
solution are presented, and the solution using Simulink follows.
First Method − Assumed Solution
Equation (1.5) is a second−order, non−homogeneous differential equation with constant coeffi-
cients, and thus the complete solution will consist of the sum of the forced response and the natu-
ral response. It is obvious that the solution of this equation cannot be a constant since the deriva-
tives of a constant are zero and thus the equation is not satisfied. Also, the solution cannot
contain sinusoidal functions (sine and cosine) since the derivatives of these are also sinusoids.
– at
However, decaying exponentials of the form ke where k and a are constants, are possible can-
didates since their derivatives have the same form but alternate in sign.
–s t –s t
It can be shown* that if k 1 e 1 and k 2 e 2 where k 1 and k 2 are constants and s 1 and s 2 are the
roots of the characteristic equation of the homogeneous part of the given differential equation,
–s1 t –s2 t
the natural response is the sum of the terms k 1 e and k 2 e . Therefore, the total solution will
be

* For a thorough discussion, please refer to Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Applications, ISBN 0−
9709511−5−9, Appendix B.

1− 2 Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Simulink and its Relation to MATLAB
–s1 t –s2 t
v c ( t ) = natural response + forced response = v cn ( t ) + v cf ( t ) = k 1 e + k2 e + v cf ( t ) (1.6)

The values of s 1 and s 2 are the roots of the characteristic equation

2
s + 4s + 3 = 0 (1.7)
Solution of (1.7) yields of s 1 = – 1 and s 2 = – 3 and with these values (1.6) is written as

–t –3 t
vc ( t ) = k1 e + k2 e + v cf ( t ) (1.8)

The forced component v cf ( t ) is found from (1.5), i.e.,

2
d v dv
----------C- + 4 --------C- + 3v C = 3 t>0 (1.9)
dt
2 dt

Since the right side of (1.9) is a constant, the forced response will also be a constant and we
denote it as v Cf = k 3 . By substitution into (1.9) we obtain

0 + 0 + 3k 3 = 3
or
v Cf = k 3 = 1 (1.10)

Substitution of this value into (1.8), yields the total solution as

–t –3 t
v C ( t ) = v Cn ( t ) + v Cf = k 1 e + k 2 e +1 (1.11)

The constants k 1 and k 2 will be evaluated from the initial conditions. First, using v C ( 0 ) = 0.5 V
and evaluating (1.11) at t = 0 , we obtain
0 0
v C ( 0 ) = k 1 e + k 2 e + 1 = 0.5

k 1 + k 2 = – 0.5 (1.12)

Also,
dv C dv C i
i L = i C = C ---------, --------- = ---L-
dt dt C
and
dv iL ( 0 ) 0
--------C- = -----------
- = ---- = 0 (1.13)
dt t=0
C C

Next, we differentiate (1.11), we evaluate it at t = 0 , and equate it with (1.13). Thus,

dv C
--------- = – k 1 – 3k 2 (1.14)
dt t=0

Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition 1−3

Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Introduction to Simulink

Equating the right sides of (1.13) and (1.14) we obtain

– k 1 – 3k 2 = 0 (1.15)

Simultaneous solution of (1.12) and (1.15), gives k 1 = – 0.75 and k 2 = 0.25 . By substitution into
(1.8), we obtain the total solution as
–t –3 t
v C ( t ) = ( – 0.75 e + 0.25e + 1 )u 0 ( t ) (1.16)

Check with MATLAB:

syms t % Define symbolic variable t
y0=−0.75*exp(−t)+0.25*exp(−3*t)+1; % The total solution y(t), for our example, vc(t)
y1=diff(y0) % The first derivative of y(t)
y1 =
3/4*exp(-t)-3/4*exp(-3*t)
y2=diff(y0,2) % The second derivative of y(t)
y2 =
-3/4*exp(-t)+9/4*exp(-3*t)
y=y2+4*y1+3*y0 % Summation of y and its derivatives
y =
3
Thus, the solution has been verified by MATLAB. Using the expression for v C ( t ) in (1.16), we
find the expression for the current as
dv C 4
i = i L = i C = C ---------- = --- ⎛
3 –t 3 –3t ⎞ – t – 3t
--- e – --- e = e –e A (1.17)
dt 3⎝ 4 4 ⎠

Second Method − Using the Laplace Transformation

The transformed circuit is shown in Figure 1.2.
R L
+
1 0.25s C
+ 3 ⁄ 4s VC ( s )
− +
VS ( s ) = 1 ⁄ s I( s) VC ( 0 )
−
0.5 ⁄ s
−
Figure 1.2. Transformed Circuit for Example 1.1

1− 4 Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition

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 Simulink and its Relation to MATLAB
By the voltage division* expression,

3 ⁄ 4s 2
0.5s + 2s + 3-
V C ( s ) = ---------------------------------------------- ⋅ ⎛ 1 -------⎞ + 0.5
--- – 0.5 1.5 - + 0.5
------- = -------------------------------- ------- = -----------------------------------
( 1 + 0.25s + 3 ⁄ 4s ) ⎝ s s ⎠ s 2
s ( s + 4s + 3 ) s s(s + 1)(s + 3)

Using partial fraction expansion,† we let

2
0.5s + 2s + 3- = r---1- + ---------------
-----------------------------------
r2 r3
- + ---------------
- (1.18)
s( s + 1 )( s + 3) s (s + 1) (s + 3)
2
0.5s + 2s + 3
r 1 = ---------------------------------- = 1
(s + 1)(s + 3) s=0

2
0.5s + 2s + 3-
r 2 = --------------------------------- = – 0.75
s(s + 3) s = –1

2
0.5s + 2s + 3-
r 3 = --------------------------------- = 0.25
s(s + 1) s = –3

and by substitution into (1.18)

2
0.5s + 2s + 3- = 1
V C ( s ) = ----------------------------------- – 0.75- + ---------------
--- + --------------- 0.25 -
s(s + 1)(s + 3) s (s + 1) (s + 3)

Taking the Inverse Laplace transform‡ we find that

–t – 3t
v C ( t ) = 1 – 0.75e + 0.25e

Third Method − Using State Variables

di
Ri L + L ------L- + v C = u 0 ( t ) **
dt
By substitution of given values and rearranging, we obtain

* For derivation of the voltage division and current division expressions, please refer to Circuit Analysis I with
MATLAB Applications, ISBN 0−9709511−2−4.
† A thorough discussion of partial fraction expansion with MATLAB Applications is presented in Numerical
Analysis Using MATLAB and Excel, ISBN 978−1−934404−03−4.
‡ For an introduction to Laplace Transform and Inverse Laplace Transform, please refer to Circuit Analysis II
with MATLAB Applications, ISBN 0−9709511−5−9.
** Usually, in State−Space and State Variables Analysis, u ( t ) denotes any input. For distinction, we will denote
the Unit Step Function as u0 ( t ) . For a detailed discussion on State−Space and State Variables Analysis, please
refer to Signals and Systems with MATLAB Computing and Simulink Modeling , ISBN 0−9744239−9−8.

Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition 1−5

Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Introduction to Simulink

1--- di
------L- = ( – 1 )i L – v C + 1
4 dt
or
di L
------- = – 4i L – 4v C + 4 (1.19)
dt

Next, we define the state variables x 1 = i L and x 2 = v C . Then,

di
x· 1 = ------L- * (1.20)
dt
and
dv
x· 2 = --------C- (1.21)
dt
Also,
dv
i L = C --------C-
dt
and thus,
dv 4
x 1 = i L = C --------C- = Cx· 2 = --- x· 2
dt 3
or
3
x· 2 = --- x 1 (1.22)
4
Therefore, from (1.19), (1.20), and (1.22), we obtain the state equations
x· 1 = – 4x 1 – 4x 2 + 4
3
x· 2 = --- x 1
4
and in matrix form,
x· 1
= –4 –4 1 + 4 u0 ( t )
x
(1.23)
x· 2 3 ⁄ 4 0 x2 0

Solution† of (1.23) yields

–t – 3t
x1
= e –e
x2 –t – 3t
1 – 0.75 e + 0.25e
Then,
–t – 3t
x1 = iL = e –e (1.24)

* The notation x· (x dot) is often used to denote the first derivative of the function x , that is, x· = dx ⁄ dt .
† The detailed solution of (1.23) is given in Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, ISBN 0−
9744239−9−8, Chapter 5.

1− 6 Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Simulink and its Relation to MATLAB
and –t – 3t
x 2 = v C = 1 – 0.75e + 0.25e (1.25)

Modeling the Differential Equation of Example 1.1 with Simulink

To run Simulink, we must first invoke MATLAB. Make sure that Simulink is installed in your sys-
tem. At the MATLAB command prompt (>>), we type:
simulink
Alternately, we can click the Simulink icon shown in Figure 1.3. It appears on the top bar on the
MATLAB Command Window.

Figure 1.3. The Simulink icon

Upon execution of the Simulink command, the Commonly Used Blocks are shown in Figure
1.4.
In Figure 1.4, the left side is referred to as the Tree Pane and displays all Simulink libraries
installed. The right side is referred to as the Contents Pane and displays the blocks that reside in
the library currently selected in the Tree Pane.

Let us express the differential equation of Example 1.1 as

2
d vC dv
----------- = – 4 --------C- – 3v C + 3u 0 ( t ) (1.26)
dt
2 dt

A block diagram representing (1.26) is shown in Figure 1.5. Now, we will use Simulink to draw a
similar block diagram.

Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition 1−7

Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Introduction to Simulink

Figure 1.4. The Simulink Library Browser

2
d vC
----------- dv C
2 ---------
dt
u0 ( t ) 3 Σ ∫ dt
dt
∫ dt vC

−4

−3

Figure 1.5. Block diagram for equation (1.26)

To model the differential equation (1.26) using Simulink, we perform the following steps:

1. On the Simulink Library Browser, we click the leftmost icon shown as a blank page on
the top title bar. A new model window named untitled will appear as shown in Figure 1.6.

1− 8 Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Second Edition

Copyright © Orchard Publications
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Neck and shoulders 10
Legs and feet 15
Hind quarters 10
Back and loins 10
Tail 5
Coat with frill 20
Size 5
Total 100
General Appearance.—A lithe, active dog,
presenting an elegant, pleasing outline, and
exhibiting strength, speed, and intelligence.
Head.—Moderately long, covered with short, soft
hair; skull flat, moderately wide between the ears
and tapering to the eyes; very little stop; skin on
head very tightly drawn; muzzle of fair length, tapering to the nose,
which should always be black; mouth a bit overshot. Eyes of fair
size, not prominent, placed rather wide apart, almond-shaped, and
set obliquely; they may be any shade of brown, the darker the better.
Ears small, covered with short, soft hair, and carried semi-erect
when at attention, at other times thrown back.
Neck.—Long, arched, and muscular; chest deep
and narrow in front, but wide behind the shoulders.
Back.—Short and level; shoulders oblique; loins
rather long, slightly arched, and powerful.
Legs.—Fore legs straight and
muscular, with a fair amount of flat bone; hind legs
sinewy; hind quarters drooping slightly, very long
from hips to hocks; stifles well bent; hip bones rather
wide and ragged, and hocks well bent; pasterns
long, springy, and lighter in bone than rest of leg;
feet with soles well padded, and the toes arched
and compact.
Tail.—Moderately long, carried low when quiet, gaily when
excited, and almost straight when running.
 Coat.—An important point. It should be abundant except on head
and legs; the outer coat straight, hard, and rather stiff, the inner coat
soft and furry and very dense, so as to make it difficult to find the
skin; the frill very abundant; hair on tail very profuse, and on hips
long and bushy; fore legs slightly feathered; hind legs below hocks
smooth.
Color.—Immaterial.
Height.—Dogs, 21 to 24 inches; bitches, 2 inches
less.
Weight.—Dogs, 45 to 60 pounds; bitches, 40 to
50 pounds.
Defects.—Domed skull; high-peaked, occipital bone; heavy,
pendulous ears; full, soft eyes; heavy, feathered legs; short tail.
THE COLLIE (SMOOTH-COATED).

J. Carver’s, Newburg, N. Y.

Ben.

Origin, Uses, Scale of Points,

etc., same as the rough collie,
except in matter of coat, which
should be hard, dense, and quite
smooth.
 THE DALMATIAN (COACH-DOG).

J. Dickman Brown’s.

Perry.

Origin.—Probably indigenous to Dalmatia, a province of Austria,

but records of the sixteenth century describe such a dog as
belonging to Spain. The latest authentic trace is to Denmark, where
it was used for drawing carts. Resembles the pointer in form.
Uses.—Simply to follow the coach or equestrian.
* Scale of Points, Etc.
Value.
Head and eyes 10
Ears 5
Neck and shoulders 10
Body, back, chest, and loins 10
 Legs and feet 15
Coat 5
Color and markings 30
Tail 5
Symmetry 10
Total 100
General Appearance.—Strong, muscular, active; free from
coarseness; capable of speed and great endurance.
Head.—Fair length; skull flat, broad between ears; moderate stop,
and not in straight line from occiput to nose; no wrinkles; muzzle long
and powerful; lips clean cut, fitting jaws closely. Eyes moderately
wide apart, medium size, round, bright. In black-spotted dogs eyes
are dark; in livers, light or light brown (yellow). Rims around eyes
black in black-spotted varieties, and brown in the liver-spotted ones,
never flesh-colored. Ears set on high, rather wide at base, tapering,
carried close, thin, fine, always spotted. Nose black in blacks, brown
in livers.
Neck and Shoulders.—Neck fairly long, arched,
light, tapering, not throaty; shoulders sloping and
muscular.
Body, Back, Chest, and Loins.—Chest very
deep, not too wide; ribs well sprung, never rounded;
powerful back; loins strong and arched.
Legs and Feet.—Fore legs perfectly straight,
strong in bone; elbows close to body; cat-footed, tough pads; hocks
well let down. Nails in black-spotted ones are black and white; in
liver-spotted, brown and white.
Tail.—Not too long, tapering well to end, carried
with slight curl upward, never curled; the more
profusely spotted, the better.
Coat.—Short, dense, hard, fine, sleek, and
glossy, never woolly nor silky.
 Color and Markings.—Ground color is pure unmixed white. The
spots of the black-spotted variety are black, in liver-spotted variety
are brown; should not intermingle, but be distinct, and about size of
ten-cent silver piece on body; on head, face, ears, legs, and tail,
much smaller.
Weight.—Dogs, 55 pounds; bitches, 50 pounds.
 THE GREAT DANE.

G. A. Burt’s, Parkersburg, W. Va.

Major McKinley II.

Origin.—Probably indigenous to Germany, where it was formerly

known under the various names of Ulmer, German mastiff, and
boarhound.
Uses.—Companion and guard for foresters and gamekeepers,
also for attacking the wild boar and other beasts.
 * Scale of Points, Etc.
Value.
General appearance 3
Condition 3
Activity 5
Head 15
Neck 5
Chest 8
Back 8
Belly 4
Tail 4
Fore quarters 10
Hind quarters 10
Feet 8
Coat 4
Size (height) 13
Total 100
General Appearance.—Large and muscular, strongly but
elegantly built; movements easy and graceful; not so heavy as the
mastiff, nor too much of the greyhound type.
Head.—Long, very little indentation between
eyes; skull not too broad; muzzle broad, strong, and
blunt; cheek muscles well developed; nose large,
bridge arched; lips blunt, not hanging too much over
the sides; lower jaw slightly projecting. Eyes small,
round, deeply set, sharp expression. Ears small,
greyhound-like, usually cropped.
Neck.—Rather long, strong and muscular, well arched, no dewlap.
Chest.—Not too broad, very deep in brisket.
Back.—Not too long; loins arched.
Stern.—Reaching to hocks, strong at root, ending fine with a
slight curve; should never curve over the back.
 Belly.—Well drawn up.
Fore Quarters.—Shoulders sloping; elbows well under, straight;
legs heavy-boned, strong, and quite straight.
Hind Quarters.—Thighs muscular; hocks well let down, as in the
greyhound.
Feet.—Large and round; toes well arched and close; nails very
strong and curved.
Hair.—Very short, hard, and close.
Height (minimum).—Dogs, 30 inches; bitches, 28
inches.
Weight (minimum).—Dogs, 120 pounds; bitches,
100 pounds. Nothing under these should compete.
Color.—Various shades of gray, red, black, pure
white, or white with patches of above colors; also brindles and
mottled colors.
 THE HOUND (BASSET).

(From Modern Dogs.)

Origin.—Probably of French origin, yet closely allied to the

dachshund, though larger and heavier in every particular.
Uses.—Having a very keen nose, is used for the
general purposes of the smaller hounds, viz., for
rabbits.
* Scale of Points, Etc.
Value.
Head, skull, eyes, muzzle, and flews 15
Ears 15
Neck, dewlap, chest, and shoulders 10
Fore legs and feet 15
Back, loins, and hind quarters 10
 Stern 5
Coat and skin 10
Color and markings 15
Character and symmetry 5
Total 100
Head.—Closely resembling the bloodhound’s; long,
narrow, heavy flews; occiput prominent; forehead wrinkled
to the eyes, which should be kind and show the haw.
Teeth small, and the protruding of the upper jaw is not a
fault. Ears so long that in hunting the dog treads on them,
set low, hang loose in folds, ends curl inward, thin and
velvety.
Neck.—Powerful, with heavy dewlaps; elbows must
not turn out; chest deep and full; body long and low.
Legs and Feet.—Fore legs short (about 4 inches),
close-fitting to chest; massive paw, each toe standing out
distinctly.
Stifles.—Well bent; quarters muscular, giving the dog
a barrel-like shape and a peculiar waddling gait.
Stern.—Coarse underneath, and carried hound fashion, i.e.,
carried gaily.
Coat.—Short, smooth, fine, and glossy; skin loose and elastic.
Color.—Black, white and tan, with black patches on back; also
sometimes hare-pied.
Weight.—Thirty to forty-five pounds.
 THE HOUND (BEAGLE).

H. L. Kreuder’s, Nanuet, N. Y.

Frank Forest.

Origin.—This breed seems to be little else than a diminutive

foxhound; has long been in existence; probably one of the oldest of
British dogs.
Uses.—Hunting rabbits, and generally run in packs of
five to ten couples; they are merry little fellows, sturdy
and gamy, with a most musical tongue and a very keen
nose.
* Scale of Points, Etc.
Value.
 Skull 5
Ears 15
Eyes 10
Muzzle, jaw, and lips 5
Neck 5
Shoulders and chest 10
Back and loins 15
Ribs 5
Fore legs and feet 10
Hips, thighs, and hind legs 10
Tail 5
Coat 5
Total 100
Head.—Skull moderately domed. Ears set on low,
long and fine in leather, rather broad and rounded at
tips, absence of all erectile power. Eyes full,
prominent, rather wide apart, soft and lustrous.
Muzzle medium length, squarely cut; stop well
defined; jaws level; lips either free from or with
moderate flews; nostrils large.
Neck and Throat.—Neck free in action, strong, yet not loaded;
throat clean, free from folds of skin.
Shoulders and Chest.—Shoulders somewhat sloping, muscular,
but not loaded; chest moderately broad and full.
Back, Loins, and Ribs.—Back short and strong; loins broad and
slightly arched; ribs well sprung.
Fore Legs and Feet.—Fore legs straight, plenty
of bone; feet close, firm, either round or hare-like.
Hips, Thighs, and Hind Legs.—Hips muscular;
stifles strong and well let down; hocks firm.
Tail.—Carried gaily, well up, medium curve, and
clothed with a decided brush.
 Height.—Fifteen inches.
Color.—All hound colors admissible. (See Foxhound.)
Defects.—Flat skull; short ears, set on too high, pointed at tips;
eyes yellow or light color; muzzle snipy; thick, short neck; elbows
out; knees knuckled over; long tail with “tea-pot” curve.
Disqualifications.—Eyes close together and terrier-like; thin rat-
tail, with absence of brush; short, nappy coat.
 THE HOUND (BLOODHOUND).

J. L. Winchell’s, Fair Haven, Vt.

Champion Victor.

Origin.—In Barbour’s “Bruce” (1489) we find the earliest mention

of the bloodhound, where it is called the “sleuthhund.” However, little
can be learned definitely of its origin.
Uses.—Having scenting powers to a marvelous degree, it is used
in trailing wounded deer, slaves, sheep-stealers, escaped convicts,
etc.
Disposition.—Contrary to general impressions, the modern
bloodhound is of a most equable disposition, kind and gentle, and
quite apt to be timid, excepting when on the trail; then it is extremely
dangerous.
 Scale of Points, Etc.
Value.
Head 15
Ears and eyes 10
Flews 5
Neck 5
Shoulders and chest 10
Back and ribs 10
Legs and feet 20
Color and coat 10
Stern 5
Symmetry 10
Total 100
Head.—This is the most distinguishable feature of the dog; it is
domed, blunt at occiput; jaws very long and wide at nostrils, hollow
and very lean at cheek; brows very prominent, and the general
expression is grand and majestic; skin covering cheeks and
forehead wrinkled to a wonderful degree.
Eyes and Ears.—Eyes hazel, rather small,
deeply sunk, showing haw, which is deep red. This
redness, some claim, is indicative of cross with
mastiff, Gordon setter, or St. Bernard. Ears long,
and will overlap when drawn over front of nose,
hang close to cheek, never inclined to be pricked;
leather thin, covered with soft hair.
Flews.—Very long and pendent, falling below mouth.
Neck.—Long, so as to enable the dog to easily drop his nose to
the ground; considerable dewlap.
Chest and Shoulders.—Chest wider than deep; shoulders
sloping and muscular.
Back and Back Ribs.—Wide and deep, the hips being wide or
almost ragged.
 Legs and Feet.—Legs must be straight and muscular; feet as cat-
like as possible.
Coat.—Short and hard on body, silky on ears and top of head.
Color.—Black and tan or tan only; the black extends to the back,
sides, top of neck, and top of head; the tan should be of deep, rich
red; there should be little or no white.
Stern.—Carried gaily in gentle curve, but not raised above back;
lower side is fringed with hair.
Defect.—Absence of black.
 THE HOUND (DACHSHUND).

J. H. Snow’s, Philadelphia, Pa.

Fritz.

Origin.—The origin of this dog is lost in antiquity. A dog

resembling it very closely is to be found on the monument of
Thothmes III., 2000 b.c. The modern dog is essentially German.
Uses.—Hunting rabbits and hares, tracking
wounded animals and badgers.
* Scale of Points, Etc.
Value.
Head and skull 12
Jaw 5
Legs and feet 20
Loins 8
 Body 8½
Symmetry and quality 11
Ears 6½
Chest 7
Skin and coat 13
Stern 5
Color 4
Total 100
Head and Skull.—Long, level, narrow; peak well developed; no
stop. Eyes intelligent and rather small; follow body in color. Ears
long, broad, soft, set on low and well back, carried close to head.
Jaws strong, level, square to the muzzle; canines recurvant.
Chest.—Deep, narrow; breast-bone prominent.
Legs and Feet.—Fore legs very short, strong in bone, well
crooked, not standing over; elbows well muscled, neither in nor out;
feet large, round, strong, with thick pads and strong nails. Hind legs
smaller in bone and higher; feet smaller. The dog must stand equally
on all parts of the foot.
Skin and Coat.—Skin thick, loose, supple, and in great quantity;
coat dense, short, and strong.
Loins.—Well arched, long, and muscular.
Stern.—Long and strong, flat at root, tapering to
tip; hair on under side coarse; carried low except
when excited.
Body.—Length from back of head to root of tail
two and a half times height at shoulder; fore ribs well sprung; back
ribs very short.
Color.—Any color; nose to follow body color; much white
objectionable.
Symmetry and Quality.—The dachshund should be long, low,
and graceful, not cloddy.
Weight.—Dogs, 21 pounds; bitches, 18 pounds.