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Lecture 11

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Lecture 11

Uploaded by

Wagdy Nashaat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Medical Physiology

The Circulatory System


 The circulatory system is a closed system of tubes (i.e. vessels) inside
which blood circulates continuously by the pumping action of the heart and
in one direction only by the action of valves present in the heart and veins.

 The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels that is why
itis also called the cardiovascular system (CVS).

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Medical Physiology

Physiological Properties of the Cardiac Muscle:


1. Rhythmicity.
2. Conductivity.
3. Excitability

4. Contractility.

1. RHYTHMICITY
 Definition: It means the ability of the cardiac muscle to beat (i.e.
contractand relax) regularly.
 Rhythmicity is myogenic in nature (starts from the muscle itself
independent from autonomic nerve supply that only controls its rate
(either
↑ or ↓).
 Rhythmicity of Different parts of the Heart:
a. The sinoatrial (auricular) Node or SAN rhythm;
1- It has the highest rhythm (120 discharge/min) so, it is called the pace
makerof the heart.

2- Pace maker means the part of the heart that the highest rhythmicity and
thewhole parts follow its rhythm.
3- Its rhythm is called sinus rhythm.
N.B.
 Although the rhythmicity of the SAN is 120 /min, the resting heart rate is
only 75/min, why?
 This is due the continuous inhibitory discharge from the vagus nerve on
SAN decreasing its inherited rhythm from 120 to 75/min. This called the
Vagal Tone.
 The vagus nerve supplies the whole cardiac muscle except the ventricles.

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Medical Physiology

2- CONTRACTILITY

Definition: It means the ability of the cardiac muscle to contract to push


the blood to circulation.

N.B.

Systole = contraction of the heart

Diastole = relaxation and dilatation of the heart

3. EXCITABILITY

 Definition: It means the ability of the cardiac muscle to respond to


an adequate stimulus (i.e. threshold or more) by generating an action
potential followed by mechanical response.
4. CONDUCTIVITY

 Definition: It means the ability of the cardiac muscle to transmit the


excitation wave from one part of the heart to another.
Velocity of conduction in Different Parts of the Heart:
a. In atrial muscle → one meter / sec.
b. In AVN → 0.2 meter / sec (i.e. delayed conduction).

Factors affecting the Cardiac Muscle Properties:

1. Nervous Factors;

a. Sympathetic stimulation → ↑ all properties of the cardiac muscle.

b. Parasympathetic stimulation (i.e. vagus nerve) → ↓ all properties


of the cardiac muscle.

2. Chemical Factors;

a. Adrenaline → ↑ all properties of the cardiac muscle.

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Medical Physiology

b. Acetyl choline → ↓ all properties of the cardiac muscle.

3. Physical Factors;

a. Warming → ↑ all properties of the cardiac muscle.

b. Cooling → ↓ all properties of the cardiac muscle.

Heart rate

 Definition: It is the number of heart beats per minute.

 It ranges from 55-95 per minute in adult normal person with an average of
70 beats per minute.

Factors affecting Heart rate:

1. Age: in newly born about 120 per minute. It gradually decreases till it
reaches 70 per minute at age of 20.

2. Sex: heart rate is higher in females than males.

3. Exercise and emotions: increasing the heart rate.

4. Sleep: decreasing the heart rate.

5. Physical training: in athletes the resting heart rate is lower than non-
athletes.
CARDIAC OUTPUT (COP)

Definition: It is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.

• In adult man it is about 5-6 liters per minute during rest.

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Medical Physiology

ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE (ABP)

 It is the lateral pressure exerted by the blood on the arterial wall.

 Systolic BP; is the maximum pressure reached during the systole = 120
mmHg

 Diastolic BP; is the minimum pressure reached during the diastole = 80


mmHg

 Pulse pressure; is the differences between systolic and diastolic blood


pressure
Pulse pressure = 120 - 80 = 40 mmHg.

 Systolic BP ranges between 100-145 mmHg.

 Diastolic BP ranges between 60-90 mmHg.

FACTORS AFFECTING ABP:

1. Age: it is very low at birth 50/30 mmHg. Reaches 120/80 mmHg at adultage

2. Sex:

a. Before puberty, ABP is identical in both sexes.

b. After puberty, ABP is lower in females than males.

c. At menopause, ABP in females is higher than males by 5 mmHg

3. Body built: ABP is higher in obese than thin subjects by 5-10 mmHg

4. Posture: ABP is higher in standing than in the sitting and lower in


recumbence

5. Meals: ABP increases after meal

6. Emotions and exercise: increase ABP.

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