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To find the refractive indexes of (a) water,(b) oil using a plane

mirror, an equiconvex lens, and an adjustable object needle.
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1. Ankit Sharma completed a physics project to determine the refractive indices of water and oil using a plane mirror, convex
lens, and adjustable needle under the guidance of his teacher Mr. P.K. Sha. …
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 To find the refractive indexes of (a) water,(b) oil using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens, and an adjustable object needle.
1. KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA V.V. NAGAR SUBMITTED TO: - MR P K SHA SIR SUMITTED BY: - SHARMA ANKIT RAVINDRA [XII] ROLL NO: - 1221
2. [SESSION: -2019-20] CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this project has been made by Ankit R. Sharma of class XII on the topic TO FIND THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF (a)WATER, (b)OIL (TRANSPARENT) USING A PLANE MIRROR, AN EQUICONVEX LENS, (MADE
FROM A GLASS OF KNOWN REFRACTIVE INDEX) AND AN ADJUSTABLE OBJECT NEEDLE under the guidance of our physics teacher Mr P.K. SHA SIR and HAVE BEEN completed it successfully. By – Ankit Sharma TEACHER’s SIGN .................
3. EXT EXAMINAR’s SIGN …………. PRICIPAL’s SIGN .............. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr. P.K. SHA sir as well as our principal Mr. Jitendrakumar Daroch who gave me the golden opportunity to
do this wonderful project which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things. I am really thankful to them.
4. INDEX CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE / AIM APPARATUS / MATERIAL REQUIRED DIAGRAM THEORY PROCEDURE OBSERVATIONS CALCULATIONS RESULTS PRECAUTIONS SOURCES OF ERRORS
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
6. INTRODUCTION In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction n of a material is a dimensionless number that describes how light propagates through that medium. It is defined as 𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑉 Where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the phase
velocity of light in the medium. For example, the refractive index of water is 1.333; meaning that light travels 1.333 times faster in a vacuum than it does in water.
7. AIM To find the refractive indexes of (a) water (b) oil using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens, and an adjustable objectneedle. APPARATUS  Convex Lens  Plane Mirror Water Refraction of a light ray
8. Oil Clamp Stand An Optical Needle Plumb Line Knitting Needle Half Meter Scale Glass Slab Spherometer DIAGRAM
10. THEORY 1. If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass convex lens and liquid lens and f be the focal length of their combination then: - 𝟏 𝑭 = 𝟏 𝒇 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝒇 𝟐 or f2 = 𝑭𝒇 𝟐 𝒇 𝟏−𝑭 2. Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave Lens with R1=R and R2=∞ then by using
lens make’s formula 𝟏 𝒇 𝟐 = ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) ⌊ 𝟏 𝑹 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝑹 𝟐 ⌋ =( 𝒏 − 𝟏) ⌊ 𝟏 𝑹𝟏 − 𝟏 ∞ ⌋ = (n-1)⌊ 𝟏 𝑹 − 𝟎⌋ 𝟏 𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒏−𝟏 𝑹
11. n = 𝑹 𝒇 𝟐 + 𝟏 Where n = Refractive index of the liquid R = the radius of the curvature of the convex lens. 3. The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by: R = 𝒍 𝟐 𝟔𝒉 + 𝒉 𝟐 Here, l is the average distance between the legs of the spherometer
and h is the difference in the reading of the spherometer when placed first on the convex lens and then on plane mirror.
12. PROCEDURE (a) For focal length of convex lens: 1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens. 2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand and then a convex lens on the plane mirror. 3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust
its position on the stand such that there is no parallax between tip of the needle and its image.
13. 4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by using a plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the distance between tip of needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the mean of the two readings. This means distance will be
equal to the focal length of the convex lens (f1). (b) For focal length of the combination. 5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror and put the convex lens over it with its same face above as before. The water spreads in a form of layer and acts like a
Plano-concave lens. 6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the equivalent focal length of the combination. 7. Record the observation. 8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent liquid (oil).
14. (c) For radiusof curvatureof convexlenssurface: 9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer. 10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the spherometer on this lens surface. 11. All the three legs of the spherometer should be
placed symmetrically on the lens and adjust the central screw tip to touch the surface of the lens. 12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the lens and place on the plane mirror surface and record the reading. 13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three
times. 14. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the spherometer on a paper and mark them and their average distance. l = 𝒍 𝟏+ 𝒍 𝟐+ 𝒍 𝟑 𝟑
15. OBSERVATIONS Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm Distance between the legs: (1) AB = 3 cm (2) BC = 3 cm (3) CA = 3 cm
16. Table for calculation of ‘h’ S.No Initial reading of the C.S. on the convex lens (a) No. of complete rotations (n) Final reading of the c.s on the glass slab Additional C.S div. moved h=n x pitch + m x L.C Mean “h” (cm) 1 62 0 6.5 55.5 0.555 0.5775 2 64 0 4 60 0.6
To measure focal length ‘f’ of convex lens Distance of needle tip from Area between lens and plane mirror S.No Tip of the upper surface of the convex lens(cm) X1 Upper surface of the plane mirror(cm) X2 Mean x= 𝑥1+ 𝑥2 2 Focal Length (cm) Without liquid 1
30.5 31 30.75 f1= 33.85 2 36.7 37.2 36.95 With water 1 31.4 31.8 31.6 f2=34.7 2 37.5 38.1 37.8
17. With oil 1 9.4 9.6 9.5 f3=10 2 10.4 10.6 10.5 CALCULATIONS Mean distance between two legs 𝑙 = 𝐴𝐵+𝐵𝐶+𝐶𝐴 3 = 3 cm Mean of h = (0.555+0.6) 2 = 0.5775cm To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens: 𝑅 = 𝑙2 6ℎ + ℎ 2 = 2.8861 𝑐𝑚
18. Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil 1) With water between the convex lens and the plane mirror: 𝜇1 = 1 + 𝑅 𝑓2 = 1 + 2.8861 34.7 = 1.0831 2) With oil between the convex lens and the plane Mirror 𝜇2 = 1 + 𝑅 𝑓3 = 1 + 2.8861 10 = 1.2886 Results
The refractive index of water is µ1 = 1.0831 The refractive index of oil is µ2 = 1.2886 PRECAUTIONS
19. 1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining surface. 2. The liquid taken should be transparent. 3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip. 4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the needle while removing the parallax. 5. Only few
drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer should be thick. 6. The legs of the spherometer should be vertical. 7. The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in one direction only. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Liquid may not be quite transparent. 2. The
parallax may not be fully removed. 3. The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrical on the surface of the convex lens. 4. The tip of the central screw should not just touch the surface of lens or mirror.
20. BIBLIOGRAPHY HELP FROM INTERNET HELP FROM TEACHERS
21. NCERT TEXTBOOK NCERT Physics Lab Manual www.google.com www.scribd.com www.wikipedia.com

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