CE-402 Irrigation Engineering

01. Irrigation Engineering

B.Sc. Agri- Engineering 7th Semester

Dr. Shahzad Khattak

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 Course Contents
CE-402: Irrigation Engineering, CH (3)
1.Introduction

Definition, Necessity of Irrigation, Water Resource and Irrigation System of Pakistan,

Indus Basin Treaty, Water Budget of Pakistan
2.Water Requirement of Crops

Functions of Irrigation, Preparation land for Irrigation, Crop Base Period, Duty and
Delta, Relationship between duty and delta, Factors affecting duty, Depth and
Frequencies of Irrigation, Kharif-Rabi Ratio, Optimization of Irrigation Water, Irrigation
Efficiency, Uniformity Coefficient, Consumptive Use of Water, Effective Rainfall, Net
Irrigation Requirements, Gross Irrigation Requirement, Estimation of Consumption Use,
Blaney Criddle, Hargreaves Methods, Assessment of Irrigation Water Charges
3. Methods of Irrigation

Classification of Irrigation Methods, Factors affecting the choice of Irrigation Methods,

Surface Methods, Sub-surface Irrigation methods

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 Course Contents
CE-402: Irrigation Engineering, CH (3)
4.Well Irrigation

Well Hydraulics, Methods of Drilling Wells and Well Development, Yield of Open Wells,
Types of Strainers, Design of Tube Wells, Pumping Machinery, Quality of Ground Water
for Irrigation

5.Water logging & Salinity

Causes and effects of Water logging, Measures to Control Water logging, Drains, and
Tube Wells, Reclamation of Saline Soils

6.Canal Irrigation

Alignment of canal, Distribution System of Canal Irrigation, Basic definitions,

determination of required Canal Capacity, Canal Losses, Empirical formula for Channel
Losses, Channel Section for Minimum Seepage Loss

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 Course Contents
CE-402: Irrigation Engineering, CH (3)

7.Design of Irrigation Channel

Design of Stable Channel, Regime Channels, Kennedy’s Theory, Lacey’s Theory,

Estimation of Transported Sediment, Bed Load Equations, Design Procedure for
Lined/Non- erodible Irrigation Channel, Maintenance of Irrigation Channels

8.Dams

Introduction, Classification, Gravity dams, Forces acting on a gravity dam, Modes of

failure, Principal and shear stresses, Stability analysis, Elementary profile of a gravity
dam, Practical profile of a gravity dam, Limiting height of a gravity dam, Profile of high
masonry gravity dam.

BOOKS

Irrigation Engineering & Hydraulic Structures by Santosh Kumar, Garg, 10th revised
Edition, 1993
Irrigation & Water Power Engineering by Dr. B.C. Punmia, Dr. Pande B.B. Lal
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 Course Contents
CE-402: Irrigation Engineering, CH (3)

 Additional Recommended Books

1. Ali, I. Irrigation and Hydraulic Structure?
2. Sharma, R.K. and T.R. Sharma, Irrigation and Drainage, Vol-I to V. Oxford and IBH Pub.
Co.
3. Linslay, R.K. and Joseph, B.F Water Resources Engineering, McGraw Hill.
4. Siddiqui, Iqtidar H. Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Oxford University Press.
5. Irrigation and water power engineering Dr. B.C. Punmia.
6. Design of small Dams- US Bureau of reclamation.

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What is Irrigation?
 It is the artificial application of controlled amount of water supplied to plants at
regular intervals to the land according to the crop requirements through out the
crop period for full growth of crop. It is used to assist in the growing of
agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils
in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall.

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Irrigation Engineering

 The science of planning and designing a water supply system to the plants,
crops, for their normal growth during the period of no rainfall with the help
of dam, weir, barrage, reservoir and canal system (head works, cross
drainage works), and miscellaneous works of canal like canal fall is called
Irrigation Engineering.

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 When Irrigation is required?

Necessity of Irrigation
o Less rainfall
o Non Uniform rainfall
o commercial crops with additional water
o Growing of perennial crops
o Controlled water supply
o Washing of salts from root zone
o Soften the tillage pans
o protect crops from freezing
o reduce temperature of soil and crops

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 Pakistan climatic condition and Irrigation
 Pakistan is a tropical country with a vast diversity of climate, topography and
vegetation.

 Rainfall in Pakistan, varies considerably in its place of occurrence, as well as in

its amount.

 Even at a particular place, the rainfall is highly erratic and irregular, as it

occurs only during a few particular months of the year.

 Crops cannot be raised successfully, over the entire land, without providing
artificial water to the fields.

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 Pakistan climatic condition and Irrigation
 Climate in terms of precipitation is the basic factor for determining the need
for irrigation.

 For arid zones (mean annual rainfall < 40 cm of) full irrigation system is a
necessity.

 For semi-arid zones (mean annual rainfall 40-80 cm) irrigation is desirable.

 For humid zones (mean annual rainfall > 80 cm) irrigation is beneficial.

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 Advantages and disadvantages of irrigation
Advantages
 Increase in crop yield
 Protection from famine
 Cultivation of cash crops
 Addition to the revenue of country; General development of country
 Increase in prosperity of people
 Generation of hydro-Electric power
 Domestic and industrial water supply
 Canal plantation
 Improvement in the ground water storage

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 Advantages and disadvantages of irrigation
Dis-advantages
 Breading places for mosquitoes
 Water logging
 Damp climate

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 Scope of Irrigation
 The World Population is increasing with the passage of time and the demand for
additional food increases with the same rate; therefore, irrigation is likely to become
the science of survival for human beings.
 In the next 35-45- years, world food production will need to double to meet the
demands of increased population.
90% of this increased food production will have to come from existing lands.
70% of this increased food production will have to come from irrigated land
 Vast areas of the earth are situated in arid zones (less rainfall regions) and even those in
humid areas (More rainfall areas) may not have evenly uniformity in distribution of
rainfall.

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Scope of Irrigation…Cont,d

 The scope of irrigation is not limited only to the application of water to the soil
but it deals with all aspects and problems extending from the watershed to the
agricultural farms like control of water logging and reclamation of saline /
alkaline soils.

 It also deals with the design and construction of all works required for storage,
diversion, conveyance, application and removal of excess water from farm land.

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 Scope of Irrigation can be divided into two heads
(a) Engineering Aspect
 Storage, diversion or lifting of water
 Conveyance of water to the agricultural fields
 Application of water to agricultural fields
 Drainage and water logging control
 Development of water power generation

(b) Agricultural Aspect

 Distribution of water uniformly and periodically for crop growth according to its
requirements.
 Reclamation of saline and alkaline lands.
 Capacities of different soils for irrigation water, and the flow of water in soils.

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Questions?