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Hands-On Penetration Testing on Windows

Unleash Kali Linux, PowerShell, and Windows debugging tools for security testing and
analysis

Phil Bramwell

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||||||||||||||||||||

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI

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Hands-On Penetration Testing on

Windows
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Contributors

||||||||||||||||||||
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About the author

Phil Bramwell acquired the Certified Ethical Hacker and Certified Expert Penetration
Tester certifications at the age of 21. His professional experience includes Common
Criteria design reviews and testing, network security consulting, penetration testing, and
PCI-DSS compliance auditing for banks, universities, and governments. He later
acquired the CISSP and Metasploit Pro Certified Specialist credentials. Today, he is a
cybersecurity and cryptocurrency consultant and works as a cybersecurity analyst
specializing in malware detection and analysis.
A big thank you to everyone at Packt. I initially told Shrilekha "no way," but she motivated me to believe in myself.
Sharon was available day and night to guide me and keep my eyes on the prize. I also want to thank my friends and
mentors from Kalamazoo to Atascadero to Answers to Plante Moran: thank you for keeping me going.

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||||||||||||||||||||

About the reviewer

Abhijit Mohanta works as a malware researcher for Juniper Threat Labs. He worked
as a malware researcher for Cyphort, MacAfee, and Symantec. He has expertise in
reverse engineering. He has experience working with antivirus and sandbox
technologies. He is author of the book Preventing Ransomware, Understand everything
about digital extortion and its prevention. He has written a number of blogs on malware
research. He has filed a couple of patents related to malware detection.

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Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright and Credits
Hands-On Penetration Testing on Windows
Dedication
Packt Upsell
Why subscribe?
PacktPub.com
Contributors
About the author
About the reviewer
Packt is searching for authors like you
Preface
Who this book is for
What this book covers
To get the most out of this book
Download the example code files
Download the color images
Conventions used
Get in touch
Reviews
Disclaimer

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

1. Bypassing Network Access Control

Technical requirements
Bypassing MAC filtering – considerations for the physical assessor
Configuring a Kali wireless access point to bypass MAC filtering
Design weaknesses – exploiting weak authentication mechanisms
Capturing captive portal authentication conversations in the clear
Layer-2 attacks against the network
Bypassing validation checks
Confirming the Organizationally Unique Identifier
Passive Operating system Fingerprinter
Spoofing the HTTP User-Agent
Breaking out of jail – masquerading the stack
Following the rules spoils the fun – suppressing normal TCP replies
Fabricating the handshake with Scapy and Python
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

2. Sniffing and Spoofing

Technical requirements
Advanced Wireshark – going beyond simple captures
Passive wireless analysis
Targeting WLANs with the Aircrack-ng suite
WLAN analysis with Wireshark
Active network analysis with Wireshark
Advanced Ettercap – the man-in-the-middle Swiss Army Knife
Bridged sniffing and the malicious access point
Ettercap filters – fine-tuning your analysis
Killing connections with Ettercap filters
Getting better – spoofing with BetterCAP
ICMP redirection with BetterCAP
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

3. Windows Passwords on the Network

Technical requirements
Understanding Windows passwords
A crash course on hash algorithms
Password hashing methods in Windows
If it ends with 1404EE, then it's easy for me – understanding LM hash
flaws
Authenticating over the network–a different game altogether
Capturing Windows passwords on the network
A real-world pen test scenario – the chatty printer
Configuring our SMB listener
Authentication capture
Hash capture with LLMNR/NetBIOS NS spoofing
Let it rip – cracking Windows hashes
The two philosophies of password cracking
John the Ripper cracking with a wordlist
John the Ripper cracking with masking
Reviewing your progress with the show flag
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

4. Advanced Network Attacks

Technical requirements
Binary injection with BetterCAP proxy modules
The Ruby file injection proxy module – replace_file.rb
Creating the payload and connect-back listener with Metasploit
HTTP downgrading attacks with sslstrip
Removing the need for a certificate – HTTP downgrading
Understanding HSTS bypassing with DNS spoofing
HTTP downgrade attacks with BetterCAP ARP/DNS spoofing
The evil upgrade – attacking software update mechanisms
Exploring ISR Evilgrade
Configuring the payload and upgrade module
Spoofing ARP/DNS and injecting the payload
IPv6 for hackers
IPv6 addressing basics
Local IPv6 reconnaissance and the Neighbor Discovery Protocol
IPv6 man-in-the-middle – attacking your neighbors
Living in an IPv4 world – creating a local 4-to-6 proxy for your tools
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

5. Cryptography and the Penetration Tester

Technical requirements
Flipping the bit – integrity attacks against CBC algorithms
Block ciphers and modes of operation
Introducing block chaining
Setting up your bit-flipping lab
Manipulating the IV to generate predictable results
Flipping to root – privilege escalation via CBC bit-flipping
Sneaking your data in – hash length extension attacks
Setting up your hash attack lab
Understanding SHA-1's running state and compression function
Data injection with the hash length extension attack
Busting the padding oracle with PadBuster
Interrogating the padding oracle
Decrypting a CBC block with PadBuster
Behind the scenes of the oracle padding attack
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

6. Advanced Exploitation with Metasploit

Technical requirements
How to get it right the first time – generating payloads
Installing Wine32 and Shellter
Payload generation goes solo – working with msfvenom
Creating nested payloads
Helter Skelter evading antivirus with Shellter
Modules – the bread and butter of Metasploit
Building a simple Metasploit auxiliary module
Efficiency and attack organization with Armitage
Getting familiar with your Armitage environment
Enumeration with Armitage
Exploitation made ridiculously simple with Armitage
A word about Armitage and the pen tester mentality
Social engineering attacks with Metasploit payloads
Creating a Trojan with Shellter
Preparing a malicious USB drive for Trojan delivery
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

7. Stack and Heap Memory Management

Technical requirements
An introduction to debugging
Understanding the stack
Understanding registers
Assembly language basics
Disassemblers, debuggers, and decompilers – oh my!
Getting cozy with the Linux command-line debugger – GDB
Stack smack – introducing buffer overflows
Examining the stack and registers during execution
Lilliputian concerns – understanding endianness 
Introducing shellcoding
Hunting bytes that break shellcode
Generating shellcode with msfvenom
Grab your mittens, we're going a NOP sledding
Summary
Questions
Further Reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

8. Windows Kernel Security

Technical requirements
Kernel fundamentals – understanding how kernel attacks work
Kernel attack vectors
The kernel's role as time cop
It's just a program
Pointing out the problem – pointer issues
Dereferencing pointers in C and assembly
Understanding NULL pointer dereferencing
The Win32k kernel-mode driver
Passing an error code as a pointer to xxxSendMessage()
Metasploit – exploring a Windows kernel exploit module
Practical kernel attacks with Kali
An introduction to privilege escalation
Escalating to SYSTEM on Windows 7 with Metasploit
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

9. Weaponizing Python
Technical requirements
Incorporating Python into your work
Why Python?
Getting cozy with Python in your Kali environment
Introducing Vim with Python syntax awareness
Python network analysis
Python modules for networking
Building a Python client
Building a Python server
Building a Python reverse shell script
Antimalware evasion in Python
Creating Windows executables of your Python scripts
Preparing your raw payload
Writing your payload retrieval and delivery in Python
Python and Scapy – a classy pair
Revisiting ARP poisoning with Python and Scapy
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

10. Windows Shellcoding

Technical requirements
Taking out the guesswork – heap spraying
Memory allocation – stack versus heap
Shellcode whac-a-mole – heap spraying fundamentals
Shellcode generation for the Java vulnerability
Creating the malicious website to exploit Java
Debugging Internet Explorer with WinDbg
Examining memory after spraying the heap
Fine-tuning your attack and getting a shell
Understanding Metasploit shellcode delivery
Encoder theory and techniques – what encoding is and isn't
Windows binary disassembly within Kali
Injection with Backdoor Factory
Code injection fundamentals – fine-tuning with BDF
Trojan engineering with BDF and IDA
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

11. Bypassing Protections with ROP

Technical requirements
DEP and ASLR – the intentional and the unavoidable
Understanding DEP
Understanding ASLR
Testing DEP protection with WinDbg
Demonstrating ASLR on Kali Linux with C
Introducing return-oriented programming
Borrowing chunks and returning to libc – turning the code against itself
The basic unit of ROP – gadgets
Getting cozy with our tools – MSFrop and ROPgadget
Metasploit Framework's ROP tool – MSFrop
Your sophisticated ROP lab – ROPgadget
Creating our vulnerable C program without disabling protections
No PIE for you – compiling your vulnerable executable without ASLR ha
rdening
Generating a ROP chain
Getting hands-on with the return-to-PLT attack
Extracting gadget information for building your payload
Finding the .bss address
Finding  a pop pop ret structure
Finding addresses for system@plt and strcpy@plt functions
Finding target characters in memory with ROPgadget and Python
Go, go, gadget ROP chain – bringing it together for the exploit
Finding the offset to return with gdb
Writing the Python exploit
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

12. Fuzzing Techniques

Technical requirements
Network fuzzing – mutation fuzzing with Taof proxying
Configuring the Taof proxy to target the remote service
Fuzzing by proxy – generating legitimate traffic
Hands-on fuzzing with Kali and Python
Picking up where Taof left off with Python – fuzzing the vulnerable FTP ser
ver
The other side – fuzzing a vulnerable FTP client
Writing a bare-bones FTP fuzzer service in Python
Crashing the target with the Python fuzzer
Fuzzy registers – the low-level perspective
Calculating the EIP offset with the Metasploit toolset
Shellcode algebra – turning the fuzzing data into an exploit
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

13. Going Beyond the Foothold

Technical requirements
Gathering goodies – enumeration with post modules
ARP enumeration with meterpreter
Forensic analysis with meterpreter – stealing deleted files
Privileges enumeration with meterpreter
Internet Explorer enumeration – discovering internal web resources
Network pivoting with Metasploit
Just a quick review of subnetting
Launching Metasploit into the hidden network with autoroute
Escalating your pivot – passing attacks down the line
Extracting credentials with hashdump
Quit stalling and pass the hash – exploiting password equivalents in Window
s
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

14. Taking PowerShell to the Next Level

Technical requirements
Power to the shell – PowerShell fundamentals
What is PowerShell?
PowerShell's own cmdlets and PowerShell scripting language
Working with the registry
Pipelines and loops in PowerShell
It gets better – PowerShell's ISE
Post-exploitation with PowerShell
ICMP enumeration from a pivot point with PowerShell
PowerShell as a TCP-connect port scanner
Delivering a Trojan to your target via PowerShell
Offensive PowerShell – introducing the Empire framework
Installing and introducing PowerShell Empire
Configuring listeners
Configuring stagers
Your inside guy – working with agents
Configuring a module for agent tasking
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||

15. Escalating Privileges

Technical requirements
Climb the ladder with Armitage
Named pipes and security contexts
Impersonating the security context of a pipe client
Superfluous pipes and pipe creation race conditions
Moving past the foothold with Armitage
Armitage pivoting
When the easy way fails—local exploits
Kernel pool overflow and the danger of data types
Let's get lazy – Schlamperei privilege escalation on Windows 7
Escalation with WMIC and PS Empire
Quietly spawning processes with WMIC
Create a PowerShell Empire agent with remote WMIC
Escalating your agent to SYSTEM via access token theft
Dancing in the shadows – looting domain controllers with vssadmin
Extracting the NTDS database and SYSTEM hive from a shadow copy
Exfiltration across the network with cifs
Password hash extraction with libesedb and ntdsxtract
Summary
Questions
Further reading

||||||||||||||||||||
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