to OBJECTIVES jents will be Jetion of the cha| After c understand different modes of nutrition. 2 explain photosynthesis and materials required to carry out photosynthesis. 43, demonstrate the importance of photosynthesis. ‘L differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition 5, describe the way plants synthesise pro teins. es (such as Each living organism requires to carry out basic pro reproduction, growth, nutrition, respiration, etc.) to maintain life. For ccrrying out all the life processes, each living organism needs dally supply of energy which is provided by the food consumed by them Food contains substances that provide nourishment to the body. These are called nutrients. > Wuat 1s NUTRITION? ‘The process of taking in food by an organism and its utilisation by the bod! is known as nutri! ‘There are two modes of nutrition in living organisms: and Heterotrophie nutrition” utotrophic nutrition NUTRITION IN PLANTS (eee Autotrophs Heterotrophsr Science = VII Carbon dioxide ‘Thelenss ae cstbondnde tromene rand ‘auto’ means self and ‘trophos" mean; ke their own food from si nograineneAutoopic pans Noein presence of ne cans cat dw Alen le and some are able to prepare their own food and are known as auto on Z tion: The word ‘heteros’ means other and ‘tropho: phic organisms obtain their food from the othe reen plants are heterotrophic. Autotrophic Nutrition: The word Heterotrophic Nutri TEAS TANTON FTE organisms. Animals and non-g > AuTotRoPHIC MopE OF NUTRITION Green plants can make their own food. The synthesis of food takes place in leaves as leaves are the food factory of the plants. Those organisms which can make food themselves from simple substances by the process of photosynthesis are called autotrophs. 5 Photosynthesis The process by which green plants can produce their ‘own food and energy using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight is known as photosynthesis ‘The process of photosynthesis (photo = Nght Stes “ Pespusyns| *0 combine) can be summarised as ‘energy from the Chlorophyll Sonoma soa oxide + Wate ee Carbon dioxide + Water 08 Glucose + Oxygen (Fond) CO, + H,0 ——> G,H,,0, + 0, In this process, a simple carbohydrate called ‘glucose’ is produced as food. The glucose is then converted into a complex carbohydrate ‘starch’. The starch is stored as food in the various parts of plant. Oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis, goes into the air and is utilised byall the living organisms for their survival. Materials Required for Photosynthesis ‘The materials required to carry out photosynthesis are as follows 1, Water and Minerals The roots of a plant absorb water and nutrients from the soil with the help of root hairs. Plants have tissues (xylem) through which minerals and watet move from the roots upwards to the | he e i he leaves. PI s nly occur with the help of water wes. Photosynthesis can only 2. Carbon dioxide It is taken from the air by “ the plants. Carbon dioxide f hi in through tiny pores pre ioxide from the sent are ‘surromide prt on the Teaves called stomata, mata i Th The urd cal coat the opening and closing of stomata. These are preset cay va ¢ lower surface of a leaf. Oxygen is released from the stomat# Product of photosynthesis from the plant body,_,.Nutrition in Plants st toma vacuole Vacuole Nucleus cll wall Stomata open Airspace vard cel stoma vet Guard cll Stomata closed Seine To prove that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis «Take apotted plant with long leaves and place it in the dark for 2-3 days to make itstarch free. « Take a leaf from this plant and insert half of it in a bottle containing caustic KOH solution potash (KOH) solution through a split cork «© Caustic potash absorbs carbon dioxide, hence the portion of theleafin thebottle —estn will not get carbon dioxide. © The portion of the. Jeaf outside the bottle will get carbon dioxide. © Cork the bottle and place it in sunlight for a few hours. ‘@ Test the leaf for starch. Make a note of the part of the leaf that turns blue-black. Starch absent 3. Chlorophyll_* The leaves have al hyl fight energy from the sun, tis present in chloroplasts. Without chlorophyl, plants cannot use energy of the sunlight to prepare their food. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun and supplies the energy to leaves to carry out photosynthesis for making food. Chlorophyll is present in some non- green plants also SNeniind To prove that green plants produce food or starch by photosynthesis (or chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis) © Take a variegated croton leaf which contains green coloured patches. (Variegated ‘means some parts of the leaves are white due to absence of chlorophyll). © Boil it in alcohol in a water bath to dissolve out green pigment and decolourise the leaf © Remove the leaf from boiling alcohol and dip it in hot water. ‘© Spread the decolourised leaf on a fat white surface and drop iodine solution on ing green portion will turn blue-black but the white parts ‘with iodine. wae -only inthe green area (where chlorophyll is present) ofLeaves of Various Colours The leaves having colours other than green also have chlorophyll in them, Th large amount of red, brown, violet and other pigments mask the green colour. So, photosynthesis takes place in these leaves also. For example, leaves ¢| some plants such as coleus and croton are multicoloured. Some pigment other than chlorophyll also absorbs light. They are xanthophyll carotenoids anthocyanin. These are called accessory pigments. 4. Sunlight The solar energy captured by the leaves with the help of chlorophyll gets converted into the chemical energy of food. This chemical energy gets stored in the form of plant food. Since, all the food on this earth is made by utilising solar energy, therefore, sun is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms. PAC TIVITY 1.3 Oxygen 85 To prove that light is necessary for photosynthesis © ‘Take some twigs of an aquatic plant like Hydrilla in beaker filled with water. © Invert a funnel over the twigs. Invert a test tube filled with water on the stem of the funnel, : © Keep this set-up in sunlight for sometime. ‘© What do you observe? | piiattaigs © You will notice air bubbles (oxygen gas) coming out from the twigs. If this set- up is kept in the dark, no air bubbles come out. This shows that sunlight is a (Ushi necessary ercesininasl) necessary for photosynthesis. 7 Photosynthesis by Algae ‘You must have seen patches oF slimy, green layer floating on the surface of a pond or lake or in other stagnant water bodies. These are generally formed by the growth of organisms called Algae. Algae area large group of simple, plant ike organisms, It contains chlorophyll which gives them the green colour < ‘They can also prepare food by photosynthesis. ‘Importance of Photosynthesis = Itis the most important biological process on which all living organisms depend, directly or indirectly, for food. = This process maintains the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the environment. It provides us oxygen for breathing. Note: Photosynthesistakes placemostlyinthegreenleavesofplantsbut in some plants like cactus, it takes place in the green fleshy stem, as the leaves are reduced to spines to reduce loss of water by transpiration. Synthesis of Plant Foods Other than Carbohydrate Carbohydrates that plants synthesize during photosynthesis is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These are used to synthesize other components such as proteins and fats. @ J) Plants Make Starch as Food: Starch is stored in various parts of a plant such as roots, stem, leaves and seeds. e.g., Seeds of wheat and rice have a Jot of starch. Potato and carrot plants store a lot of starch in their roots {iy Plants Make Fats (Oils) as Food: Seeds of sunflower plant contains oil stored in it. Such seeds are called oil-seeds. {Plants Make Proteins as Food: Proteins contain nitrogen. Though, large ‘amount of nitrogen is present in theair, plants cannot absorb this directly. They get nitrogen in two ways —— {@) Rhizobium bacteria present in the soil converts atmospheric nitrogen to water soluble compounds. Plants absorb these compounds along with water. (b) Farmers add fertilisers rich in nitrogen to the soil Sample Questions. 1. Photosynthesis requires chlorophyll, and a few other raw materials. ‘Add the missing raw materials to the list given below: INCERT Exemplar] a Water, minerals, ‘Ans. Sunlight/light energy, carbon dioxi leaves of a small plant (balsam). However, ina |d be seen sprouting in the plant again. How [NCERT Exemplar] 2, A goat eats away all the few days, new leaves coul did the plant survive without leaves? Ans. Plants store the food they produced by photosynthesis in the stem and roots. So, when goat eat all the leaves of the plant, the plant fulfill its requirement by the food stored in stem and roots. ic debe ee RACHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1. Observe the experimental set-up given in figure and answer the questions that follow. (a) Whatis the aim of this experiment? (b) Name a water plant that can be used in the experiment. (c). Which gasiscollectedattheendofthe experiment? 2. Study the equation given below and answer the questions that follow. CO, + HO —> CyHH;,0¢ + Or (a) What does the equation depict? (b) Where does it occur? (c). What happens to the products? (4) What are the conditions required for this proc ess to occur? > HereroTRoPHIC Move OF NUTRITION ‘There are some plants which do not contain chlorophyll and so they cannot Prepare their own food. They depend upon other plants or organisms to obtain their nourishment, These plants are said to have heterotrophic mode of nutrition and are called heterotrophs _Nutrition in PlantsHeterotrophs have been classified into following categories: Parasites _ “The organisms that derive nutrition from the body of other organisms ar Known a parasites. The organi: sto derive its nutritig: is called a host. All parasitic plants feed on other plants as either partia ‘parasites, Le, obtaining some of their nutrition from the host, or tot, parasites, i.e., dependent completely on the host for nutrition. Commo examples of partial parasites are painted cup (parasitic on roots) an mistletoe (parasitic on branches of mango and mahua trees). Total parasit plants are dodder, Cuscuta (amarbel), certain tropical plants of thi Rafflesiaceae family. Saprophytes -Seprophyfes ave those organisms that cannot manufacture their on fo: Through the process of photosynthesis but obtain nutrition from dead an: decaying plants and animal matter. Most tommion examples of saprophyte: ‘are mushrooms, moulds and certain types of fungi and bacteria. (They secret: digestive juices on dead and decaying matter and convert it into a solution ‘Then they absorb the nutrients from it. This mode of nutrition in whi organisms take in nutrients in solution form from dead and decaying matte: is called Saprotrophic nutrition.)Saprophytic organisms are commonly seer during or after the rain, Fungi aré commonly seen growing on leather, clothes, pickles during the hot and humid weather. Fungal spores are generally present in the air. They start germinatine when they land on wet and warm things. Fungi can be useful as well as harmful. For example, fungi such as mushrooms and yeast are useful as they are used as a vegetable and a ingredient for producing alcoho respectively. Some fungi are used for making medicines. e.g., Penicillium Fungi also cause diseases in plants and human beings. SXeniviw Observe the growth of moulds WV @ Takea slice of bread. Keep itona plate and sprinkle some water on it \ © Keep it ina warm and dark place. , , © Observe it after 2-3 days ad @ You will notice some fluffy growth on it. These patches may be white, green, brown or of any other colour. @ Usea hand lens to see it; these are moulds we, Insectivorous Plants ; “There are some green plants which obtain their nourishment partly from soil and atmosphere and partly from small insects are ca Iled insectivorous plan's Common examples of such plants are pitcher plant, bladderwort and Ven fly trap. These plants trap insects, kill them, consume them and throw out I'S waste. These plants have leaves that are modified to catch insects.Inapitcher plant, the leaf is modified into a pitcher-like structure. The tip of the leaf forms a lid that can open and close the mouth of the pitcher. Inside the pitcher, there are hair which are directed downwards, When an insect ges attracted towards the pitcher and lands on it, the lid closes. The pitcher cecretes digestive juices which digest the trapped insect Insectivorous plants do not get enough nitrogen and so, they eat insects to fulfill their need for nitrogen. ° Si mbi: is “This is another method of heterotrophic nutrition in which two different organisms live together and share shelter and nutrients is called symbiotic relationship. For example, certain fungi live in the roots of plants. Plants provide nutrients to the fungi and fungi, in turn, provides water and minerals. “Th sssociaton of algae and fun form organisms calles chars Th algae cad fungi mutually benefit each other and in the process fulfil all their needs. The alga makes food, which is also used by the fungus. The fungus, in turn, gives the alga, water and minerals it obtains from the substratum on which it lives. Differences between autotrophic and heterotrophic plants Green plants Parasites Saprophytes I] green plants are able | These organisms live on to manufacture their| ot inside another living | manufacture their own town food from inorganic | organism and derive their | food by photosynthesis Substanves through the| nutrition from the host | and instead derive theix processof photosynthesis. | wholly or partly without] nutrition from dead and contributing anything to| decaying plant and animal ‘= These organisms cannot the latter, matter. These plants contain the [wm They donot contain | They do not contain green pigment called chlorophyll chlorophyll chlorophyll ‘= Such organisms are ws Suchorganismsshow | m Such organisms totally dependent on partial or complete are dependent on themselves to meet their | dependence on host for | dead autotrophs or energy requirements, their survival heterotrophs. 1» These organisms lie at the | m These organisms w= These organisms act upon base ofa food chain. constitute higher levels in | _ all evelsina food chain. = Examples: Rose, banyan | 2 food chain. = Examples: Mushrooms, tree and all green plants. | Examples: Painted cup, | _ moulds, fungi certain mistletoe, raflesia, etc bacteria tc. > How ArE NUTRIENTS REPLENISHED IN THE Som? We know that plants absorb mineral and nutrients from the soil. Plants require a lot of nitrogen to make proteins. Although the air contains a lot of nitrogen gas (in soluble form), it cannot be used by plants directly. Therefore, the atmospheric nitrogen is converted by various ways toa form that can be absorbed by plants. This is known as nitrogen. fixing. Some bacteria have the ability to fix nitrogen. The bacterium called Rhizobiumcan take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into a soluble form. Ri iizobiun cannot make its own food. It lives in the roots of peas, gram and other legume, and provides them nitrogen, in return, the plants provide food and shelte to the bacteria. Thus, they have a symbiotic relationship. This association ix ‘useful to farmers as they can reduce the use of nitrogen fertiliser to the soil Sample Questions 1. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth. But farmers whe cultivate pulse crops like green gram, bengal gram, black gram, ete. do not apply nitrogenous fertilisers during cultivation. Why? [NCERT Exempter| ‘Ans, Roots of pulses (leguminous plants) have a symbiotic association with « bacterium called Rhizobium which fixes nitrogen. Hence, farmers need not use nitrogenous fertilisers. 2, Wheat dough ifleft in the open, after a few days, starts to emit a fou smell and becomes unfit for use. Give reason. [NCERT Exempt ‘Ans. Carbohydrates in wheat dough, encourage growth of yeast and oth: saprophytic fungi which break down carbohydrates and emit a foul smell FACHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1, Match the columns. Column I Column I Host ‘Algae and fungi 4 Pitcher plant Cuscuta S Partial parasite Insectivorous 2 Lichen Mistletoe 3 Total parasite Used by parasite | 2. Give one word for the following: (a) These plants obtain their nit ( itrogen supply from insects Tnsect oro: These organisms lie at the base of food chain. Gir eer plants ou (b) (c) The relationship between Rhizobium and root of pea plant- (d) ‘These are seen growing on eather during or after rain. F ung) are seen growing on ee_,. Nutrition in Plants ~ Iisthemode of taking food by an organism ands wlsationby the boy. 2 Thecomponets fod that provide nourishment tothe body recalled nutrients res ese en ens eigen pets, Phosphate a repented by deo tenis rd menue « itogen satay repenied by legume plans rom pe, moon ec) Rat rdiestese de oration wiih plants depend onfood prepared by ober plants erorganisms. * Mode futon in which plans ‘make food fom simple substances + Plants tat make ther own food recalled autotrophs Plans conan the bacterom Process of Rizoium which conver making food atmospheric age nto ascluble form thatcante absabed by ot en Parasitic The proces which ree plants epare ter own foed with carton dionide and water in presence of sunlight ‘» Organisms that live on the body of ‘Organisms that obtain nutrition | sing a green coloured pigment ‘ther organisms. from dead and decaying plant Perm er ne | | Seen a nope, | | Sioeawate conden Soest, | | cert ae Gucose+Onygen | {_thetost or ntrtion Bmp mistete, ood) Green pants which obtain ther narshent party fom solland Simosphere ad partly fom small Insects. ample pitcher plant, bladderwor. Moe of nttion in which two sient individuals asacite wth each otherand bath are benefited fom his relationstip. Examples,