©Deeper Life High School.

2023

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 SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS CONTENT

TRADE AND BUSINESS Limited Companies:
1 ORFANIZATIONS (a) Meaning of Limited Companies
(b) Types of limited companies
(c) Formation (Legal Requirements)

1. Limited Companies I. Sources of capital

2 cont’d II. Advantages and disadvantages of
limited companies.

Trade Associations and other (i) Trade Associations: Aims,

Enterprises Functions
3
Chamber of Commerce: Aims, Functions
and structure

TRADE ASSOCIATIONS 1. Consortium

4 AND OTHER ENTERPRISES
2. Cartel

3. Amalgamation/merger/combine

4. Trust
Holding
Transportation. (i) meaning (II) importance (III) Forms: land,
water, Air, pipeline
5

Transportation (d) Advantages and disadvantages of each form

of transportation.
6

7 MID-TERM BREAK
Transportation (e) Documents
8
(f) functions of Ports authority and Airports
authority.

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 Communication (a) Types of communication: Oral; Written,
Visual; Non-verbal, etc.
9
(b) Advantages and disadvantages of
communication.

10 Communication (c) Nigerian traditional means of communication

e.g gong, drum etc
(d) Development of Postal, Telegraphic and
Telephone services as provided by NIPOST and
NITEL.

11
12
13

WEEK: ONE

TOPIC: TRADE AND BUSINESS ORFANIZATIONS

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to comprehend and explain the
core principles, structures, and operations of trade and business organizations, enabling them to make
informed decisions and observations about real-world business scenarios.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:

SUB-TOPIC 1: MEANING OF A LIMITED COMPANY

CONTENT: A limited liability company is a legal entity created by the association of a number of people, in
accordance with the law for the purpose of a defined objective.
It can also be defined as an incorporated business organisation established for profit making. It is also known as
a joint stock company.
Evaluation:
Define a limited company

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PRACTICE EXERCISE: fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. A ____________ company is a type of business entity that offers limited liability protection to its owners and
shareholders.
2. Limited companies can be either __ limited companies (Ltd) or ___ limited companies (PLC).
3. One of the key advantages of a limited company is that the liability of its owners is ____________ to the
amount they have invested in the company.
4. A limited company has a separate legal ____________ from its owners, which means it can enter into
contracts, own property, and engage in legal proceedings in its own name.
5. Limited companies are required to submit annual financial statements and reports to the ____________,
which ensures transparency and accountability in their financial operations.

SUB-TOPIC 2: TYPES OF COMPANIES

CONTENT:
There are two main types of companies namely;
1. UNLIMITED COMPANIES:

These are companies in which the liabilities of the members are unlimited. They will be liable to the full
account of the companies’ debts in the case of liquidation.
2. LIMITED COMPANIES

These are companies in which the liabilities of the members are limited to the full value of the amount
they have invested. In the case of liquidation, they will only be liable to the full extent of the amount
they contributed as capital.
It is sub-divided into two, namely;
• Limited by Guarantee

• Limited by Shares

A. LIMITED BY GUARANTEE

These are companies in which the liabilities of the members are limited by the Memorandum of
Association to the amount they have pledged to contribute In the case of liquidation. These companies
are not formed for trading activities but for the furtherance of Art, Religion and Charity.
B. LIMITED BY SHARES

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 These are companies in which the liabilities of the members are limited to the full value of the amount
they have invested. In the case of liquidation, they will only be liable to the full extent of the share they
contributed as capital.
It is sub-divided into two, namely;
• Private limited liability

• Public limited liability

• PRIVATE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

A private limited liability company has the following features or characteristics

i. It restricts the right to transfer its shares

ii. It limits the number of its members from two to fifty (2-50) persons

i. It does not allow the public to subscribe to its shares

iii. The name of the company must end with “Limited”.

iv. The shareholders’ liability is limited.

• PUBLIC LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

A public limited liability company has the following features or characteristics

ii. Allows the public to subscribe to its shares

iii. Must have a minimum of seven persons but no maximum number prescribed.

iv. Allows the shares to be transferred

v. Must end with “PLC”.

vi. It can sue and be sued in its own name

vii. It has limited liability i.e. the liability of share holders is limited to the amount contributed to the
company.

viii. It has perpetual existence as the death or withdrawal of some members will not affect the existence
of the company.

ix. It must follow some special formalities before registration

x. It is required by statute to keep certain prescribed books of account

xi. The owners which are the shareholders are separated from the management.
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Evaluation:
Distinguish between a private and a public limited liability company

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1.A __________ limited liability company is a type of business entity where the ownership is held by a small
group of individuals or a family, and its shares are not publicly traded on stock exchanges.
2.In a private limited liability company, the number of shareholders is usually __________, and they often have
restrictions on transferring their shares to outsiders.
3.On the other hand, a __________ limited liability company is a business entity whose shares are available for
the general public to buy and sell on stock exchanges
4.A public limited liability company is required to publish its financial information regularly to provide
transparency to its __________, potential investors, and regulatory authorit
5.The process of converting a private limited liability company into a public limited liability company is known
as __________ and involves various legal and regulatory step

SUB-TOPIC 3: FORMATION OF A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY.

CONTENT:
THE FOLLOWING ARE STEPS TAKEN IN THE FORMATION OF A LIMITED LIABILITY
COMPANY:
i. The first step involves getting the promoters. The promoters are individuals who conceived the
idea of the company and undertook to fulfil the legal requirements for the venture.

ii. The promoters are required to deduce a way of getting the initial capital bearing in mind the cost
of formation, assets to be bought and working capital

iii. The promoters should secure the services of a lawyer and an accountant to prepare certain
documents to be filled with the Registrar of companies at the Corporation. The documents are:

a. Memorandum of Association

b. Articles of Association

c. Statement of Nominal Capital

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iv. The documents are stamped and lodged with the registrar of companies.

MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION
This is the document containing rules and regulations which govern the external relationship of a company with
outsiders. It also serves as a constitution of the company and defines its objectives and powers in respect to its
dealings with the outside world.
It contains the following
i. The name of the company ending with the word “Limited”/PLC.

ii. The location/address of the registered office of the company.

iii. The object clause of the company

iv. The proposed amount of the authorized capital and the various shares into which it is divided.

v. A statement indicating that the liabilities of the shareholders are limited.

vi. The names of the founders/promoters of the company and the number of shares taken up by them.

vii. Status of the company that is public or private

viii. The restriction on the power of the company if any.

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
This is the document containing the regulations governing the internal management of the company’s affairs,
duties, rights and powers of the members. It is also a document in which the internal regulations of Limited
Liability Company are stated.
The contents of an article of association include:
i. The method of issue of capital

ii. Methods of holding meetings

iii. Defined powers and duties of directors

iv. The right of shareholders

v. How directors are to be elected

vi. How auditors are to be remunerated

vii. Method of sharing dividend

viii. Transfer and forfeiture of shares

ix. Method of audit

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x. Method of settling dispute.

xi. Procedure for winding up the company in the event of liquidation.

CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION OR INCORPORATION

This is the document which confers legal status on the company to commence business. It is issued by the
registrar of companies as evidence that all the requirements of the Acts in respect to registration have been met
by the company.
It contains the following information:
i. The name of the company

ii. The company registration number

iii. A statement showing that the company has been registered in accordance with the law

iv. The signature of the registrar

PROSPECTUS
This is a circular or an invitation or advertisement made by a company to the public, inviting them to subscribe
in their shares.
It contains the following information:
i. Brief history of the company

ii. Information about the present position and future prospect

iii. The purpose of the issue

iv. The amount of the capital offered for subscriptions

v. The terms of the issue

vi. Three to five years audited accounts

vii. Profiles of the major shareholders

viii. Profiles of the company’s directors

ix. Profiles of the company management team

x. The accountant reports

xi. Particulars projections for three to five years

xii. Application form

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Certificate of Trading
This is the document which allows the company to commence business activities. It is issue to a public limited
liability company to commence operation after the company has been given the certificate of incorporation.
Evaluation
i. State the steps to be followed in the formation of a limited liability company.

ii. Write short notes on

(i) Articles of Association (ii) Memorandum of Association (iii) prospectus

General Evaluation
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Objective Test:
Question 1: A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a type of business entity that provides its owners, also
known as ________, with limited liability protection.
Question 2: In Nigeria, the formation of an LLC involves registering the company with the ________ of
Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC).
Question 3: The owners of an LLC are known as ________ and their liability is limited to the amount they have
invested in the company.
Question 4: A key advantage of forming an LLC is that it combines the limited liability of a corporation with the
________ of a partnership.
Question 5: The internal document that outlines the management structure, ownership percentages, and
operational procedures of an LLC is called the ________.
Feel free to use these questions for your SS2 students in Nigeria to help them understand the concept of
forming a Limited Liability Company.
1. The maximum membership of a private company is (a) 2 (b) 10 (c) 50 (d) infinity

2. The document that guides a company’s internal operation is called (a) Articles of Association (b)
Memorandum of Association (c) cash book (d) prospectus

3. The document which allows the company to commence business activities is called ____ (a) Certificate of
trading (b) prospectus (c) certificate of incorporation (d) Articles of Association

4. Essay Test:
5. 1. Write short notes on
6. (i) Articles of Association (ii) Memorandum of Association (iii) prospectus
7. 2. State the characteristics of a public limited liability company
8. 3. State six contents of a memorandum of Association
9. 4. State the differences and similarities between a private and public company.
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 .

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST: 10 fill in the gap questions and 5 essay question)
Question 1: What is a sole proprietorship?
A) A business owned by multiple partners
B) A business owned by a single individual
C) A government-owned business
D) A business with limited liability

Question 2: Which of the following is a characteristic of a partnership?

A) Unlimited liability for partners
B) Only one owner
C) Limited liability for partners
D) Operated by the government

Question 3: What does the acronym "NGO" stand for in the context of business organizations?
A) National Government Office
B) New Growth Opportunity
C) Non-Governmental Organization
D) National Group Organization

Question 4: A company that sells shares of ownership to the public is known as a:

A) Sole proprietorship
B) Partnership
C) Corporation
D) Cooperative

Question 5: Which type of business organization provides limited liability to its owners?
A) Partnership
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B) Sole proprietorship
C) Corporation
D) Franchise

Question 6: What is a cooperative?

A) A business owned by a single individual
B) A government-owned business
C) A business owned and operated by its members
D) A business owned by shareholders

Question 7: Which of the following is a disadvantage of a sole proprietorship?

A) Limited liability for the owner
B) Difficulty in raising capital
C) Shared decision-making
D) Legal formalities in formation

Question 8: What is a franchise?

A) A business owned by multiple partners
B) A business owned by the government
C) A business owned and operated by its members
D) A business that operates under the name of a larger company

Question 9: What is an advantage of a corporation?

A) Unlimited liability for owners
B) Easy and inexpensive formation
C) Limited access to capital
D) Limited liability for shareholders

Question 10: What role does the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) play in business organizations?
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A) It provides loans to small businesses
B) It regulates and supervises financial markets
C) It offers tax incentives to corporations
D) It manages labor relations in companies
Feel free to use or modify these questions for your SS2 students' assessment on Trade and Business
Organizations
GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:
PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:
(Each topic should be enriched with worked examples, images, past WAEC SSCE/NECO SSCE / BECE JSCE
questions.)

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

WEEK:TWO

TOPIC: LIMITED COMPANIES

Content: 1. Sources of capital
LESSON OBJECTIVES: Students should be able to :
explain the concept of limited liability in a limited company.

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 Compare and contrast a private limited company and a public limited company in terms of ownership,
share trading, and regulatory requirements
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:

SUB-TOPIC 1: Sources of capital

CONTENT: The following are sources of capital open to limited liability companies.
i. Loans and Overdraft: These can be obtained from the bank by the company to finance their operations

ii. Retained earnings or plough back profit: The profit made by the company can be set aside for re-
investment.

iii. Credit purchase: Raw material can be purchased by the company on credit.

iv. Hire purchase: Companies can be granted hire purchase facility by the seller to acquire some of their
assets.

10. Equipment leasing: Companies can lease some of their equipment from a given leaser and make payment
through rental payment through rental payment.

11. Sales of shares: Public limited liability companies can raise capital by issuing shares to the public
through the stock exchange

12. Sale of debenture: These are long term loans obtained from the general public at a fixed interest

13. Bill of exchange: This is a document duly signed by debtor’s bank to the creditors and the creditor cashes
the money with some documents.

Shares
A share can be defined as the unit portion of the company’s capital owned by a shareholder. It is a unit which a
shareholder has in a company.
Classes of shares
There are basically two types of shares namely
(i) Preference shares

(ii) Ordinary shares

Preference shares
These are shares whose dividends are paid first and have a fixed rate of dividend. They include cumulative,
non-cumulative, participating, non-participating, redeemable and convertible preference shares.

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Features of Preference shares
i. They have no voting right

ii. They have a fixed rate of interest

iii. Holders receive dividend first before others

iv. They are entitled to return of capital first at winding-up

Preference shares are of many types which include

i. Cumulative preference share

ii. Participating preference share

iii. Redeemable preference share

iv. Convertible preference share

Ordinary shares
It is also called equity shares. They are the real owners of the company. They are the risk bearers as they receive
dividend after all other shareholders have been paid. The can vote and be voted for.
Features of Ordinary shares
i. There is no fixed rate of dividend

ii. They have voting rights

iii. The holders are the real owners of the business

iv. They are the risks bearers

v. They receive dividend last

vi. They can be classified into various forms such as founder share, preferred shares and stocks.

STOCKS
It can be defined as the bundle of shares or mass of capital which can be transferred in fractional amount.
Stocks are not issued out but converted from the share which is already issued.
PRACTICE EXERCISE EVALUATION:
1.Question: ___________ is the money raised by a company to support its business operations and
growth.
2.Question: Borrowing money from banks, individuals, or financial institutions is an example of
___________ as a source of capital.

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3.Question: When individuals invest their own money into their business, it is known as ___________.
4. Question: ___________ involves selling shares or ownership in a company to investors in exchange for
capital.
5.Question: Government grants, subsidies, and venture capital are examples of ___________ sources of
capital.
Remember, these questions aim to reinforce your understanding of the various sources of capital for
businesses and how they work. Make sure to study the concepts thoroughly to answer these questions
correctly.
THEORY
1. State five source of capital open to Limited Companies
2. Write short notes on the following (i) shares (ii) Debenture (iii) stock (iv) bill of exchange (v) preference
shares.

SUB-TOPIC 2: Advantages and disadvantages of limited Liability Companies

CONTENT:
Advantages of Private Limited Company
1. Large capital: As a result of many shareholders who form the business, it can easily raise large capital.

2. Legal entity: It can sue or be sued in its own name because it has legal existence.

3. Limited liability: In case of liquidation of a company, the shareholders only lose their shares that they
have contributed and not their personal properties.

4. Continuity of existence: The death or withdrawal of a member cannot affect the existence of the
company.

5. It enjoys some level of privacy as it does not publicise its annual accounts.

6. Efficient management: The business is efficiently managed by a board of directors appointed by the
shareholders.

7. Large profits: They enjoy large profits because of their large size.

8. Possibility of expansion: Companies can easily expand because of the large capital available to set up
and run the company.

9. Internal economics of large scale production: The cost per unit of production is low for producing large
quantities.

Disadvantages of Private Limited Liability Company

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 1. Limited capital: The capital of private company may be limited because it cannot raise capital on the
stock exchange.

2. Shares are not easily transferable in a private company, without the consent of other shareholders.

3. Shares are not sold to the public: Private Company cannot sell its shares to the public thereby limiting
its expansion and capital base.

4. Lack of personal contact – unlike in the sole trade, there is lack of personal contact with both the
employers and customers.

5. Delay in decision taking – the board of directors or the shareholder must meet before any decision is
taken resulting to waste of time.

6. Disagreement may arise between members which may affect the company negatively.

Advantages of Public Limited Liability Company

1. Legal entity: The Company is difference from the owners hence it can sue or be sued.

2. Perpetual existence: The death or withdrawal of a shareholder cannot put an end to the business.

3. Limited liability. Their liability is limited to the amount invested in the business.

4. Large capital. They can raise enough capital by selling more shares and debentures to the public.

5. Recruitment of experts: They can attract experts to work for it.

6. Employees can become co-owners: Employees can become co-owners of the company by buying
company’s shares.

7. Research programmes: They have greater opportunity to undertake research programmes.

8. Democracy in management: Shareholders have the right to vote and voted for in electing the board of
directors.

9. Transfer of shares: Share can be easily transferred without having effect on the business operations.

10. Loan facilities: They can easily obtain loans from the banks.

11. Owners are separated from management: The shareholders are the owners of the company while the
management is vested in the hands of the directors.

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1One of the advantages of Limited Liability Companies is that the ____________ of the owners is limited
to their investment in the company.
2.LLCs offer ____________ flexibility in management structure compared to other business forms.

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3.Limited Liability Companies can attract ____________ capital from investors because of the reduced
personal risk.
4.The taxation of LLCs is usually ____________ than that of corporations, providing potential cost
savings.
5.Limited Liability Companies have a ____________ lifespan, allowing them to continue even if the
ownership changes.
SUB-TOPIC 3: Disadvantages of Public Limited Liability Company
1. Lack of privacy: They lack privacy because they must publish their annual accounts to the public.

2. Slow decision making: Before decisions are taken, both the shareholders and the board of directors must
be consulted.

3. Hard to establish: The procedures and formalities involved in registration are very hard and complicated.

4. Large capital requirement: Capital required to set up and run such company is usually very large.

5. Lack of flexibility: The Company can only carry on business provided for it in the Memorandum of
Association.

6. Decrease in personal interest: There is lack of personal interest in this type of company unlike in the
sole-proprietorship.

7. Payment of large corporate tax: They are made to compulsorily pay tax based on the profit made.

8. Separation of owners from control: The shareholders have little to say in the running of the company
unlike in the case of one-man business.

PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
1.One major disadvantage of LLCs is the ____________ burden of compliance and paperwork.
2.Unlike corporations, LLCs might face challenges in raising ____________ because they can't issue
stocks publicly.
3.In some cases, there might be a lack of ______and continuity due to potential conflicts among owners.
4.Limited Liability Companies might face difficulty in attracting ____________ investors due to their
organizational structure.
5.The distribution of ___can become complex among numerous owners of an LLC.
Evaluation
1.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a joint stock company over a sole proprietorship.

Objective Test

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1. Which of the following is not a normal source of loan finance for a limited liability company? (a)
Debenture loans (b) loans from friends and relatives (c) bank loans (d) A & C

2. The following are types of preference shares except: (a) cumulative (b) participating (c) redeemable (d)
ordinary

3. Ordinary shares could be classified into ___ (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

4. The following are advantages of public limited liability company except (a) legal entity (b) large capital
(c) perpetual existence (d) lack of privacy

Essay Test
1. List and explain 5 sources of capital open to a public Limited company.

2. Write short notes on the following (i) cumulative preference share (ii) participating preference share (iii)
redeemable preference share

3. Compare (in a tabular form) the difference between a private share (i) transfer of shares (ii) issue of
debenture (iii) issue of shares to the public (iv) listing shares in the stock exchange

4. Discuss five disadvantages of private limited liability company.

Weekend Assignment
Read Commerce for Senior Secondary Schools Book 2 by P.S. Onuka et al page 39-56.
Pre-Reading Assignment
Read Trade Associations and other Enterprises
Weekend Activity
1. (a) Define chamber of commerce (b) state five necessary reasons to support their formations.

Reference Texts
Commerce for Senior Secondary Schools Book 2 by P.S. Onuka et al. Melrose Books and Publishers
PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice Questions, 10 fill in the gap questions and 5 essay question)
Question 1: What is a sole proprietorship?
A) A business owned by multiple partners
B) A business owned by a single individual

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C) A government-owned business
D) A business with limited liability

Question 2: Which of the following is a characteristic of a partnership?

A) Unlimited liability for partners
B) Only one owner
C) Limited liability for partners
D) Operated by the government

Question 3: What does the acronym "NGO" stand for in the context of business organizations?
A) National Government Office
B) New Growth Opportunity
C) Non-Governmental Organization
D) National Group Organization

Question 4: A company that sells shares of ownership to the public is known as a:

A) Sole proprietorship
B) Partnership
C) Corporation
D) Cooperative

Question 5: Which type of business organization provides limited liability to its owners?
A) Partnership
B) Sole proprietorship
C) Corporation
D) Franchise

Question 6: What is a cooperative?

A) A business owned by a single individual
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B) A government-owned business
C) A business owned and operated by its members
D) A business owned by shareholders

Question 7: Which of the following is a disadvantage of a sole proprietorship?

A) Limited liability for the owner
B) Difficulty in raising capital
C) Shared decision-making
D) Legal formalities in formation

Question 8: What is a franchise?

A) A business owned by multiple partners
B) A business owned by the government
C) A business owned and operated by its members
D) A business that operates under the name of a larger company

Question 9: What is an advantage of a corporation?

A) Unlimited liability for owners
B) Easy and inexpensive formation
C) Limited access to capital
D) Limited liability for shareholders
Question 10: What role does the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) play in business organizations?
A) It provides loans to small businesses
B) It regulates and supervises financial markets
C) It offers tax incentives to corporations
D) It manages labor relations in companies

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:
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(Each topic should be enriched with worked examples, images, past WAEC SSCE/NECO SSCE / BECE JSCE
questions.)
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

WEEK: THREE

TOPIC: Trade Associations and other Enterprises

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LESSON OBJECTIVES: Students will learn about trade associations, their functions, and their
significance in the business landscape.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:
SUB-TOPIC 1: Trade Associations: Aims, Functions

CONTENT:
Meaning of Trade Association

Trade association is an association of traders or producer, firms or companies or professionals who deal on the
same line of trade or business in order to protect and develop their common interest in order to protect and
develop their common interest.
The following are examples of trade association

1. Garri Dealers Association

2. Yam Dealers Association Dealers

3. Motorcycle Dealers Association

4. Bicycle Spare Parts Dealers Association

5. National Association of Road Transport Workers

6. Manufacturers Association of Nigeria

7. Nigerian Medical Association

8. Nigerian Bar Association.

9. National Union of Teachers

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF TRADE ASSOCIATION

The aims and objectives of trade associations include the following:

1. To maintain professional ethics of their line of trade

2. To ensure that members provide good quality services

3. To create uniformity in the way their members deal with people.

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 4. To supply members with information about developments in their line of trade

5. To promote trade in a particular line of business

6. To as a pressure group in order to influence some government policies

7. To defend and advance the interest of members

8. To assist members who are in need etc.

Functions of Trade Associations

1. They fix prices for their services or products

2. They disseminate information to members

3. They put political pressure on government for the interest of members

4. The settle disputes among members

5. They negotiate with other trade associations on a collective

6. They provide credit facilities and assistance to members

7. They educate members on trade activities

8. They carry out research and publish the report for members’ use.

9. They draw up the standard for the practice of their trade.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

.Question 1: A trade association is an organized group of ___________ operating in the same industry or
business sector.

Question 2: The primary purpose of a trade association is to promote the interests and address the concerns of
its ___________.

Question 3: Trade associations often engage in activities such as lobbying for favorable ___________ and
regulations related to their industry.

Question 4: One of the key benefits of joining a trade association is the opportunity for ___________ and
networking with other professionals in the same field.

Question 5: Trade associations can provide members with access to industry ___________ and research,
helping them stay informed about the latest trends and developments.

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EVALUATION
What is trade association? State the aims and objectives of trade association
(5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)

SUB-TOPIC 2: Chamber of Commerce: Aims, Functions and structure

CONTENT: CHAMBER OF COMMERCE: AIMS, FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE

Meaning of chambers of commerce

This is an association of merchants, manufacturers, business executives, tradesmen, entrepreneurs etc. From
different commercial fields or various lines of trade or businesses, that agreed to come together in a town or city
with the aim of representing and protecting their business interest.

Examples of chamber of commerce includes

i. Nigerian-American Chamber of Commerce

ii. Lagos Chambers of commerce

iii. Ibadan Chambers of Commerce

iv. London Chamber of commerce

v. Oyo chamber of commerce

Aims and objectives of chambers of commerce

Any chamber of commerce is set-up to:

i. Promote commercial activities in a place, community, town or country

ii. Liaise with other chambers of commerce in relation to their business interest

iii. To influence the policy of the government relating to commercial activities in an area.

iv. To further business interest of the area.

Functions of chambers of commerce

The following are the functions of chambers of commerce

i. To promote trade and industry in the country

ii. To settle dispute among members

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 iii. To issue certificate of origin of goods to members

iv. To provide education and training for industry and commerce

v. To provide information on regulations about travels and sample

vi. To disseminate information on taxes on goods and profit

vii. To act as agents for the collection of debts in foreign countries

viii. To evaluate customs duties and regulations and the documents needed by the importing country.

ix. To organise local and international trade fairs for the exhibition, advertisement of local products and
the meeting of indigenous and foreign entrepreneurs.

x. To assist in the translation of letters and documents

xi. To maintain museums where samples of products are kept for inspection

xii. They observe the administration of acts of parliament and regulations about industry and trade to
prevent injury to trade

xiii. They conduct research in the area of business and their findings released to members so as to
enhance their business.

xiv. To make sure that there is high standard of commercial activities and integrity between members.

xv. To create uniformity in the methods of dealing in the line of trade

Structure of chambers of commerce in Nigeria

The Nigeria Association of Chambers of Commerce,Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA) stands as the
regulatory authority for chambers of commerce in Nigeria. It has a council of elected members who represent
their individual group interest. It has 26 chambers of commerce in Nigeria affiliated with it.

Examples of such affiliated chambers of commerce are as mentioned before.

Aba chamber of commerce and industry

Abeokuta chambers of commerce etc.

Difference between Trade Association and Chambers of commerce

Trade Association Chambers of Commerce

1. This is an association formed by people in This is an association formed by principal

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 the same line of trade business executives of a city or town

2. It represents only one line of trade They represent other types of business

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. The Chamber of Commerce is an organized _______________ representing the interests of businesses

and industries in a specific region or country.

2. One of the main aims of a Chamber of Commerce is to promote and protect the _______________ of its
member businesses.

3. Chambers of Commerce provide a platform for businesses to network, share ideas, and collaborate,
thereby fostering _______________ in the business community.

4. A significant function of a Chamber of Commerce is to offer _______________ to businesses, providing

them with valuable information, resources, and support.

5. The organizational structure of a Chamber of Commerce usually includes a _______________

composed of elected members who represent various sectors of the business community

EVALUATION

1. What is chambers of commerce

2. State 5 aims and objectives of chambers of commerce.

GENERAL EVALUATION

Objective Test

1. Association of businessmen engaged in both commerce and industry is called (a) Trade Association (b)
Trust (c) Cartel (d) Chambers of commerce

2. One of these is an example of chamber of commerce (a) Association of Hotel Proprietors (b) the
Nigerian Bar Association (c) Association of School Proprietorship (d) None of the above

CONCLUSION

PRACTICE EXERCISE: TOPICAL TEST:

1.What is the primary purpose of a trade association?

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a) To make profits for its members

b) To regulate government policies

c) To provide social services to the community

d) To promote and protect the interests of its members

2.Which of the following is NOT a typical function of a trade association?

a) Setting industry standards

b) Representing members in legal matters

c) Distributing profits among members

d) Providing networking opportunities

3.A group of automobile manufacturers forms an association to collectively address industry challenges. What
type of association is this?

a) Professional association

b) Trade association

c) Labor union

d) Consumer advocacy group

4.Which enterprise is owned and operated by a single individual who bears all the risks and rewards?

a) Corporation

b) Partnership

c) Sole proprietorship

d) Cooperative

5.What is a cooperative enterprise?

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a) A business owned by shareholders

b) A partnership between two companies

c) A business owned and operated by its members for their mutual benefit

d) A government-owned enterprise

6.A business owned by shareholders, with ownership represented by shares of stock, is called a:

a) Sole proprietorship

b) Corporation

c) Cooperative

d) Partnership

7.Which of the following is a benefit of being a member of a trade association?

a) Reduced government regulations

b) Limited networking opportunities

c) Increased competition among members

d) Decreased access to industry information

8.What type of enterprise involves two or more individuals or entities working together and sharing profits and
losses?

a) Sole proprietorship

b) Corporation

c) Partnership

d) Cooperative

9.What is an advantage of a corporation?

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a) Limited liability for shareholders

b) No need for legal formalities

c) Lower taxation compared to other business structures

d) Quick decision-making process

10.Which type of enterprise is known for its democratic structure, with each member having an equal say in
decisions?

a) Corporation

b) Partnership

c) Sole proprietorship

d) Cooperative

ESSAY TEST

1. Define chamber of commerce

2. Give five necessary reasons to support their formation

3. List out five trade associations known to you

4. Write out five functions of trade association

5. Write out five function of chamber of commerce.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Read commerce for Senior Secondary School Book 2 by P.S. Onuka et al page 57-61.

Pre-Reading Assignment

Read Trade Associations and other enterprises e.g. consortium, cartel, amalgamation etc.

REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Commerce for senior secondary schools book 2 by P.S. Onuka et al.

(10 multiple Choice Questions, 10 fill in the gap questions and 5 essay question)
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

(Each topic should be enriched with worked examples, images, past WAEC SSCE/NECO SSCE / BECE JSCE
questions.)

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

WEEK:FOUR

1. TOPIC: Trade Associations

LESSON OBJECTIVES: Students should be able to

-Define Trade Associations:
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-Explain the concept of trade associations and understand their purpose in the business world.
-Recognize the Importance of Trade Associations:
-Recognize and explain the reasons for the existence of trade associations in various industries.
-Identify Types of Trade Associations:
-Differentiate between various types of trade associations, such as industry-specific, professional, and regional
associations.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:

SUB-TOPIC 1: CONSORTIUM
CONTENT:

Meaning of consortium:

It is an association of firms that pool their financial resources together to finance a project they cannot embark
upon individually as a result of the project complexity or financial requirement.

Resources for forming a consortium

i. To finance a project that requires large capital outlay.

ii. When the project is technically complex

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1.A consortium is a collaborative ___________ of individuals, organizations, or companies working together

towards a common goal.

2.The primary purpose of a consortium is to pool resources, expertise, and efforts to tackle complex challenges
that may be difficult to address by ___________ entities.

3.In a research ___________, universities and research institutions often form a consortium to jointly conduct
studies and share findings.

4.Consortium members typically retain their ___________ identity and autonomy while contributing to the
collective objectives.

5.The success of a consortium relies on effective ___________ and communication among its members to
ensure coordinated progress.

EVALUATION

What is a consortium?
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SUB-TOPIC 2: CARTEL
CONTENT:

Meaning of cartel

A cartel is the association of firms, producers etc, in the same line of business formed to acquire or possess a
monopoly business power. Cartel will arise where there are very few sellers or firms in one line of trade. Cartel
was first developed in Germany.

The main purpose of cartel is to:

i. Regulate the prices of their products by controlling output of members.

ii. To ensure higher profit for members.

iii. To reduce waste by eliminating competition

An example of cartel is the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) of which Nigeria is a
member.

Features of a Cartel

i. The members engage in the same line of business

ii. Each member organisation is an independent seller or producer of the product i.e. it is monopolistic
in nature

iii. Production of output is restricted to the quota allocated to each producer or member of the cartel.

iv. Member organisations do not compete with one another on the issue of price or output.

v. Cartel divides each member output quota periodically based on the economic situation at that time.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1.A cartel is a formal or informal ___________ of independent companies or organizations within the
same industry, aiming to control market prices and limit competition.

2.Cartels often engage in price-fixing schemes where member firms agree to set ___________ prices to
maximize their collective profits.

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 3.The primary goal of a cartel is to create a sense of ___________ in the market, allowing member firms
to exert control over supply and demand dynamics.

4.To achieve their objectives, cartels may utilize secretive meetings and communication channels to
avoid ___________ detection and legal consequences.

5.Antitrust laws and competition authorities actively work to detect and dismantle cartels to ensure fair
market competition and prevent consumers from facing artificially inflated ___________ due to
collusion.

EVALUATION

1. What is a cartel? Give an example of a cartel.

SUB-TOPIC 3: Amalgamation/merger/combine

CONTENT:

Meaning:

This is when two or more companies are fused together and the companies involved lose their independency,
individuality and identity. It is also called amalgamation or merger or combine. It entails previously independent
companies coming together to form one large firm.

Merger could be vertical or horizontal. Vertical merger is the coming together of companies at different stage of
production e.g. a combination of firms producing cotton with a textile form.

Horizontal merger is the coming together of different firms at the same stage of production process e.g. a
merger between two banks.

Reasons for merger and amalgamation

1. Efficiency in management

2. Diversification of the firm’s activities into order areas

3. Elimination of competition

4. To obtain raw materials

5. Larger market square

6. To reduce overhead cost by eliminating duplication of facilities

7. To enjoy economies associated with large scale production and to increase profit.

DISADVANTAGES OF MERGER
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 1. Monopoly

2. Unemployment

3. Discourages specialization.

4. Low quality due to lack of competition

TRUST

Meaning of trust

This is a large-scale amalgamation of firms or producers in different lines of business under a single control.
The amalgamation is set-up for the following reasons.

i. To bring the merging firms or sellers under central control.

ii. To increase production efficiency

iii. To eliminate competitions and waste

iv. To maximise profits.

Trust originated from America

Difference between a Cartel and a Trust

i. Firms under cartel maintain their identity and independency while in trust they lose their identity and
independency.

ii. Membership of cartel is voluntary and the members may decide to withdraw, unlike under trust.

iii. Cartels are usually of a horizontal structure while trusts are of a vertical structure.

State 3 aims of trust

Sub-Topic 5: Holding Company

Meaning of Holding

A holding company is any company that acquires the whole or an equity interest in another company or
companies (by acquiring 51% and above) with the objective of actively controlling such company or
companies.

The companies so acquired, are called subsidiary companies while the holding company is also called parent
company.

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PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Amalgamation refers to the process of combining two or more companies into a single entity, resulting
in the dissolution of the original entities and the creation of a new ________________.

2. In a horizontal merger, companies operating in the same industry and at the same level of the production
chain come together to form a more substantial and potentially more competitive ________________.

3. The primary goal of a merger is often to achieve synergies, which are realized through cost savings,
increased operational efficiency, and the utilization of combined ________________.

4. One of the key challenges in the amalgamation process is the cultural integration of the merged firms, as
differences in management styles, corporate values, and work practices can lead to ________________.

5. When firms decide to merge, it is essential to conduct thorough due diligence, including financial
assessments, legal evaluations, and market analyses, to ensure a well-informed decision and a smooth
________________.

EVALUATION:

1. List and explain the two types of merger.

2. Outline 5 reasons for merger

3. List 4 disadvantages of merger.

CONCLUSION

TOPICAL TEST:

Question 1: What is the primary purpose of a trade association?

a) Advertising products

b) Representing the interests of a specific industry

c) Running political campaigns

d) Providing healthcare services to employees

Question 2: Which of the following is NOT a common function of a trade association?

a) Setting industry standards

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b) Organizing trade shows and events

c) Manufacturing products

d) Advocating for favorable policies and regulations

Question 3: How do trade associations benefit their member companies?

a) By directly selling products to consumers

b) By providing discounts on personal purchases

c) By offering networking opportunities and industry information

d) By funding charitable organizations

Question 4: Which of the following is an example of a trade association?

a) National Football League (NFL)

b) Red Cross

c) American Medical Association (AMA)

d) Coca-Cola Company

Question 5: Trade associations are usually formed by companies in the same:

a) Geographic region

b) Industry or business sector

c) Social club

d) Tax bracket

Question 6: How do trade associations influence public policy?

a) By offering financial incentives to politicians

b) By providing free products to government officials

c) By lobbying and advocating for their industry's interests

d) By organizing protest marches

Question 7: Which of the following is an example of a global trade association?

a) Local Chamber of Commerce

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b) European Union (EU)

c) Local Farmers' Market

d) Local Book Club Association

Question 8: Trade associations often collaborate to:

a) Eliminate competition

b) Share industry secrets

c) Lobby for industry-specific legislation

d) Create exclusive products for members

Question 9: Which industry might have a trade association dedicated to it?

a) Random assortment of businesses

b) Random collection of books

c) Manufacturers of pet products

d) Group of local painters

Question 10: What is a key benefit of trade association membership for small businesses?

a) Requirement to donate to charity

b) Access to industry expertise and networking opportunities

c) Guaranteed market monopoly

d) Eligibility for government subsidies

Objective Test

1. A company will possess a holding company’s status if it acquires ____ of equity interest in another
company (a) ≤ 50% (b) 50% (c) ≥50% (d) <50%

2. An association of sellers of a commodity formed in the market is called ______ (a) cartel (b) Trust (c)
parent company (d) merger

3. The coming together of firms at different stages of production is called ____ (a) horizontal integration
(b) vertical integration (c) absorption (d) liquidation
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 4. A _____ company that acquires shares that attract more than 50% of the voting rights in another
company is called a: (a) holding company (b) cartel (c) trust (d) subsidiary

5. Where two or more companies agree to work on a project too large for one of them, this is called a (a)
consortium (b) merger (c) combination (d) cartel

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Read Commerce for Senior Secondary Schools Book 2 by P.S. Onuka et al page 57-65.

Pre-Reading Assignment

Read about Limited Liability Companies – Shares

WEEKEND ACTIVITIES

List the various source of fund for limited liability companies

Reference Tests

1. Commerce for Senior Secondary Schools book 2 by P.S. Onuka et al.

2. Senior Secondary Commerce Book 2 by M.O. Odedokun et al.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

(Each topic should be enriched with worked examples, images, past WAEC SSCE/NECO SSCE / BECE JSCE
questions.)

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

WEEK: FIVE

TOPIC: Transportation.

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LESSON OBJECTIVES: Students should be able to To develop a comprehensive understanding of
various modes of transportation, their significance in society, environmental impacts, and the future of
transportation systems.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:

SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning of Transportation

CONTENT: Meaning of Transportation

Transportation as an aid to trade is very important in helping goods and services get to the consumers.
Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. It involves different means
by which people and goods are moved from one place to another. Transportation also facilitate the transfer of
raw materials like cotton, cassava etc. from source to where they are needed.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Question 1: Transportation refers to the movement of people, goods, and services from one place to another. It
plays a crucial role in connecting different locations and facilitating _________ and trade.
Question 2: There are various modes of transportation, including road, rail, air, water, and _________
transportation. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, depending on factors such as distance, speed,
and cost.
Question 3: The primary purpose of transportation is to overcome the challenge of _________, enabling people
and goods to reach places that are not easily accessible by foot.
Question 4: Effective transportation systems contribute to the development of a country's _________ by
enabling the efficient movement of resources, fostering economic activities, and promoting trade.
Question 5: In recent years, technological advancements have led to the emergence of new transportation
options, such as ride-sharing services and electric vehicles, which aim to improve _________ and reduce
environmental impacts.

Explain the meaning of transportation.

SUB-TOPIC 2: Importance of Transportation
CONTENT
Transportation is essential for the following reasons:
1. Availability of Raw Materials to Producers
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With the aid of transportation, raw materials extracted are easily transported through the various means of
transportation to industries or locations where they are processed into finished or semi-finished products. For
instance, crude oil cannot be processed into fuel, kerosene etc without the help of transportation.
2. Facilitates International Trade.

Transportation has aided the movement of goods and services from one country to another. For instance,
electronic product like radio, refrigerator, computer set etc have been imported from Japan to Nigeria with the
aid of transportation.
3. Employment Opportunities

Transportation is one of the main employers of labour, especially in the countries where white collar jobs are
hard to get. Many graduates work in Transportation Company like ‘the young shall grow’, ‘Edegbe Line’, and
‘Libra Motor’ and so on. Also, countless number of Nigerians survives as motorcyclist, tricyclists, taxi drivers
etc.
4. Mobility of Workers

Workers from different parts of the country can be moved from one place to another with the aid of various
means of transportation. For instance a worker residing in Benin can easily get to his/her place of work in Warri
without much delay.
5. Improved Standard of Living.

Transportation has made it possible for goods and services to get to the consumers at the right time and in the
right place. For instance, agricultural produce can get to urban cities while industrial products are made
available to rural dwellers through the various means of transportation. This of course has helped to improve the
quality of life of the people.
6. Influences the Location of Industries

One of the conditions for siting industries is the availability of good transport network. This means that raw
materials, semi-finished goods and finished goods can be moved to places where they are needed without any
hindrance.
7. Prevention of Waste:

Perishable goods like vegetables are moved quickly from the farms with a suitable means of transportation to
places where they are needed. This has in a way prevented waste of such goods.
8. Widening of the Firm’s Market

Transportation has the ability to extend a firm’s market through the sales of firm’s product in both rural and
urban areas.
9. Development of Rural Areas.

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Transportation has caused the growth and development of many rural areas in this country. Through
transportation, some businesses have been established as well as the provision of social infrastructures in the
rural areas.
Factors Determining the Choice of Transportation

❖ Nature of goods: Perishable and fragile goods are better handled by fast means of transportation like
aircraft while bulky goods are better handled by ship or rail.
❖ Cost of transport: The cost a particular transport will determine the choice of transportation of goods.
This is because if the cost is high, it will result to an increase in production cost
❖ Weighty/Bulky goods: Goods that are bulky are better moved by road, rail and sea while light goods
are best suited for air transport.
❖ The type of transportation available in the area: The available transport can also determine the
choice to transportation. For example people living in riverine area have no option but to use water
transportation.
❖ The value of the goods: Commodities with high cost like jewellery are better moved by air so as to
reduce pilferage.
❖ Distance involved: The distance to be covered is also a factor to consider when choosing a means of
transportation. For instance, water and air transportation are suitable for long distances while road
transportation is good over short distance.
❖ Degree of urgency of Delivery: Goods may require urgency in delivery are better handled by fast
means of transportation.
❖ Consumers’ preference or choice: There is a popular saying that ‘another man’s meat is another man’s
poison’. This means that the kind of transportation Mr. A will like may be different from that of Mr. B.
❖ Speed: The rate of speed of one means of transportation is different from another. This is why a
businessman will prefer to move his perishable goods by a fast means of transportation in order to avoid
spoilage and loss.
❖ Convenience: Some means of transportation are more convenient than others. For instance aged people
will prefer air transportation to road transportation because of the poor state of our roads.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Transportation is essential for connecting people and __________, enabling the exchange of goods,
ideas, and cultures.
2. Efficient transportation systems can lead to economic growth by facilitating the movement of
__________ across regions and countries.
3. In urban areas, reliable public transportation can help reduce __________ and air pollution caused by
excessive car usage.
4. The development of transportation infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, contributes to improved
__________ and accessibility to remote areas.

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 5. The evolution of transportation, from traditional methods to modern technologies, has greatly influenced
the way societies communicate, trade, and __________ with one another.
EVALUATION
1. Mention and explain six importance of transportation.
2. State five factors that determines the choice of transportation.

SUB-TOPIC 3: Forms/Types of Transportation

CONTENT:
There are four major forms or components of the transportation system. They are:
1. Land
2. water or sea
3. air
4. Pipeline.

TRANSPORTATION BY LAND:
Land transportation is the movement of goods and people from one place to another by land. Land
transportation can be sub-divided into two: road and rail transportation.
Road transportation: It is the movement of goods and people from one place to another on road. Examples of
this type of land transportation are motor vehicles, trailer, buses, motorcycles, camels and so on. In Nigeria,
road transport is the most used means of transportation across the villages, towns and cities.
Rail Transportation
Rail transport is the means of conveying goods and passengers from one place to another by train. Heavy and
bulky goods are carried by train. A train moves on special routes. It moves on iron tracks known as railway
lines. In Nigeria, the Nigerian Railway Corporation manages the rail system.
There two types of train. They are (a) the passenger train and the cargo or goods train. Passenger train carries
people while cargo train carries goods.
TRANSPORT BY PIPELINE
Transport by pipeline is the movement of gases and liquid from one place to another through the use of pipeline.
Pipelines are constructed or laid underground as means of carrying water, gases and petroleum products. In
Nigeria, pipelines are constructed to transport crude oil from Warri to Kaduna refinery.
TRANSPORT BY AIR.
Transport by air means the movement of people and goods from one place to another through the air by
aeroplanes, helicopters, hovercrafts, jets etc. This is the fastest means of transport and is carried out on fixed

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routes. Air transport is comfortable but expensive. Air transport has aided both local and international trade.
Some airlines operating in Nigeria include Ibom Air, Air Peace, Okada, ADC etc.
TRANSPORT BY WATER OR SEA
Water transport is the movement of people and goods from one place to another through rivers, oceans and seas
etc. by ships, canoes etc. Water transport facilitates international trade between different nations because goods
and people can be easily transferred. The Nigerian Ports Authority is responsible for providing facilities as well
as management of the ports in Nigeria. Water or sea transport is divided into two:
1. Inland water transport
2. International water transport

Inland water transport involves movement of passengers and goods through the rivers, canals, creeks and
lakes within the country. Inland water transport aids home trade but passenger transport through water ways is
not popular in Nigeria except for areas surrounded by water. Inland water transport is carried out by the
following means: Canoes, Engine, boats, Ferry boats, Launches.
International water transport ensures that cargoes and people are moved from one country to another through
the seas and oceans. Since one port is connected to another, it aids foreign trade. The various means of
transportation by sea are; ocean liners (passenger and cargo) tramp liners, coastal liners and special purpose
ship.
A. Ocean liners: it sails through the high seas and oceans in all the continents of the world, e.g. Atlantic,
Indian and pacific oceans etc. It is divided into: passengers and cargo liners and they charge standard
rates.
1. Passenger liners are luxurious ship which conveys passengers from one place to another on a definite or
specific route and they usually move on scheduled timetable.
2. Cargo liners are ships which carry heavy and bulky goods from one place to another on the high seas
and oceans. Cargo liners operate on a specific timetable and they normally run on definite routes. They
can also carry few passengers.

Characteristics of ocean liners

a) Ocean liners act as passenger liners, passenger-cargo liners, and cargo liners, ranging from 10,000 to
50,000 gross tonnages or more.
b) They maintain a regular service, I e at scheduled times between specified ports and at a scheduled
freight charges.
c) Their freight charges are normally fixed by the shipping companies themselves.
d) Cargoes may vary from comparatively small but valuable cargoes to the more bulky cargoes of the
cargo-liners.

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 B. Tramp liners: They carry cargoes where they are found and leave when there are sufficient cargoes.
Tramp liners have no fixed timetable and do not run along specific routes. They are available for general
hire, hence are referred to as cargo water taxis.
Characteristics of tramp liners

a) They are sometimes described as unspecialized general purpose ships.

b) Tramp vessels have no fixed routes or scheduled sailing times.
c) Tramp shipping are usually fixed
d) They do not carry cargoes in parcels but prefer to deal with bulk cargoes.
e) Tramp vessels are frequently employed on a charter basis, i.e. by importers or exporters on either
a time or voyage charter.
f) They operate as sea taxis.

C. Coastal liners: These are flat bottom steamers that are used to convey goods along the coast to the main
port. They can go through the creeks and rivers easily. Sometimes they are referred to as lighters and
tugs. Coastal liners are good for carrying raw materials for firms.
D. Special purpose ships: Special purpose ships are specially built for particular cargoes. For instance, in
conveying crude oil, specially built tanker ships are used.

Containerisation
This is a method of freight handling in which metal boxes of standard sizes are filled with goods at the
manufacturer’s warehouse and transported to their various destinations. Containers are used in road, rail, sea,
and air transport. Containers are loaded or off-loaded by a special machine called crane.
Advantages of containers
1. It reduces pilferage: Pilferage of goods can be reduced since the containers are sealed.
2. Quickens loading: It increases the speed of loading of goods into a ship as containers are transferred
from one form of transportation to another with specialized cranes.
3. Protection: Goods can be protected from water, fire, or bad weather etc.
4. Cost Reduction: The use of containers reduce cost of loading and offloading of goods because they are
packed in containers.
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 5. Easy movement: It can be easily moved to their destination without being unpacked.

Disadvantage of containers
1. High Costs are usually incurred in purchasing the containers
2. Packing the goods into the containers entails additional expenses.
3. The quantity of goods involved may be too small to fully occupy the available space in the containers.

CARRIER
A carrier is a firm or organization that specializes in transporting other people’s goods. Carriers can be classified
into three namely, private carrier, common carrier and contract carrier.
Common carrier: This is a person or firm who undertakes to transport goods from one place to another for
anyone willing to pay a reasonable charge. They are open to the generality of the people.
Contract carrier: This is a public carrier which undertakes to transport goods from one place to another under
contract. Example: a tanker that transports oil to the oil depot.
Private carrier: This helps to move his own goods from one place to another

CHARTER PARTY
Charter party is a written agreement between the hirer or the importer and the shipping company stating the
conditions for hiring the ship or vessel for the purpose of transporting cargoes from one place to another. The
charterer must pay charges called charter freight.
There are two types of charter. 1. Time charter 2. Voyage charter

1. Time charter: Time charter is the written agreement for hiring of a ship for an agreed period.
2. Voyage charter: Voyage charter is a written agreement for hiring a ship for a specified voyage or
voyages.

EVALUATION
1. Explain three forms of transportation.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. The __________ is a type of transportation that uses tracks and locomotives to carry passengers and
goods from one place to another.
2. A __________ is a two-wheeled vehicle powered by pedals that people use for short-distance travel.
3. An __________ is a large vehicle designed to carry passengers, usually along fixed routes, and is a
common mode of public transportation in cities.
4. Airplanes are a mode of transportation that use __________ to generate lift and allow them to fly.

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 5. In Nigeria, water transportation is often facilitated by __________, which are large watercraft designed
for carrying goods and passengers across rivers and other bodies of water.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Which of the following is not a form of transportation? A land. B. sea or water c. pipeline d. airspace.
2. Rail transport is less flexible than road transport because a. rail lines run between specific terminals b.
train is slow over long distances c. only bulky goods are carried by rail d. road transport is suitable for
short distances.
3. Which of the following is used for moving only goods from one sea port to another? A. ocean liner b.
cargo liner c. ferry d. coaster
4. The main advantage of sea transport over air transport is a. capacity b. safety. C. speed d. patronage.

It is safer and quicker to transport petrol and gas by a. rail b. road c. pipeline d. air.

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
Question 1: Which mode of transportation is known for its speed and is often used for long-distance travel?
A) Bicycle
B) Bus
C) Train
D) Boat

Question 2: What type of transportation is commonly used for delivering goods across short distances within
cities?
A) Airplane
B) Helicopter
C) Truck
D) Ship

Question 3: Which mode of transportation uses tracks and is commonly used for commuting in urban areas?
A) Car

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B) Bicycle
C) Bus
D) Train

Question 4: Which transportation mode is the most suitable for traveling across water bodies like oceans and
seas?
A) Airplane
B) Ship
C) Car
D) Motorcycle

Question 5: What type of transportation is considered environmentally friendly and helps reduce air pollution?
A) Car
B) Motorcycle
C) Bicycle
D) Airplane

Question 6: Which mode of transportation is often used in rural areas and requires animals as a power source?
A) Car
B) Bicycle
C) Horse-drawn cart
D) Helicopter

Question 7: The Lagos BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) system is an example of which mode of transportation?
A) Train
B) Bus
C) Car
D) Motorcycle

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Question 8: Which mode of transportation is commonly used for international travel and can cover long
distances quickly?
A) Bicycle
B) Car
C) Airplane
D) Boat

Question 9: What type of transportation is suitable for transporting large quantities of crude oil from one
country to another?
A) Car
B) Airplane
C) Pipeline
D) Bicycle

Question 10: The Nigerian Railway Corporation operates which mode of transportation?
A) Bus
B) Car
C) Train
D) Ship
ESSAY TEST
1. (a)Explain five roles of transport to businessmen.
(b) State three characteristics of tramp vessels and two characteristics of ocean liners (SSCE 2003)
2. What is transportation? Outline the importance of transportation.
3. What factors determine the choice of transportation by traders?
4. Write briefly on pipeline transport, coastal liners and ocean liners
5. What is containerization? State three advantages and three disadvantages of containerization.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Read commerce for Senior Secondary School book2 by Onuka P S et al; (pages69-77)
PRE- READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read about the following: Advantages and disadvantages of each form of transportation.
WEEKEND ACTIVITY:
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 1. State five advantages and disadvantages of water transport
2. Mention the advantages of air transport over sea transport.

REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Commerce for Senior Secondary School book2 by Odedokun et al; Longman Nigeria PLC.
2. Commerce for Senior Secondary School book2 by Onuka P S et al; Melrose Books and Publishing
Limited.
1. Extension Modern Commerce for Senior Secondary School by A .A. Bello et al; Extension Publication
Limited.
2. Commerce for Senior Secondary Schools by Ahukannah et al; African First Publishers PLC.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

(Each topic should be enriched with worked examples, images, past WAEC SSCE/NECO SSCE / BECE JSCE
questions.)

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

WEEK: SIX

TOPIC: Transportation:

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

i. discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each form of transportation

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students already travelled with one or two of the form of transportation and have
personal experience.

SUB-TOPIC 1:

CONTENT: Advantages and Disadvantages of Land and Pipeline Transport

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Land Transport: this is divided into road and rail transportation.
Advantages of Road Transportation
1. Convenience: Road transportation offers door to door services to the owners of goods.
2. Flexible: The use of road transportation is highly flexible because there is no fixed time schedule for
passengers who use them.
3. Suitable for perishable goods: Road transportation is fast in conveying perishable goods and is easily
accessible to farmers in the rural areas.
4. Low cost of maintenance: The cost of keeping motor vehicles in order is lower than that of airplanes
and ships
5. Special routes are not required: Road transport does not need special routes like terminals, rail tracks,
etc. before it can operate.
6. Suitable for short journey: Road transport is very easier, faster and cheaper for short distances. For
instance, the distance between Lagos and Ogun State can be covered within a short time.
7. Availability: Road transportation is readily available for use always because of their number and
strategic location.

Disadvantages of Road Transportation

1. Prone to accident: Road transport is more exposed to accident, especially where roads available are
not in good condition.
2. Not suitable for heavy and bulky goods: Road transport is not suitable and economical for the
movement of heavy and bulky goods like machinery, motor vehicles etc
3. Fragile goods: Road transport is not good for the conveyance of fragile goods like glass plates, drinking
glasses, mirrors and so on.
4. Low capacity: What thirty trailers cannot carry, a train will conveniently do. This shows that road
transport is not suitable for bulky materials because of the cost involved.
5. Welfare facilities are not provided: Facilities such as toilet, canteen, and television are not usually
provided for in road transport as these are available in trains, water and air transports. This reduces
the comfort of the means.
6. Road transport is faced with the problem of high traffic congestion on bushy roads, thereby causing
delay.
7. Increase in highway robbery
8. Traffic congestion.

Rail Transportation
Advantages of Rail Transportation
1. Suitable for long distance: The rail system is good for long distances. For instance, goods and people
can be moved from Lagos to Kano

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 2. It is very cheap: Rail transport is the cheapest means of transportation. Because of the cost and
volume of goods and passengers it can carry per time.
3. Suitable for heavy and bulky goods: Bulky and heavy goods can be carried over a long distance.
4. High capacity: Trains carry more passengers than motor vehicles. This because of the roomy nature of
trains.
5. Less prone to accident: Accident is not common in rail transport as in road transport.
6. Provision of welfare service: Passengers can enjoy toilet facilities, canteen services, television
programmes, video and film shows etc. in rail transport. In other words, there is comfort and
convenience in rail transportation.
7. Traffic congestion: Rail transport is usually not affected by traffic unlike road transport.
8. Standard rate of charges: Goods are weighed and charged at standardized rate. etc

Disadvantages of Rail Transport

1. It is not flexible: The way rail system is operated is not flexible because it requires special facilities like
tracks and terminals.
2. High cost of operation and maintenance: The construction and maintenance of rail way lines and
terminals are very expensive.
3. Not suitable for Perishable goods: Rail transportation is not suitable for goods like vegetables etc
because of its speed rate.
4. Slow on short distance
5. It is not convenient: It cannot provide door-to door services like road transport.
6. There is much delay: Trains stop at almost all stations, and this causes delay.
7. Large capital outlay: High capital outlay is required in rail transport which individuals or firms cannot
afford to provide

Transport by Pipeline
Advantages of transport by pipeline
1. Low maintenance cost: It is cheap because of low maintenance cost. Since pipes are not exposed, it
can hardly be damaged.
2. Free flow of goods: Unlike land transportation, there is usually free movement of goods without any
hindrance or obstruction on the way.
3. Safety: Transport by pipeline is very safe. Since pipelines are constructed underground, they are less
likely to encounter accidents that are common with vehicles on the roads.
4. Pipeline transport is not easily affected by change in weather and climatic condition.
5. It is best suitable for transporting liquid products like oil, gases, kerosene etc.

Disadvantages of Pipeline transport

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 1. Prone to leakages and unauthorized tapping: P ipeline transportation has the problem of leakages and
unauthorized tapping by the people called bunkerers.
2. High cost of construction: The cost of constructing and laying pipes underground is quite expensive.
3. It is easily damaged: Pipeline can be easily damaged during road and other constructions thereby
leading to the waste of its content.
4. Limited in scope: It is only meant for conveying liquid. Solid goods cannot be transported by pipeline.
5. It is vulnerable to climatic and weather changes: Climatic and weather conditions can affect the
pipeline by causing it to rot leading to leakages. Excessive rain can rust the pipes.

Advantages and disadvantages of Air and water transportation.

Advantages of Air Transport
1. It is very fast: Air transport can cover a very long distance within a short time (five or six days) whereas
other means of transportation would take many days to cover the same distance.
2. Comfortability: Air transport provides comfort to its passenger because of the welfare facilities like
canteen television, toilet, etc available for the passengers.
3. Safety: The safety of lives and properties are ensured in air transport. Air transport is free from
hijacking or armed robbery.
4. Suitable for perishable and fragile goods: Air transport is suitable to convey perishable goods from
one place to another especially on long distances without getting bad.
5. Reduction in damages and pilferages: Pilferage and damages to goods as a result of manhandling of
such goods by bus conductors of road transport is rare with air transport
6. No traffic congestion: Hold up caused by accident, road blocks, checkpoints which are common with
road transportation is not associated with air transport.
7. It aids communication: This is achieved because air mails are sent through air transportation.
8. Reliability: Air transportation travels on fixed schedule and therefore it is reliable.
9. Suitable for long distance journeys: Air transport provides a very good means of transport over long
distance journeys.

Disadvantages of Air Transport

1. Expensive: The cost of travelling by air is very exorbitant in price. Also, it requires huge amount of
money to construct airport and aerodrome.
2. Weather and climate Condition: Air transport is seriously affected by weather and climate. For
instance, during the harmattan season planes cannot move freely because of mist.
3. Heavy and bulky goods: Unlike other means of transportation, air transport cannot carry heavy
equipment and machinery.]
4. Restricted Movements: Aircrafts do not take passengers and cargoes to their final destinations. It
requires a supplementary means of transportation (road).
5. Prone to accidents: Accidents are always fatal when they occur.

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 6. It is inflexible: This is because it travels on schedule.
7. High cost of operation: The cost of buying and maintaining aircraft is usually very high.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Road transportation offers door to door services to the owners of ___________

2. Road transport is very easier, faster and cheaper for _________ distances
3. Rail transportation is not suitable for goods like ____________ because of its speed rate.
4. Pipeline transport is not easily affected by change in ________ and ________ condition.
5. Air transport is seriously affected by _________ and ____________.

ESSAY

1. State five advantages of and five disadvantages of air transport.

2. Mention three advantages and three disadvantages of pipeline transport.
3. State five advantages and five disadvantages of road transportation
4. Mention five advantages and five disadvantages of rail transportation.

CONCLUSION

TOPICAL TEST:

Objective Questions

1. Which mode of transportation is most suitable for the rapid movement of perishable goods over long
distances? a) Road b) Air c) Pipeline d) Water e) Rail
2. Which transportation mode is known for its high-speed and global connectivity? a) Road b) Air c) Pipeline d)
Water e) Rail
3. Which mode of transportation is commonly used for transporting crude oil, natural gas, and other fluids
over long distances? a) Road b) Air c) Pipeline d) Water e) Rail
4. Which transportation mode is often chosen for transporting bulky and heavy goods such as coal and
minerals? a) Road b) Air c) Pipeline d) Water e) Rail
5. Which mode of transportation is energy-efficient and suitable for transporting goods over both short and
long distances? a) Road b) Air c) Pipeline d) Water e) Rail
6. Which transportation mode is the most cost-effective for transporting large quantities of goods over vast
ocean distances? a) Road b) Air c) Pipeline d) Water e) Rail
7. Which mode of transportation provides a vital link to landlocked regions and is used for transporting goods
across national borders? a) Road b) Air c) Pipeline d) Water e) Rail
8. Which transportation mode requires specialized infrastructure and is commonly used for transporting
passengers and goods within urban areas? a) Road b) Air c) Pipeline d) Water e) Rail
9. Which mode of transportation is particularly advantageous for remote or hard-to-reach locations, as it can
transport goods directly to those areas? a) Road b) Air c) Pipeline d) Water e) Rail

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 10. Which transportation mode is best suited for carrying high-value, time-sensitive, and perishable goods across
continents? a) Road b) Air c) Pipeline d) Water e) Rail

Fill in the gap Question

1. Road transportation offers door to door services to the owners of ___________

2. Road transport is very easier, faster and cheaper for _________ distances
3. Rail transportation is not suitable for goods like ____________ because of its speed rate.
4. Pipeline transport is not easily affected by change in ________ and ________ condition.
5. Air transport is seriously affected by _________ and ____________.
6. _________ and _______ to goods as a result of manhandling of such goods by bus conductors of road
transport is rare with air transport.
7. Unlike other means of transportation, ___________ transport cannot carry heavy equipment and
machinery
8. The construction and maintenance of rail way lines and terminals are very __________
9. Road transport is faced with the problem of high __________ congestion on bushy roads.
10. ____________ cannot provide door-to door services like road transport.

ESSAY

1. In what ways foes transport aid trade? (b) Explain the following in connection with water transport: (i)
freight (ii) charter party.
2. State four factors that would determine the choice of transport by a businessman. (b) state four
advantages of road transport over rail transport.
3. Explain five factors affecting the choice of transport of frozen products. (b) State five disadvantages of
air transport.
4. Mention five disadvantages of road transportation
5. List five disadvantages of containerization.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. Highway: A main road connecting cities or major destinations, usually designed for high-speed travel.

2. Traffic Signal: A device at intersections controlling the flow of vehicles and pedestrians with red, yellow,
and green lights.

3. Lane: A marked section of a road designated for a specific line of traffic.

4. Speed Limit: The maximum legal speed at which vehicles can travel on a particular road or section.

5. Pedestrian Crosswalk: Marked areas on roads where pedestrians can safely cross.

6. Rail Carriage: A passenger or cargo compartment on a train.

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 7. Pipeline Route: The path a pipeline takes from its starting point to its destination.

8. Harbor: A sheltered area of water near the coast where ships can anchor or dock.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES: “A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.”
-Henry B. Adams

WEEK: EIGHT

TOPIC: Transportation:

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

(i) discuss the documents used in transportation.

(ii) state the functions of Ports authority and Airports authority.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students already travelled with one or two of the form of transportation and have
personal experience.

SUB-TOPIC 1:

CONTENT: Documents used in transportation

1. Bill of lading: This is a document that gives the holder the right to acquire possession of goods that
have been shipped. It is a contract between the exporter and the shipping company, stating the terms
under which the goods are to be exported. It shows the name of the vessel, the port of destination and
the rate of freight. When the goods are loaded into the ship they are checked for any damage or
defects. If the goods are free from any defect, a clean bill of lading would be issued but if the goods are
damaged, a dirty or foul bill of lading indicating the damaged is issued.
2. Certificate of insurance: This Is a document t which shows that the goods have been insured against
risks or loss by the exporter.
3. Airway bill or air consignment note: Airway bill is a contract document issued by an airline (or its
agent) for the transportation of goods from a specified airport to another. It shows the name and
address of the consignor, consignee and the particulars to the goods such as size. Weight, value and
airport of destination. However, unlike a bill of lading, an airway bill cannot be transferred from one
party to another in order to convey the title to the goods, i.e. it is not negotiable and neither is it a
document of title to the goods.

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 4. Travellers’ Tickets: A travel or transport ticket is a voucher or commercial document that indicates that
the ticket owner has paid for the right to board a flight, train or road vehicle which the ticket relates to.
5. Manifest: This is a document that contains a full list of a ship’s cargo or goods, passengers, and crew
conveyed by a ship, aircraft, or vehicle. It is signed by the captain of a ship or pilot of an aircraft.
6. Delivery note: This is a document that accompanies the delivery of goods. This is to obtain the
signature of the buyer, confirming to the fact that a certain quantity of the goods has been received in
a stated condition.
7. Advice note: This is the document issued by the seller’s warehouse to be received by the warehouse of
the customer for record purposes. In short, it is a ‘warehouse to warehouse’ document.
8. Dock receipt: This is the receipt issued and signed by an import broker as proof of the delivery of the
goods to the dock under the conditions stated thereon. It is issued in advance of the bill of lading. The
dock receipt can be clean or foul, depending on whether the goods are received in good or defective
condition.
9. Consular invoice: A special type of invoice issued to the importer by the exporter, it contains all the
information contained in a normal, invoice , but within the document the exporter has to verify the
value of the goods
10. Mate’s Receipt: This is the receipt issued by the ship-owner after the goods have been loaded into the
ship, to acknowledge receipt of the goods. It is issued temporarily pending the availability of the bill of
lading when the shipper (exporter) would have to surrender the mate’s receipt in exchange for the bill
of lading. It is neither a document of title nor a negotiable instrument.
11. Certificate of origin: This is a document of proof that certifies the origin of goods that are being
shipped to the importing country.
12. Waybill or consignment note: A written contract issued and signed by a carrier giving details and
instructions relating to the shipment of a consignment of goods.
13. Bill of sight: This is a documented request (on a prescribed form) by an importer to custom authorities
for permission to examine the shipment that has arrived, without a full set of documents or without
full particulars. The importer's objective is to be able to submit a 'perfect' bill of entry after
ascertaining the nature, ownership, and estimated value of the shipment

TERMS USED IN TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY.

1. Freight: This is the cost of shipping a particular cargo for a specific voyage.
2. Dead freight: This is the freight paid on unoccupied space in the ship.
3. Consignment: These are goods that are conveyed from one place to another, a shipment or delivery of
goods.
4. Consignee: This is the person or organization to which goods are transported to through a carrier.
5. Consignor: This is the owner who sends goods to the consignee.
6. Demurrage: This is an extra charge or penalty which the charterer pays for exceeding the period
originally agreed upon. It is also the charge paid for failing to offload a ship within a stipulated time. It
is also called detention charge.
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 7. Charterer: This is a person or firm that hires or charters a ship for a specific purpose.
8. Demise charter: This is Ship leasing arrangement in which the use of the entire vessel and all
associated expenses pass on from the ship owner to the charterer.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. _________ is a document t which shows that the goods have been insured against risks or loss by the
exporter.
2. _______ is the document issued by the seller’s warehouse to be received by the warehouse of the
customer for record purposes.
3. __________ is special type of invoice issued to the importer by the exporter, it contains all the
information contained in a normal, invoice , but within the document the exporter has to verify the
value of the goods
4. _________ are goods that are conveyed from one place to another, a shipment or delivery of goods.
5. ________________ is the owner who sends goods to the consignee.

ESSAY

1. Highlight five documents used in transportation. explain each

2. Briefly explain the following terms used in transportation: consignee, consignor, charterer, dead
freight, and demurrage.
3. What is certificate of origin?

SUB-TOPIC 2:

CONTENT: Functions of Ports authority and Airports authority.

Functions of ports Authority

The Nigeria ports authority was established in 1955 to oversee all ports, harbours, docks and waterways. Ports
authority is an establishment of the government that has the responsibility of managing, controlling and
operating the seaports within a country. Below are their functions:
1. Ports authority administers and controls the activities of the seaports.

2. Develop, own and operate ports and harbours.

3. Provide safe and navigable channel
4. Offer cargo handling and storage services: this they do by providing temporary warehousing facilities
for goods
5. Maintain Port facilities and equipment: ports authority help to maintain the seaports by dredging
them to ensure easy movement.
6. Ensure safety and security in the seaports.
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 7. Port authority assists in implementing government policies on foreign trade.
8. Port authority promotes international trade because without the seaport foreign trade will be
limited.
9. Provision of facilities like berth, cranes, fork-lifts and navigational aids.
10. Supervision of loading and offloading of goods.

FUNCTIONS OF AIRPORT AUTHORITY

Airport authority is an establishment of the government that has the responsibilities of managing, controlling
and operating airports and airspaces. In Nigeria, the following are some of the airports we have; Nnamdi
Azikiwe International Airport, Abuja, Murtala Mohammed International Airport, Lagos, Aminu Kano Airport,
Kano .
Below are their functions:
1. To develop, provide and maintain Airport.
2. Airport authority controls airline.
3. To provide adequate conditions under which passengers and goods may be carried by air and under
which aircraft may be used for other gainful purposes and prohibiting the carriage by air goods of
such classes as may be prescribed.
4. To charge for services provided by the authority at airports such as airport taxes, etc.
5. To provide accommodation and other facilities for the effective handling of passengers and freight.
6. To develop and provide facilities for surface transportation within airport.
7. To provide adequate facilities and personnel for effective security at all airport.
8. Airport authority promotes foreign trade through the movement of goods and services from one
country to another.
9. Airport authority provides information and clearance for landing and taking off.
10. Airport authority sees to the general administration, management and control of the airport.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. The Nigeria ports authority was established in ___________

2. Ports authority is an establishment of the _________ that has the responsibility of managing,
controlling and operating the __________ within a country.
3. Ports authority administers and controls the activities of the ____________
4. Port authority _______ international trade because without the seaport foreign trade will be limited.
5. Airport authority controls _______________.

ESSAY
1. State five functions of the Nigeria ports authority
2. Mention five functions of the Airport authority.
3. Mention five airports we have in Nigeria.

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 CONCLUSION

TOPICAL TEST:

Objective Questions

1. Which of the following is not contained in a consignment note? A.name of the buyer b. name of the
seller c. description of goods d. cost of goods.
2. A contract made between a ship owner and a merchant for the carriage of cargo is A. ship manifest b.
charter party c. freight forward d. cargo service.
3. The charge paid for failing to off-load a vehicle within a stipulated time is called. A. Freight. B.
demurrage c. fine d. fare e. floating charge.
4. Which of the following is a contract of carriage? A. advice note b. charter party c. delivery note d.
consignment note e. ship manifest.
5. Containers are suitable for transporting goods by a. sea only b. road only c. sea and rail only d. road
and sea only e. road, sea and rail.
6. The following is suitable for transporting fish over a long distance? a. tramp b. cargo liner c. tanker d.
barge e. refrigerated ship
7. Another name for consignment note is a. quotation b. waybill c. debit note d. receipt e. credit note.
8. The contract between ship owners and hirers whereby the hirers take full control of the ship is called a.
time charter b. charter by demise c. shipping conference d. voyage charter e. charter party.
9. A common carrier is a. a car hire company b. one who engaged in the transportation of passengers
only c. an apprentice who helps his master to carry loads d. a dealer in various brands of vehicles e.
one who engages in the transportation of goods and passengers for a fee.
10. Which of the following is issued to the exporter or his agent when the goods have been loaded in ship?
A. bill of exchange b. mate’s receipt c. ship’s manifest d. bill of sight e. customs declaration form.
11. Which of the following is not a characteristic of charter party? A. it is a contract of carriage by sea b. its
document shows freight charges and destination c. there are time, voyage and charter by demise d.
the whole or part of a ship is leased e. an association of ship owners.
12. Which of the following is not a function of the Nigerian Airport Authority? A. maintains the buildings
and tarmac b, collects airport taxes. C. controls movement of aircrafts. D. maintains all aircrafts in the
country. E. maintains security.
13. Small ships which are used to carry goods and passengers across rivers or canals are called a. tramps b.
coasters c tankers d. liners e. ferries.
14. Which of the following would be best conveyed by rail transport? A. bread b. shoes c. potatoes d.
tomatoes e. oranges.
15. Gases are best transported a. through canals b. by sea c. by air d. through pipes e. By rail.
16. Which of the following is a disadvantage of canal transport? It is a. narrow and cannot support big
vessels. B. not suitable for small ferries c. often for short journey d. suitable for carrying only goods.

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 17. A consignment note is used when a. goods are wrapped and labeled for easy identification. B. goods
are dispatched to agents through transporters c. damaged goods are being returned d. there is over-
invoicing.
18. Which of the following is used for moving only goods from one sea port to another? A. ocean liner b.
cargo liner c. ferry d. coaster.
19. Which of the following is an agreement to transport goods but not a document of title? A. airway bill b.
bill of lading c. charter party d. freight note.
20. A clean bill of lading is so called because a. the colour is pure white. B. it is not stained. C. it is a
document of authority d. it has no record of damaged goods e. it could be transferred to anybody.

Extra Objective questions.

Documents Used in Transportation:

1. What is the primary purpose of a Bill of Lading in transportation? a) Tracking passenger information b)
Tracking cargo movement c) Airport security clearance d) Port authority regulation

2. Which document serves as a contract of carriage between the shipper and the carrier? a) Invoice b) Packing
list c) Airway bill d) Bill of Lading

3. Which document is required for international shipments and contains information about the goods being
transported? a) Customs declaration b) Loading manifest c) Passenger list d) Shipper's letter of instruction

4. A "Certificate of Origin" is used to: a) Confirm the weight of the cargo b) Verify the quality of perishable
goods c) Certify the country of origin of goods d) Document the transportation route

5. Which document provides details about the contents of a shipment, including quantity and weight of each
item? a) Waybill b) Export license c) Packing list d) Import permit

Functions of Ports Authority:

6. What is a primary function of a Ports Authority? a) Managing air traffic control b) Regulating truck
transportation c) Overseeing maritime traffic and port operations d) Managing railway logistics

7. Which of the following falls under the responsibility of a Ports Authority? a) Flight scheduling b) Road
maintenance c) Dockyard operations d) Fuel exploration

8. Ports Authorities often handle which aspects of port operations? a) Aircraft maintenance b) Passenger
ticketing c) Cargo handling and storage d) Train dispatching

9. What role does a Ports Authority play in terms of infrastructure development? a) Designing urban landscapes
b) Constructing railway networks c) Building port facilities and maintaining infrastructure d) Operating
shopping malls

Functions of Airports Authority:

10. Which function is typically managed by an Airports Authority? a) Maritime safety b) Railway maintenance c)
Air traffic control and management d) Cargo shipment via ships

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 11. The Airports Authority is responsible for: a) Managing seaports b) Regulating road transportation c)
Overseeing airport operations and security d) Enforcing international trade agreements

12. What is a common responsibility of the Airports Authority regarding passenger experience? a) Weather
forecasting for seafarers b) Baggage handling and security screening c) Freight transportation optimization
d) Railway platform maintenance

Fill in the gap Question

1. _________ is a document t which shows that the goods have been insured against risks or loss by the
exporter.
2. _______ is the document issued by the seller’s warehouse to be received by the warehouse of the
customer for record purposes.
3. __________ is special type of invoice issued to the importer by the exporter, it contains all the
information contained in a normal, invoice , but within the document the exporter has to verify the
value of the goods
4. _________ are goods that are conveyed from one place to another, a shipment or delivery of goods.
5. ________________ is the owner who sends goods to the consignee.
6. The Nigeria ports authority was established in ___________
7. Ports authority is an establishment of the _________ that has the responsibility of managing,
controlling and operating the __________ within a country.
8. Ports authority administers and controls the activities of the ____________
9. Port authority _______ international trade because without the seaport foreign trade will be limited.
10. Airport authority controls _______________.

ESSAY

1. Briefly explain the importance of transportation

2. List and explain the documents used in transportation.
3. State four reasons why transport is important to commerce. (b) Explain three advantages and three
disadvantages of air transport.
4. Who is a common carrier
5. State six facilities a good sea port should have. (b) In what four ways is transport important to
commerce?
6. What is transportation? (b) Explain dead freight (C) list and explain five factors that will determine a
seller’s mode of transportation.
7. Describe each of the following documents and state one use of each: (a) consular invoice (B) bill of
lading (C) certificate of origin (D) bill of sight.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

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 9. Freight: This is the cost of shipping a particular cargo for a specific voyage.
10. Dead freight: This is the freight paid on unoccupied space in the ship.
11. Consignment: These are goods that are conveyed from one place to another, a shipment or delivery of
goods.
12. Consignee: This is the person or organization to which goods are transported to through a carrier.
13. Consignor: This is the owner who sends goods to the consignee.
14. Demurrage: This is an extra charge or penalty which the charterer pays for exceeding the period
originally agreed upon. It is also the charge paid for failing to offload a ship within a stipulated time. It
is also called detention charge.
15. Charterer: This is a person or firm that hires or charters a ship for a specific purpose.
16. Demise charter: This is Ship leasing arrangement in which the use of the entire vessel and all
associated expenses pass on from the ship owner to the charterer.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES: “A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.”
-Henry B. Adams

WEEK: NINE

TOPIC: Communication

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. discuss the types of communication: Oral; Written, Visual; Non-verbal, etc.

2. state the advantages and disadvantages of communication.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students already know our to communicate using media such as oral, writing and visual.

SUB-TOPIC 1:

CONTENT: Meaning of communication and types of communication;

MEANING OF COMMUNICATION

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Communication is the act of sending and receiving information, feelings, ideas and opinions from one person
to another through different media. Communication is a two way process which involve sending information
and receiving feedback. Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to
another.
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
Communications are important to commerce because of the following.
1. They make internal trade possible
2. They make international trade possible
3. Communications break cultural barriers so that people of various ethnic nationalities are able to
understand themselves better.
4. Communication help to link the producer and the consumer thereby making distribution of goods
and services effective.
5. Communication is the life wire of today’s business organization. No business can exist without
effective communication.
6. Communication has made transportation as an aid to trade efficient. This is because with wireless
means of communication, ships and aircrafts are monitored and controlled to avoid accidents.

FORMS OR TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

There are mainly four types of communication which are used in various ways to convey the final message to
the receiver.
1. ORAL COMMUNICATION OR VERBAL COMMUNICATION

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 Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is an effective way of
communicating and helps in expressing our emotions in words. This type of communication can be through
face to face, telephone.
ADVANTAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
1. Oral communication allows for immediate feedback such as the opportunity to clarify doubt.
2. The sender is able to clarify messages sent to avoid confusion.
3. Oral messages are flexible and can easily be adapted to many diverse situations.
4. It is very fast.

DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

1. Misrepresentation or misunderstanding of message and wrong response may occur.
2. Spoken communication is influenced by both verbal and non-verbal communication such as tone or
body language.
3. It consumes precious time.
4. It lacks aid to human memory.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

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Written communication involves sending and receiving information through the exchange of written
documents. Written communication is the medium through which the message of the sender is conveyed with
the help of written words. Letters, personal journals, e-mails, reports, articles, and memos are some forms of
written communication. It provides permanent records as information are documented.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Oral communication allows for immediate _______ such as the opportunity to clarify doubt.
2. Misrepresentation or misunderstanding of message and wrong response may occur in ________
communication.
3. Communication is the act of sending and __________ information, feelings, ideas and opinions from one
person to another through different _________.
4. Unlike other forms of communication, written messages can be _____ and ________ before it is
communicated to the receiver.
5. ___________ form of communication involves the visual display of information.

ESSAY

1. State four types of communication.

2. Explain any two.
3. State the advantages of non-verbal communication over oral communication

SUB-TOPIC 2:

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CONTENT: Advantages and Disadvantages of communication

ADVANTAGES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication enables orders, messages and information to be passed quickly and accurately
between people.
2. It allows businessmen to make immediate contacts with one another through the use of telephone,
telegrams, radiophone and telex.
3. It makes payments for goods and services easier and faster by mail or telegraphic transfers.
4. It supplies information about products.
5. It reduces the risk which is likely to happen during the travelling.
6. It ensures improvement of product’s standard through effective feedback mechanism.
7. The world has become a global village through internet facilities.

DISADVANTAGES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication exposes people, especially young ladies and men to social vices like prostitution,
cultism and internet fraud.
2. It creates chances for producers to give false information about their products to consumers.

EVALUATION
1. Highlight five advantages and three disadvantages of communication.

GENERAL EVALUATION
Objective test
1. Which of the following is not a type of communication? a. oral b. written c. visual d. sound.
2. Which of the following defies communication? Movement of goods. B. transmission of information c.
movement of people d. storing of information e. distribution of newspapers.

ESSAY TEST
1. Explain the meaning of communication.
2. State how communication has helped commerce.
3. Itemize five advantages of communication.
4. List five disadvantages of communication.
5. State four forms of communication.
6. Explain five reasons why communication is important to a business

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PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. _________ enables orders, messages and information to be passed quickly and accurately between
people.
2. communication supplies information about ___________
3. __________ creates chances for producers to give false information about their products to
consumers.
4. The world has become a global village through ___________ facilities
5. Communication exposes people, especially young ladies and men to __________ like prostitution,
cultism and internet fraud.

ESSAY
1. List five disadvantages of communication
2. List the advantages of communication

CONCLUSION

TOPICAL TEST:

Objective Questions

Oral Communication:

1. What is the primary mode of communication that involves speaking and listening? a) Written communication
b) Visual communication c) Non-verbal communication d) Oral communication

2. Which of the following is an example of oral communication? a) Sending an email b) Watching a movie c)
Reading a book d) Having a phone conversation

3. A face-to-face conversation is an example of: a) Written communication b) Visual communication c) Non-

verbal communication d) Oral communication

Written Communication:

4. What type of communication involves expressing thoughts and ideas through written words? a) Visual
communication b) Non-verbal communication c) Oral communication d) Written communication

5. Which of the following is an example of written communication? a) Giving a presentation b) Making hand
gestures c) Sending a text message d) Making eye contact

6. Sending a formal letter is an example of: a) Visual communication b) Non-verbal communication c) Oral
communication d) Written communication

Visual Communication:

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 7. Visual communication involves conveying information through: a) Spoken words b) Written text c) Images
and graphics d) Facial expressions

8. What form of communication relies on visual aids such as charts, graphs, and diagrams? a) Oral
communication b) Non-verbal communication c) Written communication d) Visual communication

9. Watching a tutorial video is an example of: a) Non-verbal communication b) Oral communication c) Visual
communication d) Written communication

Non-Verbal Communication:

10. Which type of communication uses body language, gestures, and facial expressions to convey messages? a)
Oral communication b) Visual communication c) Written communication d) Non-verbal communication

11. Rolling eyes to express annoyance is an example of: a) Written communication b) Oral communication c)
Non-verbal communication d) Visual communication

12. Nodding to indicate agreement is a form of: a) Written communication b) Visual communication c) Oral
communication d) Non-verbal communication

Fill in the gap Question

1. Oral communication allows for immediate _______ such as the opportunity to clarify doubt.
2. Misrepresentation or misunderstanding of message and wrong response may occur in ________
communication.
3. Communication is the act of sending and __________ information, feelings, ideas and opinions from one
person to another through different _________.
4. Unlike other forms of communication, written messages can be _____ and ________ before it is
communicated to the receiver.
5. ___________ form of communication involves the visual display of information.
6. Oral communication allows for immediate _______ such as the opportunity to clarify doubt.
7. Misrepresentation or misunderstanding of message and wrong response may occur in ________
communication.
8. Communication is the act of sending and __________ information, feelings, ideas and opinions from one
person to another through different _________.
9. Unlike other forms of communication, written messages can be _____ and ________ before it is
communicated to the receiver.
10. ___________ form of communication involves the visual display of information.

ESSAY

3. Explain the meaning of communication.

4. State how communication has helped commerce.
5. Itemize five advantages of communication.

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 6. List five disadvantages of communication.
7. State four forms of communication.
8. Explain five reasons why communication is important to a business

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

Oral Communication:

1. Speech: The act of vocalizing words and expressing thoughts or ideas through spoken language.

2. Conversation: An informal exchange of ideas, opinions, or information between two or more individuals.

3. Dialogue: A structured conversation between two or more people, often used in storytelling or plays.

4. Presentation: A formal or organized way of delivering information, often involving speaking to an audience.

5. Interpersonal Communication: Communication between individuals, usually in a face-to-face setting,

involving personal interactions and feedback.

Written Communication:

6. Text: Written words, symbols, or characters used to convey meaning.

7. Document: A physical or digital piece of information presented in written form, such as a report, memo, or
letter.

8. Email: Electronic mail used to send written messages and documents over the internet.

9. Report: A formal document that presents information, analysis, or findings on a specific topic.

10. Memo: A short written message used for internal communication within an organization.

11. Essay: A structured piece of writing that presents an author's perspective or argument on a particular topic.

Visual Communication:

12. Image: A visual representation or depiction of a person, object, or scene.

13. Graphic Design: The art of combining images, text, and graphics to create visually appealing communication
materials.

14. Infographic: A visual representation of information or data using charts, graphs, and illustrations.

15. Poster: A visual display that communicates information using images, text, and graphics, often used for
advertisements or announcements.

16. Illustration: A visual interpretation or representation of an idea, concept, or story.

Non-Verbal Communication:

17. Body Language: The use of gestures, facial expressions, and posture to convey emotions, attitudes, and
intentions.

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 18. Gestures: Movements or actions of hands, arms, or body used to express ideas or emotions.

19. Eye Contact: The act of looking directly into someone's eyes during communication, conveying attentiveness
and engagement.

20. Proxemics: The study of personal space and distance in communication, influencing comfort and social
dynamics.

21. Facial Expression: The arrangement of facial features to convey emotions, such as smiling, frowning, or
raising eyebrows.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

Certainly, here's a word search puzzle based on communication-related terms. Find the words listed below in the
grid. The words can be arranged horizontally, vertically, or diagonally in any direction. Have fun!

ESPEAKINGD
GHRFCEEOVA
MTLAPCITCI
ARTHNTROGT
IEPIIYLHFH
LATARTDCEU
SVTNEOBGAH
ULRUREKHVW
SLDLHCOSEE
RWRVLSKEPN
Words to find:

• SPEAKING

• LISTENING

• WRITING

• READING

• BODYLANGUAGE

• GESTURES

• FACIALEXPRESSION

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 • VISUAL

• VERBAL

• MESSAGE

• COMMUNICATE

• FEEDBACK

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES: “A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.”
-Henry B. Adams

WEEK: TEN

TOPIC: Communication cont’d

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. discuss Nigerian traditional means of communication e.g. gong, drum etc

2. discuss development of Postal, Telegraphic and Telephone services as provided by NIPOST and
NITEL.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students already know our to communicate using media such as oral, writing and visual.

SUB-TOPIC 1:

CONTENT: NIGERIAN TRADITIONAL MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.

DEVELOPMENT AND MEANS OF COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA

In Nigeria, the earliest means of communication is the human voice. Communication then was based on the
level of development at the time. Many other means of sending and receiving messages have been developed
over the years.
TRADITIONAL MEDIA OF COMMUNICATION INCLUDE:
1. Oral: This is the first means of communication to humanity. It involves face-to-face communication of
information,
2. Town criers: The village Government messengers often acted as town criers, disseminating news from
the village head, chief, and other officials of the Government to the citizens. This was the traditional
equivalent of government radio and television announcement of today. The town criers use gongs or
drum or even a megaphone to call the attention of the crowd before disseminating the information to
the people.

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 3. Gongs: Gongs are hollow metals beaten with another metal to make announcements to members of a
traditional community. On hearing the sound, people will gather at the village square to hear or discuss
the latest development in the community.
4. Palm frond: Palm frond is used to disseminate message to the people depending on the colour of the
palm frond. A yellow palm frond is used to depict or signal danger while a green palm announces the
availability of palm wine to buyers. The use of palm frond signifies peace during a period of dispute.
5. Fire lighting: Fire is used to signal or call for help, especially if a person has lost his/her way in the
forest. The smoke of the lit fire gives rescuers a sense of direction to the lost person.
6. Talking /wooden drums: Drums are used to pass messages to people within the community. Different
sounds are produced to mean different messages when the drum is struck. The head of the community
can use it to assemble his people in a place.
7. Canon gun blast: Canon gun blast is used to announce the commencement of a festival or great visitors
to the community or the lowering of the corpse of a person into the grave.
8. Others are whistles, bells trumpets and flute.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. In Nigeria, the earliest means of communication is the ____________ voice.

2. ___________ is the first means of communication to humanity.
3. _____________ is used to announce the commencement of a festival or great visitors to the community
or the lowering of the corpse of a person into the grave.
4. _________ is used to signal or call for help, especially if a person has lost his/her way in the forest. The
smoke of the lit fire gives rescuers a sense of direction to the lost person.
5. __________ are hollow metals beaten with another metal to make announcements to members of a
traditional community.

ESSAY

1. Trace the development of communication in Nigeria.

2. Enumerate five Nigerian traditional means of communication and explain each.

SUB-TOPIC 2:

CONTENT: DEVELOPMENT OF POSTAL, TELEGRAPHIC AND TELEPHONE SERVICES AS PROVIDED BY NIPOST

AND NITEL.
The postal services started in Nigeria in 1886 in Lagos during the colonial period. The postal system was
originally constituted as the department of posts and telecommunication. However, the telecommunications
was merged with the Nigerian External Telecommunication limited to institute the Nigerian

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telecommunications limited (NITEL) in 1984. The postal arm of the department of posts and
Telecommunication was reconstituted into the Nigerian Postal Services Department (NIPOST).
NIPOST
The NIPOST is a Nigerian government owned establishment with the responsibility of providing postal services.
The NIPOST services can be classified under the following sub-heading: mail services, courier services, financial
services, and other services. The NIPOST operates over five thousand (5000) post offices in Nigeria. Post office
is the major channel of sending and receiving hard copy written information. It also provides money
transmission services. The Nigeria postal services Department (NIPOST) controls the postal services and post
offices in Nigeria.
SERVICES PROVIDED BY NIPOST include:
➢ LETTER POST: The post office helps to deliver letters or mails to the addressed persons and places
within and outside the country. Letters are grouped into two: ORDINARY LETTERS AND REGISTERED
LETTERS.
➢ ORDINARY LETTERS: Ordinary letters or mails are distributed by the post office to its numerous
customers. Ordinary or conventional mails include first class and second class mails.
➢ REGISTERED LETTER: This will cost more on postal stamp because the post office ensures its safe
delivery.
➢ EXPRESS LETTER: This is a quicker means of sending a letter. Express letter costs more and is delivered
faster than a letter post. Express letters are delivered to the owner by hand.
➢ TELEGRAM: To send a message by telegram, the sender needs to give the message to the NITEL at a
post office. Charges are levied according to the number of words contained in the message so that the
number of words needs to be economized. The message is then sent through radio or telephone by the
receiving post office to the post office of destination from where a post office messenger delivers the
message, in written form, to the addressee. Telegram messages are supposed to be faster than letters.
However, with the advent of e-mail facilities, sending of telegram messages is becoming outdated.
➢ PARCEL POST: This is a material or object wrapped in paper ready to be sent to any part of the world.
The parcels are weighed and charged according to the weight. The maximum weight allowed for any
parcel is 10 kg and all parcels are registered for safety.
➢ POSTE RESTANTE: This service is mainly rendered to travelers and tourists without a fixed address that
are visiting another town. They will enter into agreement with the post office so that their mails will be
addressed to the post office. The mails must be marked,’ poste Restante.’ The individual involved must
providing evidence of his identify when calling to receive his mail from the post office.
➢ RECORDED DELIVERY: This is a means of sending mails whereby there is proof that the letter or mail
has been delivered.
➢ BUSINESS REPLY SERVICES: This is an arrangement under which somebody (or a business) obtains a
license from the post office. The license permits him to send out envelopes or cards to addresses
(actual or potential customers) with which the addressees can send replies without the need to affix

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 stamps. Later, licensee or business organization pay the postage, on only the replies received to the
post office.
➢ AIRMAIL SERVICE: This is a means of sending mails and parcels for delivery overseas. |Airmail service
involves the use aircraft to deliver parcels to people. It is more expensive but a quicker means of
sending mails and parcels.
➢ REGISTERED LETTER:

This service provided by the post office ensures that letters are registered after making payments in
order to safeguard them. This attracts higher charges than ordinary letters and receipt is issued for
registration. Registered letters have lines drawn at the back horizontally and vertically across the
envelope.
The person to whom it is sent will be given a notification slip that will enable him claim the letter, and
compensation will be paid if it is lost.

➢ LICENSING OF FRANKING MACHINE: These machines can be hired or purchased from the
manufacturers or their agents, by private persons or business firms for the purpose of franking
correspondence or mails with an impression showing the amount of postage with date and place of
posting. Users of this machine obtain license from the local head postmaster, and payment in advance
in respect of postage must be made from time to time.

PAYMENT SERVICES:
• POSTAL ORDER: This is a means of payment provided by the post office to transfer small sums of
money by post to ensure payment or for the settlement of debts. Postal orders are valid for six
months, and commission called poundage is charged by the post office. Postal orders are not
negotiable.
• MONEY ORDER: This service ensures that large amount of money is sent through the post office.
Money order is safer than postal order. It is an order made by one post office to another post office for
payment of a specified sum of money on demand to a named person.
• CASH ON DELIVERY SERVICE: This service is provided by the post office which ensures that
businessmen can collect money on the delivery of parcel. It is good for mail order business; the money
collected on delivery is remitted to the supplier.

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 • SALES OF STAMPS: Different denominations of stamps are sold by the post office.
• SETTLEMENT OF PAYMENT: Payments for such items as catalogue are settled by post.

NIGERIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS LIMITED (NITEL)

NITEL was incorporated as a limited liability company to provide telecommunication services to the public,
oversee the transmission of messages and information from one place to another. Their services are usually
very fast.
SERVICES PROVIDED BY NITEL TO THE PUBLIC
❖ LOCAL TELEPHONE SERVICES: These services include local calls made between telephone subscribers
who live within the same town, or the same telephone locality. Example: calls between and Mile 2 and
Festac Town.
❖ TRUNK CALL SERVICES: These are transmission between two points. Trunk call services are calls
between people located in different exchange areas. Trunk calls can be made through Subscriber Trunk
Dialing (STD). Every major city has a code which must precede the telephone number. Calls between a
buyer in Lagos and a seller in Ogun are an example of trunk call service.
❖ INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE SERVICES: These are calls between one country and another. The
international Telecommunication Union (ITU) allocates international exchange code to each country. It
is through this code that one call from one country to another. A Nigerian businessman calls an
exporter in Japan for importation of goods is an example of an international call. International calls are
made possible through special facilities known as international Subscribers Direct Dialing (IDD).
❖ MOBILE (CELLULAR) TELEPHONE SERVICES: It is the newest in the development of telephone
technology. It provides interconnectivity between the Public Switchboard Telephone Network (PTSN)
and mobile stations. The phone does not require the conventional wiring system to effect its operation
and it is portable.
❖ TELEX SERVICE: It the contraction of two words: telegraph and exchange. It is a system where printed
messages are quickly transmitted by cable through the tele printer to another subscriber. However,
with the inception of e-mail, the use of telex has reduced.
❖ ELECTRONIC MAIL SERVICES: It is called e-mail which is a process of exchange of digital messages from
one person to one or more persons via an electronic address. It is the fastest means of sending
information between computers.
❖ FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION(FAX): To send a fax message i.e., to fax a paper document, the fax number
of the recipient will be keyed into the fax machine, after which each page of the document will be
inserted in the fax machine as if the page is to be photocopied in the ordinary way. If done successfully,
a ‘photocopy’ of the page will almost instantaneously appear at the recipient’s own fax machine,
wherever the recipient’s machine may be in any part of the world. It is thus more user-friendly than
either the telegram or telex services.
❖ TELEPHONE DIRECTORY: This is a yellow page booklet provided by NITEL which contains names,
addresses and telephone number of its subscribers.
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 ❖ SATELLITE (TELEVISION): There are many man-made communication satellites orbiting the earth. They
help to transmit information or messages in various forms around the world.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. ___________ is a means of sending mails whereby there is proof that the letter or mail has been
delivered.
2. NITEL stands for ____________
3. The post office helps to deliver ________ or _________ to the addressed persons and places within
and outside the country.
4. NIPOST stands for ______________________
5. To send a message by telegram, the sender needs to give the message to the ________ at a post office.

ESSAY

1. State and explain five services rendered by NIPOST

2. Highlight five services provided by NITEL.

CONCLUSION

TOPICAL TEST:

Objective Questions

1. The means by which printed messages sent by cable are recorded is called .a telegram b. poste
restante c. telecommunication d. telephone e. telex services.
2. In which of the following would you advise Mr. X Y to check and confirm the exact telephone number
of a bank located in Ibadan? A. post office guide b. official Gazette c. traveler’s guide d. private branch
exchange e. telephone directory.
3. Which of the following is a function of NIPOST? A. issuing of money order b. issuing dividend warrants
c. issuing travelers’ cheques d. minting coins e. printing trade journals.
4. Which of the following is charged by the NIPOST on postal order? A. interest b. tax c. poundage d.
premium e. dividend.
5. A telephone call within a town is called a. home call b. trunk call c. district call d. zonal call e. local call.
6. The body controlling the installation and maintenance of telephone in Nigeria is a. NET b. ITT c. NITEL
d. NIPOST e. NICON
7. A teleprinter is used to transmit a. important documents through the post office b. typed messages
quickly over a long distance. C. data to and from computer. D. messages to areas within a locality e.
information within a bank.
8. Which of the following is the quickest and most accurate means of communication? A. telegram b.
express mail c. courier service d. telex e. railex.

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 9. The Abbreviation IDAPOLY on the letter headed papers of the Federal Polytechnic Idah is an example of
a….. A. cable gram. B. postmark. C. post code d. telegraphic address e. multiple address telegram.
10. One means of making payment through the NIPOST is the a. cheque b. money order c. standing order
d. promissory order e. counterfoil.
11. The telephone service through which on can dial any numbers local, trunk or overseas is known as a.
international communication system. B. standard dialing system. C. subscriber’s trunk dialing system.
D. international telecommunication e. coded dialing order.
12. The machine used in sending telex message is known as a. photocopier b. typewriter c. teleprinter d.
punching machine. E. Dictaphone.
13. Which of the following services is not rendered by NIPOST? a. post restante b. express delivery c. C. W.
O. d. telegram e. registered post.
14. Which of the following is the safest means of sending a postal order from Lagos to a friend in Jos? A.
registered letter b. recorded delivery c. railex d. first class mail e. express mail
15. The fastest means of sending information to apparent company abroad is the a. telegram b. telephone
c. telex d. express letter e. courier services.
16. Telephone, telegram and telex services in Nigeria are provided by a. NIPOST B. NRC C. DHI D. NAA E.
NITEL.
17. The cost of sending a message by telephone is determined by the a. number of words contained in the
message b. time of the day the message was sent. C. type of person or organization sending the
message d. time taken to send the message e. letter of hypothecation.
18. One advantage of communication by telephone is that a. the conversation can be very short. B. it is the
less expensive c. feedback is instantaneous .d. the conversation is strictly private.
19. Which of the following is the fastest means of sending a document from one place to another? A.
facsimile b. courier service c. express mail d. registered mail.
20. Which of the following makes it possible for people to collect their letters at their convenient time? A.
franking b. recorded delivery c. post office box d. business reply service e. telex service.
21. Which of the following involved the delivery of mails to a traveler without fixed address? A. speed post
b. reply paid. c. recorded delivery d. poste restante

Fill in the gap Question

1. In Nigeria, the earliest means of communication is the ____________ voice.

2. ___________ is the first means of communication to humanity.
3. _____________ is used to announce the commencement of a festival or great visitors to the community
or the lowering of the corpse of a person into the grave.
4. _________ is used to signal or call for help, especially if a person has lost his/her way in the forest. The
smoke of the lit fire gives rescuers a sense of direction to the lost person.
5. __________ are hollow metals beaten with another metal to make announcements to members of a
traditional community.

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6. ___________ is a means of sending mails whereby there is proof that the letter or mail has been
delivered.
7. NITEL stands for ____________
8. The post office helps to deliver ________ or _________ to the addressed persons and places within and
outside the country.
9. NIPOST stands for ______________________
10. To send a message by telegram, the sender needs to give the message to the ________ at a post office.

ESSAY TEST
1. State the functions of (a) NIPOST (b) NITEL.
2. List and explain the six communication services rendered by the post office.
3. Explain five services which NIPOST renders to the public
4. Give five advantages of courier services

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. Talking Drum: A traditional drum used by various Nigerian ethnic groups to imitate the tonal patterns of
speech, allowing complex messages to be conveyed through beats and rhythms.

2. Uli: A form of body and wall painting practiced by the Igbo people, using geometric designs and symbols to
convey messages and cultural meanings.

3. Nkwa Ulu: An Igbo wooden slit drum used for long-distance communication, producing distinct sounds that
convey specific messages.

4. Ekwe: A wooden musical instrument used by the Igbo people, consisting of a hollowed-out log that
produces deep and resonating sounds used for signaling and communication.

5. Gelede: A Yoruba cultural practice that uses masquerades, music, and dance to communicate social,
political, and spiritual messages, often highlighting the importance of women.

6. Adire: A Yoruba textile dyeing technique involving resist dyeing or tie-and-dye methods, used to create
patterned fabrics with cultural significance and messages.

7. Ichi: A scarification practice among the Igbo people, where specific facial marks are carved to indicate
social status, lineage, and identity.

8. Aroko: A Yoruba system of communication using visual symbols and patterns, often inscribed on wooden
boards, to convey messages

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

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 INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES: “A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.”
-Henry B. Adams

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