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11 History

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Kundan
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Class Notes

Topic: CH-9. The Industrial Revolution


Class: XI

Subject: HISTORY

Meaning & Background


• The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ was used by European scholars – George
Michelet in France and Friedrich Engels in Germany.
• It refers to the great change in the field of industries when the productions of
goods by hand in the houses were replaced with the help of machines in
factories.
• The transformation of industry and the economy in Britain between the 1780s
and the 1850s is called the ‘first industrial revolution’.
• It was used for the first time in English by the philosopher and economist Arnold
Toynbee (1852-83), to describe the changes that occurred in British industrial
development between 1760 and 1820. These dates coincided with those of the
reign of George III.
• It revolutionised the techniques and organisation of production in the later half
of the eighteenth century.
CAUSES
(i) Economic – There was remarkable economic growth from the 1780s to 1820 in the
cotton and iron industries, in coal mining, in the building of roads and canals and in
foreign trade.
(ii) Political – The series of incidents occurred in British industrial development
between 1760 and 1820. These dates coincided with those of the reign of George III.
** Why Britain?:
It had been politically stable since the seventeenth century, with England, Wales and
Scotland unified under a monarchy. This meant that the kingdom had common laws, a
single currency and a market that was not fragmented by local authorities. Besides,
England had great domestic and international market under its control which helped
in the growth of Industrial Revolution.

• Towns – From the eighteenth century, many towns in Europe were growing in
area and in population. Population of most of the European cities doubled
between 1750 and 1800. The largest of them was London, which served as the
hub of the country’s markets, with the next largest ones located close to it.
London had also acquired a global significance.
• Finance – The Bank of England was founded in 1694.
• Coal & Iron – Coal and Iron ore were important raw materials. Abraham Darby
invented the blast furnace in 1709. World’s first iron bridge was built during this
period
• Agricultural Revolution – In the eighteenth century, England had been through a
major economic change, later described as the ‘agricultural revolution’. This was
the process by which bigger landlords had bought up small farms near their own
properties and enclosed the village common lands. The agricultural revolution
laid down the foundation of the Industrial Revolution.
(iii) Geographical –
• In the seventeenth century, Wales and Scotland were unified. London was the
largest city as well as a city of global trade. England had a number of colonies in
Asia, Africa and Europe. These helped in obtaining the raw material for
industries.
• By the eighteenth century, the centre of global trade had shifted from the
Mediterranean ports of Italy and France to the Atlantic ports of Holland and
Britain.
Very Short Answer Type Questions:

1. What do you understand by Industrial Revolution?


Ans: Industrial Revolution means the transformation of industry and economy of a
country with quick succession than normal slow rate.

2. When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin?


Ans: The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 18th century.

3. Who was Abraham Darby?


Ans: Abraham Darby was the first Englishman to use coke for the first time in the
process of smelting.

4. Write the names of some new machineries and technologies.


Ans: Flying shuttle loom, spinning jenny, water frame, steam engine, etc.

5. Who coined the term Industrial Revolution first?


Ans: Georges Michelet of France, and Friedrich Engels of Germany were the first to use
the term Industrial Revolution.

6. Who was Arnold Toynbee?


Ans: Arnold Toynbee was a well-known philosopher and economist. He wrote a book
named “Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England”.

7. How did Britain become the father of Industrial Revolution?


Ans: Political stability, investment, capital formation and entrepreneurship made
England the father of Industrial Revolution.

8. What do you mean by Agricultural Revolution in England?


Ans. It was related to the promotion of agrarian economy or countryside
development.

9. What was the effect of Agricultural Revolution?


Ans: Due to new scientific methods and the use of machines, agricultural production
highly increased.

10. Who designed flying shuttle loom?


Ans: Flying shuttle loom was designed by John Kay in 1733.

11. What were the advantages of spinning jenny?


Ans: Spinning jenny was a machine made by James Hargreaves in 1765. This machine
speeded up the production of Spinning Fabrics in less time.

12. Who invented water frame?


Ans: It was invented by Richard Arkwright in 1769.

13. What does rapid increase in the population of a city show?


Ans: Due to lack of education facilities there were less employment opportunities.
People migrated from villages to cities. The rapid increase in the population of a city
showed that there were more facilities and opportunities in the city.

14. What was the contribution of rivers to the proliferation of London as a centre of
trade?
Ans: Rivers helped in the movement of goods from the distant places to the market.

15. What do you mean by coasters?


Ans: Coasters were the ships or ships rowed within the limits of the seashore.

16. Write the use of coaster.


Ans: Coasters were used in loading cargo brought by river vessels.

17. Who was Thomas Newcomen?


Ans: Thomas Newcomen designed steam engine. He designed it in the year 1712.

18. What were the social effects of the Industrial Revolution on England?
Ans: The population increased. It resulted in the destruction of old family norms. Due
to Industrial Revolution, the urbanisation of England happened at fast pace.

19. How did industrialization change the farming technique?


Ans:

• At the place of wooden plough, steel plough came into being.


• For sowing seeds, mechanical drill came into existence.
• For harvesting, mechanical thrasher was used.

20. What were the positive sides of the Industrial Revolution?


Ans:

• It helped people in meeting their primary needs.


• New job opportunities came for the people.
• Life became easy and interesting.

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