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 Monotone Flows and Rapid
Convergence for Nonlinear Partial
Differential Equations
 SERIES IN MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND
APPLICATIONS

Series in Mathematical Analysis and Applications (SIMAA) is edited by Ravi P. Agarwal, Florida
Institute of Technology, USA and Donal O'Regan, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
The series is aimed at reporting on new developments in mathematical analysis and
applications of a high standard and of current interest. Each volume in the series is devoted to a
topic in analysis that has been applied, or is potentially applicable, to the solutions of scientific,
engineering and social problems.

Volume 1
Method of Variation of Parameters for Dynamic Systems
V. Lakshmikantham and S.G. Deo

Volume 2
Integral and Integrodifferential Equations: Theory, Methods and Applications
edited by Ravi P. Agarwal and Donal O'Regan

Volume 3
Theorems of Leray-Schauder Type and Applications
Donal O'Regan and Radu Precup

Volume 4
Set Valued Mappings with Applications in Nonlinear Analysis
edited by Ravi P. Agarwal and Donal O'Regan

Volume 5
Oscillation Theory for Second Order Dynamic Equations
Ravi P. Agarwal Said R. Grace and Donal O'Regan

Volume 6
Theory of Fuzzy Differential Equations and Inclusions
V. Lakshmikantham and R.N. Mohapatra

Volume 7
Monotone Flows and Rapid Convergence for Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations
V. Lakshmikantham and S. Koksal

This book is part of a series. The publisher will accept continuation orders which may be cancelled
at any time and which provide for automatic billing and shipping of each title in the series upon
publication. Please write for written details.
 Monotone Flows and Rapid
Convergence for Nonlinear Partial
Differential Equations

V. Lakshmikantham
and
s. Koksal

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
A TA Y L O R & F R A N C I S B O O K
First published 2003 by Taylor & Francis

Published 2018 by CRC Press

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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2003 by V. Lakshmikantham and S. Koksal

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ISBN 13: 978-0-415-30528-0 (hbk)

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Contents

P refac e ix

P a rt A 1

1 E llip tic E q u a tio n s 3

1.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 3
1.2 Monotone Iterates: A Preview ..................................................... 4
1.3 Monotone Iterative Technique..................................................... 9
1.4 Generalized Quasilinearization .................................................. 22
1.5 Weakly Coupled Mixed Monotone Systems ............................ 30
1.6 Elliptic Systems in Unbounded D o m ain s.................................. 34
1.7 Monotone Iterative Technique (MIT) for Systems in Unbounded
D om ains.......................................................................................... 39
1.8 Notes and Com m ents.................................................................... 42

2 P a ra b o lic E q u a tio n s 45
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 45
2 .2 Comparison T h e o re m s................................................................. 46
2.3 Monotone Iterative Technique..................................................... 49
2.4 Generalized Quasilinearization .................................................. 55
2.5 Monotone Flows and Mixed Monotone S y ste m s...................... 62
2.6 Generalized Comparison Results (GCRs) for Weakly Coupled
S y s te m s .......................................................................................... 6 8
2.7 Stability and Vector Lyapunov Functions ............................... 72
2 .8 Notes and Comm ents.................................................................... 77

3 Im pulsive P a ra b o lic E q u atio n s 79

3.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 79
3 .2 Comparison Results for Impulsive Parabolic Systems (IPSs) . 79
3.3 Coupled Lower and Upper S o lu tio n s ........................................ 90
vi CONTENTS

3.4 Generalized Quasilinearization ............................................... 97

3.5 Population Dynamics with I m p u ls e s ..................................... 108
3.6 Notes and Com m ents................................................................. 112

4 H y p erb o lic E q u a tio n s 113

4.1 Introduction................................................................................. 113
4.2 Variation of Parameters (VP) and Comparison Results . . . . 113
4.3 Monotone Iterative Technique.................................................. 126
4.4 The Method of Generalized Quasilinearization...................... 131
4.5 Notes and Comments................................................................. 137

P a rt B 139

5 E llip tic E q u a tio n s 141

5.1 Introduction................................................................................. 141
5.2 Comparison R e s u lt.................................................................... 142
5.3 Monotone Iterative Technique (MIT): Semilinear Problems . 146
5.4 Monotone Iterative Technique (MIT): Quasilinear Problems . 154
5.5 Monotone Iterative Technique (MIT): Degenerate Problems . 164
5.6 Generalized Quasilinearization (GQ): Semilinear Problems . . 174
5.7 Generalized Quasilinearization (GQ): Quasilinear Problem . . 182
5.8 Generalized Quasilinearization (GQ): Degenerate Problems . 189
5.9 Notes and Comments................................................................. 196

6 P a ra b o lic E q u a tio n s 199

6.1 Introduction................................................................................. 199
6 .2 Monotone Iterative Technique.................................................. 200
6.3 Generalized Quasilinearization ............................................... . 209
6.4 Nonlocal Problems: Existence and Comparison Results . . . . 224
6.5 Generalized Quasilinearization (GQ): Nonlocal Problems . . . 236
6 .6 Quasilinear Problems: Existence and Comparison Results . . 246
6.7 Generalized Quasilinearization (GQ): Quasilinear Problems . 254
6 .8 Notes and Comments................................................................. . 268

7 H y p erb o lic E q u atio n s 269

7.1 Introduction................................................................................. 269
7.2 Notation and Comparison Results ........................................ 269
7.3 Monotone Iterative Technique.................................................. 275
7.4 Generalized Quasilinearization ............................................... 281
7.5 Notes and Comments .............................................................. . 292
CONTENTS vii

A p p e n d ix A 293
A.l Sobolev S p a c e s ........................................................... ................293
A .2 Elliptic Equations ..................................................... ................297
A.3 Parabolic E q u a tio n s .................................................. ................300
A.4 Impulsive Differential Equations ............................ ................305
A.5 Hyperbolic Equations .............................................. ................306

B ibliography 309

In d e x 317
Preface

An interesting and fruitful technique for proving existence results for non­
linear problems is the method of lower and upper solutions. This method
coupled with the monotone iterative technique manifests itself as an effective
and flexible mechanism that offers theoretical as well as constructive exis­
tence results in a closed set, generated by the lower and upper solutions. The
lower and upper solutions serve as rough bounds, which can be improved
by monotone iterative procedures. Moreover, the iteration schemes can also
be employed for the investigation of qualitative properties of solutions. The
ideas embedded in these techniques have proved to be of immense value and
have played a crucial role in unifying a wide variety of nonlinear problems.
Another fruitful idea of Chaplygin is to obtain approximate solutions of
nonlinear problems which are not only monotone but also converge rapidly
to the solution. Here strict lower and upper solutions and the assumption of
convexity are used for nonlinear initial value problems (IVPs). The method
of quasilinearization developed by Bellman and Kalaba, on the other hand,
uses the convexity assumption and provides a lower bounding monotone
sequence that converges to the assumed unique solution once the initial ap­
proximation is chosen in an adroit fashion. If we utilize the technique of
lower and upper solutions combined with the method of quasilinearization
and employ the idea of Newton and Fourier, it is possible to construct con­
currently lower and upper bounding monotone sequences whose elements
are the solutions of the corresponding linear problems. Of course, both
sequences converge rapidly to the solution. Furthermore, this unification
provides a framework to enlarge the class of nonlinear problems consider­
ably to which the method is applicable. For example, it is not necessary to
impose the usual convexity assumption on the nonlinear function involved,
since one can allow much weaker assumptions. In fact, several possibilities
can be investigated with this unified methodology and consequently this
technique is known as generalized quasilinearization. Moreover, these ideas
are extended, refined and generalized to various other types of nonlinear
X PREFACE

problems.
In this monograph, we extend the foregoing group of ideas to partial
differential equations and provide a unified approach for studying elliptic,
parabolic and hyperbolic equations. The monograph is divided, for con­
venience, into two parts: the first part describes the general methodology
systematically utilizing the classical approach and the second part exhibits
the development of the same basic ideas via variational techniques. In each
case, this methodology is applied to elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic equa­
tions so that one can understand and appreciate the intricacies involved in
the various extensions.
Some of the important features of the monograph are as follows: It is
the first monograph that

• attem pts to describe both the monotone iterative technique and gen­
eralized quasilinearization in one unified way,
• incorporates the fundamental ideas of monotone flows and rapid con­
vergence via variational techniques,

• exhibits the general methodology through the classical method and

the variational approach,

• introduces the combined methodology which is growing rapidly be­

cause of its applicability to various real world problems.

The unified approach that is employed in the book covers several known
and new results. We have only indicated, in the remarks, all the possible
special cases for some results and did not even mention in other situations
to avoid monotonous repetition.
We wish to express our immense thanks to Mrs. Donn Miller-Kermani
for her excellent and painstaking typing of the manuscript. We would like to
express our appreciation to Ms. Janie War die and the copy editor of Taylor
and Francis for all the help and cooperation in this project.
The second author would like to thank her parents, Nedret and Tekin,
her husband, Steve, and her son, Denis, for their endless support and faith
in her.

V. Lakshmikantham and S. Koksal

Part A
C hapter 1

Elliptic Equations

1.1 Introduction
This chapter introduces the theory of lower and upper solutions coupled with
the monotone iterative technique and the method of generalized quasilin­
earization for elliptic boundary value problems (BVPs), and therefore forms
the basis for the rest of the book, where the essential ideas are extended
to parabolic and hyperbolic initial boundary value problems (IBVPs), by
classical as well as variational approaches.
Section 1.2 begins by analyzing the different situations that occur when
the nonlinear term in semilinear elliptic BVPs is monotone increasing or
decreasing. This analysis leads to the consideration of lower and upper
solutions that are coupled in order to reach a common goal of obtaining
monotone sequences of the same type. We then discuss that if we desire the
constructed monotone sequences to converge rapidly in order to be more
useful, we need to profitably utilize the method of quasilinearization, which
not only offers monotone sequences but also assures rapid convergence. Of
course, we have to pay a price for this, namely, the nonlinear term needs
to be convex. After stating some typical known results in the two method­
ologies we shall provide a unified framework that facilitates a variety of
characterizations, extensions and generalizations. Section 1.3 is devoted to
proving general results relative to the monotone iterative technique under
various types of coupled lower and upper solutions so that existing results are
covered, and new ones are generated. Necessary comparison results which
are proved are also useful in the development of the method of generalized
quasilinearization in Section 1.4. Some of the possible special cases which
are included in the unified framework are indicated in each case. Section
4 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

1.5 considers the weakly coupled system of semilinear elliptic BVPs when
the nonlinear functions involved are of mixed monotone type. Instead of
dealing with mixed monotone systems directly, we shall first prove a re­
sult for monotone increasing systems and then derive the results for mixed
monotone systems as a simple consequence. This will be done by employing
the theory of reflection operators and expanding the given system suitably
to transform it into a monotone increasing system. Section 1.6 is dedicated
to the investigation of existence results in the sector generated by lower and
upper solutions for a weakly coupled system of BVPs in unbounded domains,
while Section 1.7 extends the monotone iterative technique for the systems
considered in Section 1.6.

1.2 M onotone Iterates: A P review

The well-known method of lower and upper solutions, coupled with the
monotone iterative technique, provides an effective and flexible mechanism
that offers theoretical as well as constructive existence results for nonlinear
problems in a closed set which is generated by the lower and upper solu­
tions. The lower and upper solutions serve as bounds for solutions which
are improved by a monotone iterative process. The ideas embedded in this
technique have proved to be of immense value and have played an important
role in unifying a variety of nonlinear problems.
Let Cl C R n be a bounded domain with boundary dCl. We consider
the following semilinear elliptic boundary value problem (BVP) in nondi­
vergence form

( 1.2 .1)

where we assume that a,ij,bi,c € C Q[fi, i?], c(x) > 0 in Q, <j>€ C 1,Q[n, i?],
x R] and the ellipticity condition

(1.2 .2)

holds in Cl with 6 > 0. Moreover, we let p,q G C l,a[df2, R+] with p{x) > 0 ,
7 be the unit outer normal on dCl, and

(1.2.3)
1.2 Monotone Iterates: A Preview 5

A vector 7 is said to be an outer normal at x E d f l if x — h'y E for

small h > 0. The outer normal derivative is then given by

We assume that an outer normal exists and the functions in question have
outer normal derivatives on dQ, We also assume that dQ belongs to C2,Q.
A well-known result in the monotone iterative technique is the following
theorem relative to the BVPs ( 1 .2 .1 ).

T h e o re m 1.2.1 Assume that

(1.2.4)

(A 2 ) F E C a [fi x /?, R] and for some M > 0, and F {x, u) + M u is nonde­

creasing in u for x E Cl.
Then there exist monotone sequences {an(x)}; {(3n(x)} E C2,Q[£), i?] such
that a n (x) —>p(x), (in {x) —>r(x) in C 2 [Q,R] and p,r are the minimal and
maximal solutions of ( 1 .2 .1 ) respectively.

If F(x, u) satisfies a one-sided Lipschitz condition, namely,

(1.2.5)

where

then F(x, u) + M u is nondecreasing in u for x E 0 .

The functions ao,/3o satisfying (1.2.4) are known as lower and upper
solutions of (1.2.1). If, for any solution u of ( 1 .2 .1 ) existing in the sector
[ao,/?o] = [u E R : ctQ(x) < u < j3o(x),x E fi], we have p{x) < u(x) < r(x)
in fi, then (/?, r) are said to be minimal and maximal solutions of ( 1 .2 .1 ) or
equivalently extremal solutions of ( 1 .2 .1 ) relative to the sector [ao,/?o].
The special case when F(x, u) is nondecreasing in u is covered in The­
orem 1 .2.1 when M = 0. However, the other case, when F{x,u) is non­
increasing in u is not included in Theorem 1.2.1 and is of special interest.
Under somewhat special conditions, one can prove that when F ( x , u) is non­
increasing in u, a single iteration procedure yields an alternative sequence
6 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

which forms two monotone sequences bounding the solutions of (1.2.1). The
iteration scheme in the present case is simply either

(1.2.6)

or
(1.2.7)
In this case, the following result is valid.

T h e o re m 1.2.2 Suppose that F(x, u) is nonincreasing in u for x G and

F G Ca [Q x R,R}. Then

A\ the iterates ( a n(x)} satisfy the relation

provided ao < <22 on Q. Moreover, the alternating sequences {a^nO^)},

( a 2n-f-i(^)} converge in C 2 [Cl,R] to p,r, respectively; and

A 2 the iterates {f3n {x)} satisfy

if we suppose that /?2 < A) on Cl. Furthermore, the alternating se­

quences {/?2n+i(^)}; {/?2n(#)} converge in C 2 [Cl,R\ to r*,p*, respec­
tively.

Note that we did not assume condition (^4i) of Theorem 1.2.1. In fact,
one can show that lower and upper solutions exist satisfying (A\) in this
case. We state this fact as a lemma.

L em m a 1.2.1 Suppose that F (x,u) is monotone nonincreasing in u for

each x G Cl. Then there exist lower and upper solutions ao,/?o °f (1*2.1)
satisfying ao(x) < /3o{x) in Cl.

P ro o f Let where is the

solution of

Choose R q > 0 sufficiently large so that

1.2 Monotone Iterates: A Preview 7

Since F(x, u) is nonincreasing in u , we get

and similarly,

A natural question that arises is whether it is possible to obtain the

monotone sequences ( a n(x)}, {/?n(x)}, when F (x,u) is nonincreasing in u
without the additional assumptions on the iterates, namely ao < ot2 and
fa < (3o on Q. The answer is positive if we assume the existence of coupled
lower and upper solutions. In fact, one can prove the following result in this
direction.

T h e o re m 1.2.3 Assume that

with and

( 1.2 .8 )

is nonincreasing in for

Then the conclusion of Theorem 1.2.1 is valid.

The lower and upper solutions defined in (1.2.8) are known as coupled
lower and upper solutions of ( 1 .2 .1 ).
The monotone iterates resulting in the foregoing theorems that converge
m o n o to n ically in C 2 [Qj R] to so lu tio n s of (1.2.1) m ay n o t converge ra p id ly
enough. Hence the numerical procedures for approximating the solutions
which are close to the solution of the original problem may require a large
number of computations. If, on the other hand, the monotone iterates con­
structed converge rapidly enough, for example quadratically, it would be
more effective from all aspects. The approach that we describe next takes
care of this situation which is popularly known as the method of quasilin­
earization.
8 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

The main idea of the method of quasilinearization is to provide an explicit

analytic representation for the solutions of nonlinear differential equations,
which yields pointwise lower estimates for the solution whenever the non­
linear function involved is convex. The most important application of this
popular method has been to obtain a sequence of lower bounds which are
the solutions of linear differential equations that converge quadratically to
the unique solution of the given nonlinear problem. When we employ the
technique of lower and upper solutions coupled with the method of quasilin­
earization and utilize the idea of Newton and Fourier, it is possible to con­
struct concurrently lower and upper bounding monotone sequences, which
converge quadratically to the solution of the given problem. Moreover, this
unification provides a mechanism to enlarge the class of nonlinear problems
to which this method is applicable and therefore this unified technique is
called the method generalized quasilinearization.
A simple result using this approach may be stated as follows.

T h e o re m 1.2.4 Assume that

condition of Theorem holds;

exist and are continuous and

Then there exist monotone sequences {ctn (x)}, {(3n(x)} E C 2 a [Q,R] such
that a n —» p, Pn —>r in C 2 [Cl, i?]; p —r — u is the unique solution of ( 1 .2 . 1 )
satisfying ao(^) < u{x) < (3o(%) in ^ &nd the convergence is quadratic.

Here we construct the sequences of iterates as follows:

(1.2.9)
n — 0 ,1 ,2 ,__ We note the special choice of the iterates /3n.
A dual result when F ( x , u) is concave is also true, which we state below.

T h e o re m 1.2.5 Assume that

condition of Theorem holds.

exist and are continuous and

1.3 Monotone Iterative Technique 9

Then the conclusion of Theorem 1.2.4 is valid.

In this case, the iterates are constructed with a special choice for a n as
follows:

for
In the following sections, we shall describe the situation when F(x, u)
admits a splitting of a difference of two monotone functions or equivalently,

where f{ x ,u ) is monotone nondecreasing and g (x ,u ) is monotone nonin­

creasing in u for x E We shall also consider the case when f( x ,u ) is
convex and g(x,u) is concave in u for x £ Q. We shall see that this simple
setting unifies and covers several known results as well as providing some
interesting new results relative to the monotone iterative technique and gen­
eralized quasilinearization.

1.3 M onotone Iterative Technique

We shall devote this section to proving general results relative to the monotone
iterative technique which contain as special cases, several important results
of interest. Before we proceed further we need the following comparison
theorem and a corollary which are useful in our development of the results.

T h e o re m 1.3.1 Let a, (3 6 C 2 [fi, i?] be lower and upper solutions of (1.2.1);

namely, a, (3 satisfy

Suppose further that

(1.3.1)

and
10 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

P ro o f Set If in is not true, then there

exist an and such that

If ; then and hence, using the fact that

we get

which is a contradiction.
If then
It then follows that using

Since c(x) —k(x) > 0, we have a contradiction. Hence the claim is true
and the proof is complete.

C o ro llary 1.3.1 For any satisfying

(1.3.2)

where (1.3.3)

we have

Let us now consider the following elliptic boundary value problems in

nondivergence form

(1.3.4)

where
1.3 Monotone Iterative Technique 11

D efin itio n 1.3.1 Relative to the BVP the functions

are said to be

(1.3.5)

(b) coupled lower and upper solutions of type I if

(1.3.6)

(c) coupled lower and upper solutions of type II if

(1.3.7)

(d) coupled lower and upper solutions of type III if

(1.3.8)

Whenever a < /? in fi, we note that the lower and upper solutions defined
in (1.3.5) and (1.3.8) also satisfy (1.3.7) and hence it is enough to consider
the cases (1.3.6) and (1.3.7), which is precisely what we plan to do.
We are now in a position to prove the first main result.

T h e o re m 1.3.2 Assume that

(A \ ) ao,/?o £ C 2 [Q^R] are the coupled lower and upper solutions of type I
with ao(x) < Pq(x) in Q;

(A 2 ) f , g E C a [Q x i?, R]j f{ x ,u ) is nondecreasing in u and g(x, u) is non­

increasing in u for x E Q..
Then there exist monotone sequences {an(x)}; {(3n(x)} E C 2 ,Q:[fi, R] such
that a n(x) —> p(x), j3n(x) —►K x) C 2 [Q,R] and (p, r) are the coupled
minimal and maximal solutions of (1.3.4) respectively, that is, (p,r) satisfy
12 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

P ro o f Consider the following linear BVPs for each n - 1 ,2 ,...,

(1.3.9)

and

(1.3.10)

In order to conclude the existence of the unique solutions of the BVPs

(1.3.9) and (1.3.10) for each n > 1, we need to show that for any 77, £ E
(72 [f2,i?] with ao < rj < £ < /?o, hi(x) E R] and h,2 (x) E C a [f2,i?],
where

and

We note that if 77, E C 2 [Q, i?], then 6 VF2,a[f2,/2] in view of the

boundedness of Q and dQ E C 2 ,a[fi, i?]. The Embedding Theorem A.3.4
then shows that 77, £ E C 1,a[Q,i?]. Consequently, we have

Similarly, we get

where

As a result, we find that, because of the definition of /ii(x),

where

Hence, h i ( x ) E C a [fi, i?]. In a very similar way, we can show that h,2 ( x ) E
C a jT2,i?]. Consequently, there exist unique solutions a n,/?n E C'2 ,a[fi,i?] of
1.3 Monotone Iterative Technique 13

the BVPs (1.3.9) and (1.3.10) by Theorem A.3.1, provided that a/c, At €
[qo,A)] with ctk < Pk, successively, for k > 1 .
Therefore, our aim now is to show that

(1.3.11)

We first claim that a\ > ao in Cl. For this, let p = ao - oc\ so that
Bp < 0 on dfl and

Hence by Corollary 1 .3 .1 , p(x) < 0 in Cl, which implies ao < o l \ in Cl.

Similarly, we can show that (3\ < /?o in Cl. We next prove that a\ < (3\ in
Cl. Consider p = a\ — (3\ so that Bp = 0 on <9fi and

using the monotone nature of f,g . Thus we get by Corollary 1.3.1, p < 0 in
Cl which yields a i < (3\ in Cl. As a result, it follows that

Assume that for some k > 1 , a k -i < < (3k < Pk-i in Cl. Then we
show that afc < OLk+1 < flk+\ < Pk in Cl. To do this, let p ~ ak+i — oik so
that Bp = 0 on dQ and because of the monotone character of /, g we get

Corollary 1 .3.1 then implies ctk < a^+i in Cl. Similarly, we can show that
Pk+1 £ Pk in Cl. Now to prove a^+i < Pk+i in Cl, consider (3 = a^+i —(3k+\
and note that Bp = 0 on dQ. Moreover,

using the assumption and monotone nature of f,g . Thus we have by Corol­
lary 1 .3 . 1 , ctk+i < in and as a result, it follows that

Hence by induction, we see that (1.3.11) is valid for all k = 1 ,2, —

We recall that (3k G C 2 'a[Cl,R\ for k — 1 , 2 , — Since C 2 iOL[Cl,R] C
W 2 ,q[Cl, R\ for q > 1 , by Theorem A.2 .3, we have

(1.3.12)
14 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

where hk(x) = f( x , a fc- i) + g{x, Pk-i)-

The continuity of hk implies that {hk(x)} is uniformly bounded in C[fi, R].
Since C[Cl,R] is dense in L q[Cl,R\, {hk(x)} is also uniformly bounded in
L q[fi, jR]. This together with (1.3.12) shows th at {a^(x)} is uniformly bound­
ed in W 2 ’q[Cl, i?]. For q = E W 2,9^ , i?] and hence by the Embedding
Theorem A.3.4

for some constant C independent of the elements of W 2'q. Thus {otk{x)}

is uniformly bounded in C 1,a[fi,iZ]. This implies that {hk(x)} is uniformly
bounded in C a [Cl,R]. Consequently, by Schauder’s estimate given in A.2 .2 ,
we find that

which implies the uniform boundedness of {afc(x)} in C 2 ,a[fi, R]. As a result,

we have {afc(a;)} is relatively compact in C 2 [Cl, R] which yields the existence
of a subsequence {a^.} which converges in C 2 [Cl,R\. Let p* E C 2 [Cl,R\
be the limit of ^.{(a:)}. By the monotone nature of {afc(x)}, it con­
verges pointwise to p{x) in Cl. But the convergence of { a ^ (x)} in C 2 [Cl,R]
implies pointwise convergence and thus p*(x) = p(x) in Cl. This shows
that the entire sequence ( a n(x)} converges in C 2 [Cl,R\ to p(x), that is,
limfc_>oo afc(x) —p(x) in C 2 [0 , R] and ao < p < 0o in Cl.
Similar arguments show that lim ^oo /3k(x) = r(x) in C 2 [f2, R] and ao <
p < r < /3o in Cl. Thus the limits

and

exist uniformly in f2. We then see immediately that p and r are the solutions
of the semilinear BVPs
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Title: The Kensington Gazette, No. 2, December 14, 1853

Publisher: Charles Baker Strutt

Release date: October 22, 2019 [eBook #60552]

Language: English

Credits: Transcribed from the 14 December 1853 edition by David

Price

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

KENSINGTON GAZETTE, NO. 2, DECEMBER 14, 1853 ***
Transcribed from the 14 December 1853 edition by David Price,
email [email protected]

THE
KENSINGTON GAZETTE,
And GENERAL ADVERTISER,

For Kensington, Hammersmith, Bayswater, Notting Hill,

Shepherd’s Bush, &c. &c.

No. 2. Guaranteed Gratuitous Circulation, Four Thousand.—Published

every Wednesday. Dec. 14, 1853
ADVERTISEMENTS.

TERMS.—PREPAYMENT.

Single Column, per line 3d.

Double Column, per line 6d.

A Reduction on a Series of Advertisements.

 Kensington Parochial Institute.

A Lecture will be delivered in the Assembly Rooms, King’s Arms,

High-street, Kensington, on Friday Evening, Dec. 16, by Sam. Sidney,
Esq., on Hints, Anecdotes, and Axioms for Emigrants.—Tickets at the
Doors, One Shilling each. The Lecture commences at half-past eight
o’clock.
 Gough’s Orations,

illustrated by eminent artists.—Price 1d. Sold at Strutt’s Printing-

office, 16, Church-street Kensington.

“Mr. Gough is a well-adjusted mixture of the poet, orator, and

dramatist: in fact, an English Gavazzi”.—British Banner.
“His audience were at one time excited to tears, and at another
convulsed with laughter.”—Leeds Mercury.
“His descriptions are lost upon paper: he must be heard to be
appreciated.”—Ladies’ Companion.
 WINTER CLOTHING.

Who needs a good Great Coat to keep him warm,

From wet protected,—free from Winter’s storm,—
Who such a needful want desires to buy,
So cheap it can all bargains defy,
Should join, at once, the throngs who weekly go
To get their suits at Befford’s cheap Depot;
First-rate materials—first-rate work as well,
To all who doubt, delighted buyers tell—
In High-street, Kensington, but once enquire,
Where you can purchase Befford’s best attire;
Whose clothes fit easy, and are worn with grace,
Prompt comes the answer, Four, in Mayfield-place.
Let Befford once your patronage obtain,
He feels assured that you will call again.
The Cheapest & Best Great Coats, Over Coats, Shooting Coats, and
every description of Coat made to measure, at W. BEFFORD’S, 4,
Mayfield-place, High-street Kensington.—Fit and workmanship
warranted. Repairs and alterations cheap.
 GAS FITTING DONE

In all its branches, by J. E. OLIVER, (son of the late R. Oliver, in the

same trade nearly half a century,) Locksmith, Bell-hanger, and Stove
and Range maker, 16, Orchard-street, Holland-street, Kensington.
Jobbing in all its branches.
 New Writing Paper.

The NEW STRAW WRITING PAPER, manufactured expressly for

PARKINS & GOTTO.—This paper is invaluable to rapid writers: it has
a hard smooth surface, can be written upon on both sides, with
either metal or quill pen, is much pleasanter to write upon than any
other paper, and is nearly half the price, being only 3s. per ream! P.
& G’s. new Elastic Post-office Pen, 6d. the dozen by post (warranted
not to scratch the paper.)—Copy address, Parkins & Gotto,
manufacturers, 25, Oxford-st.
 SOAP, CANDLES, &C.

At JONES’S, 39, High-street, Kensington, & his branch shop, 27,

High-street, Notting Hill, the Prices are Lower than any advertising
house, quality not to be surpassed.
Best store candles 7d. per lb. or 6s. 10d. per doz. Composite, 8½d.
and 9d.; Decimal candles, 6½d., burn without snuffing; J. Williams &
Son’s superior Soap, obtained the Prize at the Great Exhibition;
Knight’s Primrose Soap; Yardley and Statham’s sun-flower & other
superior scented Soaps; fine pale yellow soap, at 4½d., 4d., 3½d. &
3d. per lb.; best mottled soap, 5d., second ditto, 4½d. lb.; best
soda, 1d. per lb.; best starch 6d. per lb.; blue 1s. 4d. per lb.; 4-lb.
tins of double superfine mustard, 1s. 6d. per lb.; 4-lb. tins of good
mustard, 1s per lb., black pepper, 1s. 4d. per lb.; white pepper, 2s.
3d. per lb.; black lead, best quality, 8d. to 1s. per lb. All articles for
cleaning purposes 20 per cent under most houses. British Port and
Sherry, nearly equal to foreign, 1s. 3d. per bottle. Ginger, Orange,
Currant, &c., 1s. 1d. per bottle.
CASH ON DELIVERY.
Orders immediately attended to.
 Furs in great variety,

For the Season, at J. WILLIAMS’S Old Established Fur Store, 37,

Crawford-street, two doors east of St. Mary’s Church, Bryanstone-
square. Grey squirrel, 3s. 6d. to 10s. 6d. German sable 5s. 6d. to
10s. 6d. Chinchilla 21s. to 40s. Russian Fitch, 15s. to 30s. French
sable, 20s. to 40s. Hudson’s Bay stable, 35s. to 60s. Ermine 12s. to
35s. Stone Martin, 30s. to 50s.—Furs cleaned, altered, repaired, or
freed from moth, with promptness and economy.
 Genuine Castorine Pomade,

Highly recommended for imparting to the hair a luxuriant,

permanent, and natural gloss, promoting its growth; it is also a great
specific against the formation of dandriff.—Prepared & sold only by J.
COOK, Hair Dresser, Post Office, High-street, Notting-hill.
 To be Let.—Rent 19 Guineas

A Genteel Cottage, containing good rooms; garden, about 70 feet in

rear, and about 12 feet in front; most healthy and cheerfully situate
at Chapel-terrace, Harlesden-green, on the high road to Harrow near
Willesden Station, four miles and a half from London.—Apply to Mr.
DAVIS, No. 9, in the Terrace.
An Omnibus from Tottenham Court-road, calls at the Green Man,
122, Oxford-street, and at the Crown, 84, Edgware-road, at the
following times—Down,—morning at 10, and 12; afternoon, at 3, 5
and 8 o’clock—Up: morning at 9, & 11; afternoon at 2, 4, and 7
o’clock.
Also, by Rail, from Euston-square, at the following times—Down:
morning at 7, & 11; afternoon at 45 min. past 2; 20 min. past 5; and
at 15 min. past 6 o’clock. Up: morning at 48 min. past 8; and 38
min. past 11; afternoon, at 48 min. past 1; 21 min. past 3; and 36
min. past 8 o’clock.
 FRANCIS’S SAMARITAN OIL,

Entirely prepared from Herbs and Flowers.

For now two hundred years, or more,
This Oil was famed for Cut or Sore,
For Wounds and Burns, for Scalds and Sprains,
Chaps, Face Aches, Sore throats, and Chilblains,
Excoreations, Chaps and Bruises,
Are eased, or cured, as each one uses,
Or, will this precious Oil apply.
Its healing virtues only try!
Lumbago, Piles, with bites and strings,
And pains which Rheumatism brings;
And parts inflamed are soon restored,
And festering Wounds, tho’ deep, explored;
And suffering Men, with joy shall smile,
When told of Francis’s precious Oil!
Their Wounds are cured, their pains removed.
And Francis’s Healing Oil approved.
All Female Breast disorders cured,
The pains removed, though long endured;
And Worms in Children soon destroy’d,
And strength, and health, again enjoy’d.
 A Bottle buy, and only try,
And all such plagues shall from you fly!
Wholesale Agents,—Barclay and Son, 93 Farringdon-street, and
Sanger, 150, Oxford street. Prepared by the Proprietor only, and may
be ordered through any of the Wholesale-houses, and by most
respectable Chemists in Towns throughout the Kingdom. Agents
wanted for Hammersmith, Kensington, Notting Hill, & Bayswater—
Letters to be addressed to F. F., No. 17 Queen’s-terrace, near the
Royal Oak, Bayswater.
 Livery Stables.

T. LOVELOCK, Pembroke Livery Stables, Earl-street, Kensington.—

Superior cabs and phætons by the day or hour.

OFFICE FOR ADVERTISEMENTS,—CHURCH STREET, KENSINGTON.

The KENSINGTON GAZETTE, and General Advertiser.
Published every Wednesday.—Office, Church-street, Kensington. Dec. 14, 1853.
 CHEAP AND ELEGANT PRINTING
AT
C. B. STRUTT’S,

CHURCH STREET, KENSINGTON.

—o—
C. S. in thanking the public of the vicinity for their approbation of his
Press,—a patronage the more flattering from its continued increase,
—respectfully intimates that he has made that encouraging success
a basis of more extended operations, by considerably increasing the
materials necessary to the creation of an efficient typographical
Establishment; at the same time believing those additional efforts
will win the desired response anticipated from past friends, and
commanding the confidence of many who have not yet tested his
capacity, will result in the acquisition of prospective and satisfied
customers.

A CARD PLATE 500 BEST CARDS

Engraved, From Plate,
And 100 Best Cards For 7s. 6d.
For 4s. 1000 Ditto, 14s.

CHEMISTS’ COUNTER BILLS.

Extreme attention is paid in the execution of this necessary
appendage to the Chemist’s counter; their requisite neatness and
elegance is ever maintained by the employment of new and modern
type, selected from Foundries famed for securing the skill of eminent
designers; while economy in charges is considered, so as to obtain a
preference over Metropolitan Offices.
Epsom Salts & other Wrappers, Labels, &c.

BAKERS & COWKEEPERS’ WEEKLY BILLS.

From the great numbers constantly being printed, C. S. is enabled to
supply them far below their usual charges.

CARDS.
This indispensible requisite of the trader, may be obtained, on fine
machine-made fabric, at 1s., 1s. 3d., and 1s. 6d. per Hundred. On
large numbers a very great reduction is made.

CIRCULARS.
Printed on beautiful cream laid post, ready folded, well pressed, and
the edges made smooth, at 3s. per hundred; five hundred 10s., and
one thousand 16s.

BILL HEADS.
The constant consumption of this commodity necessitates the
commercial man to seek their supply from the ‘cheapest market’ this
he can accomplish by using invoices printed by C. S. Their variety of
size and quality of paper, renders their statement of prices an almost
impossibility.
 HAND BILLS,
From 4s. per 1000. Ten Thousand for One Pound

POSTING BILLS,
In any dimensions, well printed in bold type, at prices according to
the size and number required.
Bills relating to Lost or Stolen Property printed at an hour’s
notice.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sermons, Pamphlets, Societies’ Books of Rules, Auctioneers
Catalogues, &c.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PRINTING IN GOLD, SILVER, AND COLOURS.
Lithographic Printing, &c.
 AN APPRENTICE WANTED.

A respectable and well-educated Youth is required as an out-door

Apprentice to learn the Printing Business.—A small premium
required. Apply at 16, Church-street, Kensington.
 GOOD & CHEAP TROUSERS.

Very stout Doeskin, made to measure, at 14s. per pair. Prime Black
Doe at 18s. Good & strong Cords, at 10s. Very strong Black, at 12s.
—Observe! BEFFORD, 4, Mayfield-place, High-street, Kensington.
 CHRISTMAS IRONMONGERY.

The Cheapest sold in London, is at J. R. ANDREWS, 71, Tottenham

Court-road, established 50 years. Plum Pudding Boilers, in iron and
tin. Copper and tin Moulds, for Cakes & Jellies. Pasty Cutters,
Pattie-pans, &c. Papier-machie and iron Tea-trays. Copper, iron,
japan, zinc, and brass-lined Coal Scoops: and a choice of more than
one hundred Copper Tea Kettles, from 4s. 6d. each.
 ROUTS, BALLS, AND DINNER
PARTIES.

May be had on Hire, at HOPE’S Warehouse, established more than half

a century,—11, Rathbone-place, Oxford-Street, Rout-seats &
Cushions, Chairs with silk eases, Rout-tabling, Ormolu chandeliers,
Brackets, Branches, and lamps. China, Glass, Knives & Forks, Plate
and plated goods, in any quantity; Table Ornaments, and Glazed
Cloths for Dancing, to prevent the trouble of taking up carpets.
 Registered SYRIAN PALETOT

Made by J. SWAIN & Co., Tailors, 379, Oxford-street.—Black

Waistcoats, 10s. 12s. 14s.; black dress trousers, 21s., 25s., 28s.;
dress coat, 35s., 40s., 45s. to 70s.; frock, 5s. more, in any quality;
fancy waistcoats, from 10s. to 14s.; trousers, with or without stripe
down, 16s. to 28s.; jackets, 25s. to 35s. This list of clothes includes
the cheapest and the best. The new blue mixture for coats kept at
Swain’s.
 Shirtliffe’s Furniture Polish,

Sold by Jones, High-street, Kensington; King, High-street, Notting

Hill; and of all the principal oilmen & others in the suburbs.
 FURNITURE REMOVED

In Town or Country, in Spring Vans, by G. WRAPSON, 18, Silver-

street, Notting Hill.—Luggage conveyed to & from all the Railway
and Steam Boat Stations.
Coals supplied at wharf prices.
 Servants Seeking Situations

Should advertise in the “Kensington Gazette and General Advertiser,”

circulated gratuitously, every Wednesday.—The advantages offered
to advertisers, are,—a probable engagement near present place; the
facilitating an early enquiry into character; an avoidance of
temporary lodging; a reduction of the cost of carriage for luggage,
&c.; and the entire prevention of fatiguing personal perambulation
from house to house.—Advertisements received, daily, at Strutt’s
Printing Office, Church-street.