READING AND WRITING – MODULE 1

1. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise
word or phrase?
The National Heritage Fellowship was created to publicly _______
exceptional folk and traditional artists in the United States. In 2012, the A) recognize
fellowship was given to the klezmer musician and composer Andy
B) familiarize
Statman to celebrate his lifetime contributions to the arts.
C) convey
D) startle

2. As used in the text, what does the word “recall” most nearly mean?
The following text is adapted from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The A) Remember
Wind in the Willows. The Mole is dazed after briefly meeting a stranger
B) Return
while traveling with a friend.
C) Activate
[The] Mole stood still a moment, held in thought. As one
wakened suddenly from a beautiful dream, who struggles to D) Overlook
recall it, and can re-capture nothing but a dim sense of the
beauty of it, the beauty! Till that, too, fades away in its turn.
3. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise
word or phrase?
British painter Peter Edwards is known for his portraits of notable
figures in different fields, from poet Vahé Oshagan to casting director A) sympathy
Ruth Lambert. Widespread admiration of these works has helped
B) assistance
Edwards gain substantial _______ as an artist.
C) tolerance
D) prestige

4. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise
word or phrase?
The Krishna River delta system is located in India, where the river
drains into the Bay of Bengal, and is shaped by _______ factors: for A) tenuous
example, the geography of the coastline influences sedimentary
B) interdependent
deposition, which over time alters coastal geography.
C) comprehensive
D) unyielding

5. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

In the late 1800s, Spanish-language newspapers flourished in cities A) To compare Spanish-language newspapers published in Texas
across Texas. San Antonio alone produced eleven newspapers in today with ones published there during the late 1800s
Spanish between 1890 and 1900. But El Paso surpassed all other cities
B) To explain that Spanish-language newspapers thrived in Texas
in the state. This city produced twenty-two newspapers in Spanish
and especially in El Paso during the late 1800s
during that period. El Paso is located on the border with Mexico and
has always had a large population of Spanish speakers. Thus, it is C) To argue that Spanish-language newspapers published in El
unsurprising that this city became such a rich site for Spanish- Paso influenced the ones published in San Antonio during the
language journalism. late 1800s
D) To explain why Spanish-language newspapers published in
Texas were so popular in Mexico during the late 1800s
6. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in
the text as a whole?
In Muscogee, an Indigenous language from the southeastern region of
what is now the United States, hopánki means “broken,” whereas A) It emphasizes how frequently reduplication occurs in Muscogee.
hopanhoki is used to refer to two or more broken things. This
B) It acknowledges that Muscogee has some important exceptions
phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated,
to the general pattern described earlier.
sometimes with modification, within another word that is related to
the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the element “ho” in C) It provides English translations of the Muscogee words
hopánki gets repeated in hopanhoki. There are many examples of this mentioned earlier.
type of reduplication in Muscogee. D) It elaborates on the discussion of reduplication by explaining
how it works in the specific Muscogee words introduced earlier.

7. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in

the text as a whole?
In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues,
residents of Quito, Ecuador, and Montevideo, Uruguay, were surveyed A) It introduces a counterexample to the scenario described earlier
about parks in their cities. Of the 618 respondents from Quito, 82.9% in the text.
indicated that they use the city’s parks, and of the 617 respondents
B) It identifies the nature of a relationship that is significant to the
from Montevideo, 76.7% indicated using city parks. Given that the
text’s conclusion.
percentage of Quito respondents who reported living within a 10-
minute walk of a park was much lower than that reported by C) It provides context to help readers understand the scope of the
Montevideo respondents, greater proximity alone can’t explain the researchers’ survey.
difference in park use. D) It marks a shift from a discussion of the researchers’ conclusion
to a discussion of their methods.
8. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
The following text is from Guy de Maupassant’s 1884 short story “A A) The narrator is using the quiet of the countryside to help him
Recollection,” from the collection Guy de Maupassant Short Stories think about how projects at work could be advantageous for his
(translated by Albert M.C. McMaster et al. in 1903). The narrator is on a career.
walk in the countryside outside of Paris, France.
B) The narrator forgets to address pressing work issues because
I walked slowly beneath the young leaves, drinking in the air, the smells of the countryside distract him with thoughts of his
fragrant with the odor of young buds and sap. I sauntered youth.
along, forgetful of musty papers, of the offices, of my chief, my
C) After a brief visit to his childhood home, the narrator decides to
colleagues, my documents, and thinking of the good things that
leave his job and return there to live permanently.
were sure to come to me, of all the veiled unknown contained in
the future. A thousand recollections of childhood came over me, D) The narrator's natural surroundings help him escape his work
awakened by these country odors, and I walked along, concerns by prompting hopes about the future and memories of
permeated with the fragrant, living enchantment, the emotional youth.
enchantment of the woods warmed by the sun of June.

9. Based on the text, Alfonzo would most likely agree with which
statement about studies of decision-making about walking?
Paris has high pedestrian traffic, but simply replicating a feature of
Paris associated with walkability—e.g., its high number of car-free A) They tend to be misleading because they ignore the most
areas—may be insufficient to induce increased walking in other cities. important factor influencing walking decisions.
As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our understanding of individuals'
B) They have overstated the extent to which people differ in their
decision- making about whether to walk is insufficiently robust: some
decision-making processes regarding walking.
studies emphasize the role of climate conditions, others the role of
population density, and so on, but walking decisions are made in C) They would be improved by efforts to identify the features that
complex contexts in which multiple conditions and needs inform cities with high pedestrian traffic have in common.
individuals’ choices. D) They are unlikely to find convincing evidence that any single
factor consistently predicts walking decisions.
10. Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
comparison?

A) 3,606 square miles.

B) 1,311 square miles.

C) 2,188 square miles.

D) 4,453 square miles.

In terms of total area, the Muscogee Nation is one of the largest tribal
nations in the United States. It covers 4,867 square miles in what is
now eastern Oklahoma. In comparison, the total area of the Leech
Lake Band of Ojibwe in Minnesota is only _______
11. Which quotation from “Lines Written in Early Spring” most effectively
illustrates the claim?
“Lines Written in Early Spring” is a 1798 poem by William
Wordsworth. In the poem, the speaker describes having contradictory A) “Through primrose-tufts, in that sweet bower, / The periwinkle
feelings while experiencing the sights and sounds of a spring day: trail'd its wreathes; / And 'tis my faith that every flower / Enjoys
_______ the air it breathes.”
B) “The budding twigs spread out their fan, / To catch the breezy
air; / And I must think, do all I can, / That there was pleasure
there.”
C) “The birds around me hopp'd and play’d: / Their thoughts I
cannot measure, / But the least motion which they made, / It
seem'd a thrill of pleasure.”
D) “I heard a thousand blended notes, / While in a grove I [sat]
reclined, / In that sweet mood when pleasant thoughts / Bring
sad thoughts to the mind.”
12. Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
claim?

A) they are much younger than the samples brought back from any
of the Apollo missions.

B) they were collected from the same landing site as the Apollo 11
mission.
C) they are closest in age to the samples brought back by the Apollo
17 mission.
D) they helped confirm the predicted ages of the lunar samples
from the Apollo missions.

The Apollo program missions were spaceflights to the moon led by the
United States during the 1960s and 1970s during which astronauts
collected some samples of the moon's surface. More recently, China
launched the Chang’e 5 mission and collected samples of the moon’s
surface in 2020. It means that _______
13. Which finding, if true, would most directly support Alegado and
colleagues’ conclusion?
Biologist Rosanna Alegado believes that we might learn how
multicellular organisms developed from single-celled ones if we A) S. rosetta tended to form colonies when exposed to A.
understand why the single-celled organism Salpingoeca rosetta, the vanfongensis and when exposed to A. ratkowskyi.
oldest living relative of animals, sometimes forms colonies of cells.
B) Although several studies involving other bacteria species found
Alegado and colleagues reviewed data from many studies of how S.
that S. rosetta tended to form colonies after bacteria exposure,
rosetta responds when exposed to another type of single-celled
only the studies using A. vanfongensis and A. ratkowskyi tested
organism, bacteria, including Stefanie van Trappen’s work with
whether the amount of bacteria exposure affected the rate of
Algoriphagus vanfongensis bacteria and John P. Bowman’s work with
colony formation.
Algoriphagus ratkowskyi bacteria. Alegado and colleagues concluded
that both A. vanfongensis and A. ratkowskyi might have played a role C) S. rosetta tended to form colonies when exposed to A.
in the development of multicellular organisms. ratkowskyi but not when exposed to A. vanfongensis.
D) S. rosetta tended to form colonies when exposed to A.
vanfongensis but not when exposed to A. ratkowskyi.
14. Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?

A) cougar habitat makes up a greater proportion of the overall

land area in Utah than is the case in North Dakota.

B) the cougar habitat in North Dakota cannot support as many

individuals as can the cougar habitat in Utah.
C) the cougar habitat in Montana can support more than 3.20
individuals per 100 square kilometers.
D) there are more cougars overall in both Bolivia and Montana
than there are in North Dakota.

Studies of the population density of cougars (Puma concolor) have

yielded a range of results, which may in part reflect natural variations
in the resources that cougars need to survive. For example, the
difference between the maximum population density reported by
Randy R. Johnson and that reported by David M. Choate et al. may
indicate that _______
15. Which choice most logically completes the text?
The Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) examines trends A) longitudinal methods are probably suitable for the sociology
in aging among 66,000 people in multiple countries unfolding over study.
many years. As is true of most longitudinal studies, this need for years
B) it would be easy for SAGE researchers to add questions to their
of data collection results in high costs. By contrast, a relatively
aging study.
straightforward sociology study, such as one that is merely trying to
identify the average age at which people in a given city first become C) 66,000 people is more than enough for SAGE to find trends in
parents, may not need a large budget because _______ aging.
D) the sociology study can be done well without years of data
collection.

16. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
Oyster mushrooms typically get their nutrients from the damp logs on
which they grow, but the fungi are also carnivorous, with the ability to A) has come
kill and consume microscopic worms known as nematodes. As
B) comes
researcher Yen-Ping Hsueh has shown, the mushrooms release a toxin
that is deadly to nematodes that _______ in contact with it. C) is coming
D) come

17. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
Cut, bent, and welded from discarded metal materials, the sculptures
of London-based Nigerian artist Sokari Douglas Camp are meant to A) wastes
challenge viewers to consider their own relationships to material
B) wastes,
_______ her thought-provoking works in the 1985 to 1988 exhibition
Alali at the October Gallery in London were no different. C) wastes;
D) wastes and to
18. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
The liquid compounds ethanol (C2H5OH) and hexafluorobenzene (C6F6)
have molar masses of 46.07 and 189.06 _______ mass helps convert A) g/mol (respectively, in stoichiometry, molar
between the mass of the reactants and the mass of the product).
B) g/mol, respectively (in stoichiometry, molar
C) g/mol, respectively, (in stoichiometry, molar
D) g/mol. Respectively, in stoichiometry (molar

19. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
Scholars Tammy Kernodle and Paul Austerlitz have lent their expertise
on Black history and music to an important new project: the Timeline A) resource, that
of African American Music, a digital _______ through a rich
B) resource, that,
combination of text, images, and music clips, traces the development of
specific musical genres (such as funk and swing). C) resource that,
D) resource that

20. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
In Los Angeles County, California, bicycle paths such as the Browns
Creek bike trail—which is 0.91 miles long—have become an A) advocate, Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez,
increasingly popular means of travel. Moreover, lawyer and cycling
B) advocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez
_______ has identified several features of the Los Angeles landscape,
like its temperate climate and mostly flat roads, that make the city C) advocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez,
naturally bike-friendly. D) advocate, Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez
21. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Ecologists like David N.M. Mbora use trophic pyramids to illustrate the A) In fact,
food chain within a given ecosystem. At a typical pyramid’s base are
B) Besides,
primary producers, like plants, followed by herbivores at the second
trophic level, then omnivores and carnivores at the third. _______ at the C) For example,
fourth, highest trophic level are apex predators, like tigers, that feed on D) Lastly,
the animals below.

22. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
In a 2022 analysis of 200 terms, researchers found a broad pattern of A) Thus,
valence-dependent mutation in which negative adjectives saw a faster
B) Meanwhile,
rate of cognate replacement—the rate at which a word will be replaced
over time with a noncognate form—than other words. _______ the C) However,
adjective “illegal” would be expected to mutate faster than the noun D) Moreover,
“debt.”
23. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
In the early 1970s, Albert Popa took up graffiti art, spraying his work A) However,
onto what was at the time an unconventional surface: concrete. _______
B) Indeed,
Albert's son David has chosen an unusual canvas for his new art
project, Fractured. In this remarkable work, the artist draws charcoal C) Second,
faces onto fragmented ice floes in Finland, creating the visual effect of D) Likewise,
a face slowly fracturing.

24. Which choice most effectively uses information from the given
sentences to emphasize when she collected both of the samples?
 Ynés Mexía was a Mexican American botanist.
A) Thousands of botanical samples collected by Ynés Mexía can
 Between 1917 and 1938, she collected over 150,000 botanical
now be found in one place: online at the C.V. Starr Virtual
samples throughout the Americas.
Herbarium.
 She collected a sample of Achyrocline vauthieriana in Minas
B) On May 3 in 1930, Ynés Mexía added a new specimen to her
Gerais, Brazil, on May 3, 1930.
growing collection of botanical samples: Achyrocline
 She collected a sample of Vernonia liatroides in Jalisco, Mexico, vauthieriana of the Asteraceae family.
on February 14, 1927.
C) While both specimens collected by Ynés Mexía are members of
 These specimens are members of the Asteraceae family. the same family, Achyrocline vauthieriana was found in Minas
Gerais and Vernonia liatroides was found in Jalisco.
 They can now be viewed online at the C.V. Starr Virtual
Herbarium. D) Ynés Mexía collected a sample of Achyrocline vauthierian in May
of 1930, after collecting Vernonia liatroides in February of 1927.
25. The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
accomplish this goal?
 In 1965, Yale University historians claimed that a world map
A) Given the debate about the Vinland Map's age. researchers in
called the Vinland Map was drawn in the fifteenth century.
2021 conducted a study to analyze the elemental composition of
 Since that time, the map’s age has been the subject of debate. the map's ink.
 In 2021, researchers conducted a study to analyze the elemental B) A 2021 study of the Vinland Map's ink revealed that it contains a
composition of the map’s ink. titanium compound not used in inks until the 1920s, indicating
 Their analysis revealed that the ink contains a titanium that the map was drawn in the twentieth century.
compound not used in inks until the 1920s. C) The Vinland Map, believed by some to have been drawn in the
fifteenth century, was the focus of a 2021 study.
 The researchers concluded that the map was drawn in the
twentieth century. D) Aware that a certain titanium compound was not used in inks
until the 1920s, researchers in 2021 studied the elemental
composition of the Vinland Map's ink.
26. The student wants to explain what a sky island is. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
goal?
 The Santa Catalina Mountains are a mountain range located in
A) The Santa Catalina Mountains, which are considered to be a sky
the southwestern United States.
island, are located in the southwestern US.
 The range is one of the dozens of “sky islands” in the
B) The USFS considers the Santa Catalina Mountains to be a
southwestern US and northwestern Mexico.
“unique ecosystem.”
 A sky island is an isolated mountain range whose environment
C) A sky island is an isolated mountain range, such as the Santa
differs drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands.
Catalina Mountains in the southwestern US, whose environment
 The US Forest Service (USFS) said, “The mountains are ‘islands’ differs drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands.
surrounded by deserts that are ‘seas.’”
D) The Santa Catalina Mountains are an isolated mountain range
 The USFS said, “Each Sky Island is a unique ecosystem.” located in the southwestern United States whose environment
differs drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands.
27. The student wants to explain an advantage of the ICAA's archive being
digital. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
the notes to accomplish this goal?
 The International Center for the Arts of the Americas (ICAA) is
A) Over 10,000 documents related to the history of Latin American
directed by Carmen Ramirez.
and Latino visual art are part of the ICAA archive.
 Ramirez oversaw an initiative to create an online archive of
B) By offering online versions of historical documents, the ICAA's
historical documents related to the history of Latin American
archive provides more access to these materials without
and Latino visual art.
removing them from their countries of origin.
 The ICAA digitized over 10,000 documents, including the
C) Among the historical documents in the ICAA's archive are the
writings of Latin American and Latino artists and critics.
writings of Latin American and Latino artists and critics.
 The creation of the archive didn't require historical documents
D) The ICAA's director, Mari Carmen Ramirez. oversaw the
to be removed from their countries of origin.
creation of an online archive of historical documents related to
 Scholars now have more access to these documents. Latin American and Latino visual art.