DALIMSS SUNBEAM SCHOOL

Group of Educational Institutions

Dr. Amrit Lal Ishrat Memorial Sunbeam School and Hostel

(Varanasi)

SUBJECT: PHYSICS (042)

PROJECT ON
“To investigate the dependence of
angle of deviation on the angle of
incidence using a hollow prism filled
one by one, with different
transparent fluid.”
(AISSCE 2024-2025)

Submitted by- Submitted To-

Name: RAYONSH PANDEY Mr. R.B YADAV
Class: XII (Science) PGT (PHYSICS)
Roll no:

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that I Rayonsh Pandey student of class XII
science of DALIMSS SUNBEAM SCHOOL has successfully
completed the Physics Investigatory Project

on the topic “To investigate the dependence of angle of the angle of

deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by
one, with different transparent fluids.”
Under the guidance of Mr. R.B YADAV sir Physics teacher in
particular fulfillment of the curriculum of Central Board of
Secondary Education (CBSE) for academic year 2024 – 2025.

Name of Student: RAYONSH PANDEY

Roll. No. :

(Teacher’s Signature) (Examiner’s Signature)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to our
school. Principal “Mrs. Gurmeet Kaur” Mam DALIMSS SUNBEAM
SCHOOL VARANASI as well as my Physics Teacher “Mr. R.B
YADAV” sir who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic “To investigate the dependence of
angle of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow
prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.”
which is also helped in doing a lot of research and I came to know
about so many things, I am really thankful to them.

Also, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who

helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
project.

Student name: Rayonsh Pandey

Class: XII (Science)

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 INDEX

S. No. Topics Page

no.
1. Aim 5
2. Introduction 6
3. Theory 7-9
4. Procedure 10
5. Observation 11-12
6. Conclusion 13
7. Precaution 14
8. Bibliography 15

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 AIM
“To investigate the
dependence of angle
of deviation on the
angle of incidence
using a hollow prism
filled one by one,
with different
transparent fluid.”
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Introduction
➢The study of light and its interaction with the
phenomenon observed in the behavior of light is
deviation—the change in the direction of a light
ray when it passes through a prism. The amount
of deviation depends on factors such as the
angle of incidence, refractive index, and prism
material.
➢This project focuses on investigating how the
angle of deviation
changes with
varying angles of
incidence when a
hollow prism is
filled with different
transparent fluids. A
hollow prism
provides a unique
opportunity to study this effect by allowing the
refractive index to be changed by simply filling
it with different fluids. Understanding this
dependence is crucial for applications in optical
instruments, spectroscopy, and precision
measurements.

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 Theory
When light passes through a prism, it undergoes
refraction at the two surfaces of the prism. The
incident light ray entering the prism bends towards
the normal due to the change in speed of light from
air (lower refractive index) to the fluid inside the
prism (higher refractive index). Upon exiting, the
light ray bends away from the normal as it moves
back into the air. The overall change in the direction
of the light is termed as the angle of deviation (δ).

1. According to Snell's Law:

n1sin 𝑖 = n2sin 𝑟
where n1 is the refractive index of the medium
from which the light is coming (air), and n2 is the
refractive index of the fluid inside the prism.
2. Angle of Deviation and Prism Geometry: The
angle of deviation (δ) for a prism depends on the
angle of incidence, angle of the prism (A), and
the refractive index of the fluid. The relationship
between these parameters is given by:
δ=(i1+i2) − A

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 where i1and i2 are the angles of incidence at the
first and second surfaces of the prism,
respectively.

3. Snell's Law Application in the Prism:

For light passing through a prism, Snell's law
applies at both the entry and exit points of the
prism. The internal angles and refractive indices
determine how much the light path bends,
influencing the overall deviation.
4. Effect of Different Fluids on Deviation: When
the hollow prism is filled with different fluids,
the refractive index of the medium inside
changes, altering the deviation experienced by
the light ray. Higher refractive indices lead to
larger deviations for the same angle of
incidence, while lower refractive indices result in
smaller deviations.

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Apparatus required:
➢Hollow glass prism

➢Various liquids like water, dil. sulphuric

acid, benzaldehyde, etc.

➢Bell pins

➢Drawing board

Objectives of the
Experiment:
✓ To measure the angle of deviation for different
angles of incidence.
✓ To investigate how the deviation changes with
the refractive index of the fluid.
✓ To determine the relationship between the
angle of deviation and the angle of incidence for
different transparent fluids.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Fix a white shit of paper on the drawing board with
helps of drawing pins.
2. Keep the prism and mark the outline as PQR.
3. Drop a normal AB on side PQ.
4. Draw the angle of
incidence in
accordance with
the normal AB and
place two pins so
they appear to be
in the straight
line.
5. Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid on
the marked outline PQR.
6. Now take the pins and place them on the side
AC so that all the 4 pins appear to be in same line.
7. Remove the prism and draw the line joining the
points so obtained.
8. Mark the diagram as show in the figure.
9. Repeat this with difference liquids and different
angle of incidence.

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Observation:
✓ Water:
S.no Angle of Angle of Angle of
prism(a) incidence(i) deviation(d)
1. 60 30 25
2. 60 35 22
3. 60 40 20
4. 60 45 22
5. 60 50 25
6. 60 55 28
U = sin [(60+22)/2]/sin (30)
= 1.306

✓ Dil.sulphuric acid:
S.no Angle of Angle of Angle of
prism(a) incidence(i) deviation(d)
1. 60 20 33
2. 60 30 30
3. 60 35 25
4. 60 40 29
5. 60 45 30
U = sin [(60+25)/2/sin (30)
= 1.351
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 ✓ Benzaldehyde:
S.no Angle of Angle of Angle of
prism (a) incidence(i) deviation(d)
1. 60 30 45
2. 60 35 42
3. 60 37.5 40
4. 60 39 42
5. 60 40 45

U = sin [(60+40)/2]/sin (30)

= 1.504

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Conclusion:
Refractive indexes at room temperature:

Benzaldehyde:
Actual: 1.546
Experimental: 1.504

Water:
Actual: 1.33
Experimental: 1.306

Dil. Sulphuric acid:

Actual: 1.355
Experimental: 1.351

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PRECAUTIONS:
✓ Use a funnel or dropper to fill the prism, with
fluids to avoid spillage and ensure precise filling
without air bubbles.
✓ Ensure there are no air bubbles, inside the prism,
as they can distort the path of the light and
introduce errors.
✓ Angle of incidence, should lie between 35-60 degree.
✓ Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie on same
line.
✓ Distance between two points should not be less
than10mm.
✓ Same angle of prism should be used for all
observations.
✓ Arrow head should be marked to represent
emergent and incident ray.
✓ Ensure the hollow prism is clean and free from
dust and smudges.
✓ Handle the prism with care, to avoid any damage
or breakage. Since the prism is hollow, it may be
more fragile than solid prisms.
✓ Handle all fluids carefully, some fluids may be
corrosive or harmful if spilled. Wear gloves if
necessary.
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Bibliography:
1. NCERT Physics Class 12

2. Wikipedia.in

3. Together with lab manual

4. www.cbse.nic.in

5. www.icbse.in

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