4 Polynomials

OBJECTIVE: To verify the algebraic identity: a² - b² = (a + b) (a - b)

MATERIALS REQUIRED
" Cardboard " Glazed paper
" A pair of scissors
" Scale
Sketch pens
Transparent sheet
" Adhesive fevicolgum etc.
PROCEDURE
() Cut one square ABCD of side a units from a green glazed
paper and paste it on the cardboard base.
Area of this square is a² square units (See Fig. 4.1).
Db9 a-b C

a-b
DK- b G

A
B

Fig. 4.1
(ii) Cut one more square EFGD with side b units (b < a) from a
pink glazed paper. The area of tnls
square is b² square units.
(iiü) Paste the smaller square EFGD on the bigger square
ABCD as shown in Fig. 4.1.
(iv) Join F to B using a sketch pen as shown in Fig. 4.1. Cut out
() Now, there are three cut outs, (a) a square of side b units trapeziums GCBF and EPBA.
of pink colour (b) two congrue
trapeziums GCBF and EFBA with parallel sides of units a and b of green colour (See Fig. 4.)

18
 POLYNOMIALS
G
C

Reverse

A E

Fig. 4.2
(vi) lip rapezium EFBA as shown in 'ig. 4.2 to make a rectangle as shown in Fig. 4.3.
a -b

(B)F

a +b

BF)

a-b E

Fig. 4.3

OBSERVATION
We obsorvo frou i: L that.
Area of squaro ABCD = u' square units
Area of squaro EFGD = b square units
Aroa of square ABCD EFGD
- Area of square EFRA
Area of trapezium GCBF + Area of trapezium
Area of rectangle GCEA (See Fig. 4.3)
GA X AE

Thus, = (a + b) (a - b)
19)
MATHEMATICS ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS -IX
RESULT
We have verified the algebraic identity: a²- b2 = (a + b) (a - b).

STUDENT ACTIVITY
Verify that x' -y = (x + y) (x- y) by taking x = 7 and y= 2.

VIVA VOCE
Q.1. Apolynomial of three terms is called a So, by Remainder Theorem, 101 is the rernainder
Ans. trinomial. when x100 + 100 is divided by x+ 1.
Q.2. x-y'= Q.7. (2a + 3b + 4cj =
Ans. -y² = (x + y) (x-y) Ans. (2a + 3b + 4c)² = (2aj' + (3b)² + (4c)?
Q.3. 112- g² = + 2(2a) (3b) + 2 (3b)(4c) + 2(4c) (20)
Ans. 112 - 9² = (11 + 9) (11 - 9) = 4g2 + 9h2 + 16c + 12ab + 24bc + 16ca.
= (20) (2) = 40.
Q.4. Apolynomial of degree one is called a Q.8. The value of (259) - (258² is
Ans. linear polynomial. Ans. (259)- (258) = (259 + 258) (259- 258)
Q.5. The degree of polynomial 3x - 4x5 + 3r is = (517) (1) = 517
Q.9. Ifp(x) = 5x- 3x + 7, then p(1) equals
Ans. 6 (The highest power of the variable in a polyno Ans. p(x) = 5x-3x + 7
mial is the degree of the polynomial).
p(1) = 5(1)² -3(1) +7
Q.6. Ifx100 + 100 is divided by x+ 1, then the remain = 5-3 + 7=9
der is
Ans. Here, p(x)=x00 + 100, and zero of x+ 1 is -1. Q.10. State whether the following statement is True or
FRalse:
p(-1) = (-1)100 + 100
"The degree ofthe sum of two polynomials each of
= 1+ 100 =101 degree 5 is always 5. "
Ans. False.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Q.1. The value of 2492 - 2482 is
(a) 12 (b) 477 Q.3. If 49x -b = then the value of
(c) 487 b is
(d 497
1
Q.2. One of the factors of (25x - 1) + (1 + 5x)' is (a) 0 (b)
(a) 5 + x (b) 5 -x 1
(c) ()
(c) 5x - 1 (d) 10x 2

20
 a-b
Polynomials
cubic
6.1
Fig. units
b)
cubic
(a
=
Volume ab
b)
-
(a
b) Cellotape =
- Cutter
Volume
(a and cube
3ab
sheet
-b- one
6.2).
units and cubic
units
acrylic
Fig. unlts
cubic b
cublc
b- paper
using a
x (See
Volume
=b
height) Coloured
papers X cellotape
ab
- of b) b) 6.2
Fig.
b) -
(a sheet - (a
identity: x
breadth
> (a =
Volume
units White (a dimensions
and
units
1). sheet
algebraic x cubic b) 6.
(length
6 the
verify cuboid

(edge)?
KNOWLEDGE
=
cube REQUIRED
MATERIALS
etc.
- Fig.
(a
side
of

(See
of acrylic
each
using
fevicol/gum cellotape/adhesivecuboids
units

units
cubic
ab
cube b)
To a a sheet
Acrylic
" Sketch
pens three -
PRE-REQUISITE
OBJECTIVE:
of of Adhesivea b
side
(a
=
Volume
Activity Volume Make
PROCEDURE
()
Make
(in
of
Volume
" "
 POLYNOMIALS

(in) Now, arrange the two cubes and three cuboids made in previous steps as shown in
Fig. 6.3.

Volume =(a-b)' +3ab (a - b) +b

Fig. 6.3

OBSERVATION
Sum of volumes of the cubes and cuboids in Figs. 6.1 and 6.2
= [(a - b)3 + 3(a - b)ab + b] cubic units
= [(a - b)³ + 3ab(a - b) + b] cubic units ..(1)
From Fig. 6.3, we observe that it is a cube of side a.
Volume of cube = a cubic units
...(2)
From (1) and (2), we have
(a - b)³ + 3ab[a - b) + b³ = a
(a - b)³ = a3- b3 - 3ab(a - b)
RESULT
We have verified the identity: (a - b)3 = a³ - b3 - 3ab(a - b).

STUDENT ACTIVITY

Verify that (x - yj³ = x- 3ry + 3xy² -y' by taking x = 12 and y = 9.

27
 Activity

13 Triangles
OBJECTIVE: To verify experimentally the different criteria for congruency of triangles using triangle
cut outs

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
" Concept of congruent triangles
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Glazed papers Geometry box
A pair of scissors " Cardboard
" White sheet of paper " Adhesive fevicol/gum etc.
PROCEDURE

() Take acardboard of a convenient size and paste a white sheet of paper on it.
(i) Cut out a triangle ABC from red glazed paper. Cut out another triangle DEF from red glazed paper
such that DE = AB, EF = BC and DF = AC (See Fig. 13.1).
D

Fig. 13.1

(ii) Cut out a pair of triangles GHland JKL from green glazed paper such that ZH= ZK, HI = KL, and
2I =2L (See Fig. 13.2).
G

Fig. 13.2
MATHEMATICS ACTIVITIEs AND PROJECTS IX
(iv) Cut out a pair of triangles PQR and STU from blue glazed paper such that PQ = ST, LO =
QR = TU (See Fig. 13.3).

Fig. 13.3

(v) Again cut out a right angled triangle XYZ from yellow glazed paper. Cut out another tric
LMN such that X Y = M= 90°, hypotenuse XZ = LN and L
YZ MN (See Fig 134).

90° 909
M

Fig. 13.4

OBSERVATIONS
1. In Fig. 13.1, AABC covers ADEF exactly. It means AABC is congruent to ADEF (SSS congruence
2. In Fig. 13.2, AGHI coversAJKL exactly. It means AGHI is congruent to AJKL (ASA congruez
3. In Fig. 13.3, APQR covers ASTU exactly. It means APQR is congruent to ASTU (SAS cOngruenz
4. In Fig. 13.4, AXYZ covers ALMN exactly. It means AXYZ iscongruent to ALMN (RHS congueA
RESULT

We have verified experimentally the different criteria for congruency of triangles using triangle cut o

STUDENT ACTIVITY
Verify the following statement using an activity:
If any two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding angles
side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

VIVA VOCE
Q.1. What do you understand by congruency? Q.3. Are congruent triangles similar?
Ans. Two figures are congruent, if they are of the same Ans. Yes.
shape and of the sarne size. For example, two Q.4. Is there any AAA congruency criteriafortrarg
coins of the samne value are congruent.
Ans. No.
Q.2. Give the expanded forn of CPCT.
Ans. Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles.
56
 16 Quadrilaterals
OBJECTIVE: To verify that the straight line joining the midpoints of any two sides of atriangle is
parallel to the third side and is equal to half of it

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
" Concept of angles and midpoints.
" If a transversal cuts two straight lines and if a pair of corresponding angles are equal, then the
straight lines are parallel.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
White sheets of paper " Sheets of tracing paper
" Geometry box with pencil " Sketch pens
" A pair of scissors " Adhesive fevicolgum etc.
PROCEDURE

(1) Draw any triangle ABC on a white sheet of paper and

mark midpoints D, E and F of the sides BC, CA and
AB respectively. (See Fig. 16.1). Join EF and DE.
(Midpoints can be found by folding triangle, for 5
example, let B fall on C and make crease to get D and
so on).
(in) Mark the angles by the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (See
Fig. 16.1).
B D
(ün) Draw horizontal lines in the triangle ABC by using
green sketch pen. Fig. 16.1
(iv) Make triangle A'F'E' (an exact copy of the triangle AFE) on a tracing paper and draw vertical lines
with the help of red sketch pen (See Fig. 16.2).
(v) Stick the triangle A'F'E' of Fig. 16.2 on the triangle EDC of Fig. 16.1 (See Fig. 16.3).
MATHEMATICS ACTIVITIESs AND PROJECTSIX

A'
E(A')

B D(F') CIE'
Fig. 16.2 Fig. 16.3

OBSERVATION

From Fig. 16.3, we observe that the triangle A'F'E' exactly covers the triangle EDC, i.e., the vertex A
of AAF'E' falls on the vertex E of AEDC, the vertex F' falls on the vertex D and the vertex E' falls on the
vertex C.
Therefore, 25 = Z3 ’ FE || BC (If corresponding angles are equal,
then the straight lines are parallel)
1 1
and FE = DC ’ FE = BC (D is midpoint of BC, so DC = BC)
2 2

Hence, the straight line joining the midpoints of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third
side and is equal to half of it.
RESULT
We have verified that the straight line joining the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is paralle!
to the third side and is equal to half of it.

STUDENT ACTIVITY

In the figure, E, G and H are the midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Verify that
EFGH is a parallelogram.
D

68
Activity

1Surface Areas
27 and Volumes
OBJECTIVE: Toind the relationship among the volumes of aright circular cone, a hemisphere aMd
a right circular cylinder of equal radii and equal heights
PRE-REQUISITE KNOwLEDGE
Shapes and volumes of right circular cone, a honmisphere and right clrcular cylindor
"Volume of acylinder hcubic units
"Volume of aright circular cone r h cubic units
3
Volume of a hemisphere 3
r cubic units
MATERIALS REQUIRED
" Cardboard "A pair of scissors " Geometry box
" Scale " Sketch pens " Cutter
" White sheets of paper " Plastic ball Plastic sheet
" Adhesive fevico/gum etc.
PROCEDURE
() Take a plastic sheet and cut it to get a right circular cone of radius a cm and height cm
(see Fig. 27.1(a).
(ii) Take a plastic ball of radius a cm and cut this into two halves so as to get a hemispliet
(see Fig. 27.1[b).
(ii)) Similarly, take a plastic sheet and cut it to get a right circular cylinder of radius a cm and hey"
a cm (see Fig. 27.1(c)).

(a) Cone (b) Hemisphere (c) Cylindor

Fig. 27.1

120
 VOLUMES
SURFACE AREAS AND
that the
Fill the cone
with sand or salt and pour it twice
into the hemisphere. You will find
(iy) hemisphere is completely filled with sand or salt.
cylinder
the cone
with sand or salt and pour it thrice into the cylinder. You will find that the
(vl Fill
completely filled with sand or salt.
is
OBSERVATION
measurement, we have
On actual
= Height of cone
Radius of cone
1
of cone = Volume of
Volume 2
1
Volume of cone = 3 Volume of

Volume of cone : Volume of hemisphere =

Volume of cone : Volume of cylinder
Volume of cone: Volume of hemisphere : Volume of cylinder
RESULT
Volume of right circular cone: Volumne of hemisphere: Volume of right circular cylinder
2
=

3 3
r= a and h = a, we have
Putting,
1
=
xn X (a) x a : 2x-3 x X (a)3: 3x*3 X n X (a)? x a
3

= :1,2
;1
33
= 1:2:3
hemisphere and a
So, we have found the relationship among the volumes of a right circular cone, a
night circular cylinder of equal radii and equal heights.
This activity is useful in
NOTE hemisphere/sphere from the formula
1. obtaining the formula for the volume of a cone and that of a
of volume of a cylinder.
shapes such as cone, hemisphere
2. making packages of the same material in containers of different
cylinder.

STUDENT ACTIVITY
Obtain the formula for the volume of a cone and that of a hemisphere/sphere from the formula of volume
of a cylinder.

121