MBA

SECTION – B

IT Skill File Code:

BMB – 151

Name: Ankit Maurya

College ID: 24272260
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1) Evolution and Generation of Computers
 First Generation (1940-1956):
Computers of the first generation used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. They were
extremely large, occupying entire rooms, and consumed massive
amounts of electricity. The programming was done using
machine language (binary). The major limitations were
overheating, frequent failures, and the need for cooling systems.

 Key Features: Vacuum tubes, machine language

programming.

 Example: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer).

 Second Generation (1956-1963):

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller,
faster, and more energy-efficient. Transistors allowed for
reduced heat generation and increased reliability. High-level
programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL emerged
during this period. Computers also started to have some level of
commercial use.

 Key Features: Transistors, assembly and high-level

programming languages.
 Example: IBM 1401.
 Third Generation (1964-1971):
The development of integrated circuits (ICs) combined
several transistors onto a single silicon chip, drastically
increasing the speed and efficiency of computers. This
generation also saw the introduction of operating systems, which
enabled multiple applications to run simultaneously. Computers
became more accessible to businesses and universities.

 Key Features: Integrated circuits, operating systems.

 Example: IBM 360 series.

 Fourth Generation (1971-Present):

Microprocessors, with thousands of ICs on a single chip, were
introduced, which allowed personal computers to be created. The
fourth generation marked the beginning of graphical user
interfaces (GUIs), which revolutionized how users interact with
computers. Internet development and networking also took off
during this era.

 Key Features: Microprocessors, GUI, networking.

 Example: Intel 4004 chip, personal computers (PCs).

 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond):
This generation focuses on artificial intelligence (AI), natural
language processing, and quantum computing. Advanced
algorithms, machine learning, and deep learning technologies
allow for automation, data analysis, and human-like decision-
making processes.

 Key Features: Artificial intelligence, machine learning,

robotics.
 Example: AI-based computers like IBM Watson.
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2) Functioning of a Block Diagram in a Computer

System

A block diagram of a computer system provides a simplified visual

representation of how different parts of a computer interact with each
other. The key components include:

 Input Devices: These devices allow users to interact with the

computer by providing raw data or commands. Examples include
the keyboard, mouse, and microphone.

 Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the brain of the

computer and is responsible for processing all instructions. It
consists of:

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Handles arithmetic and

logic operations.
 Control Unit (CU): Directs operations of the processor.
  Registers: Small storage locations within the CPU for
fast data access.

 Memory (Primary Storage): This is where data is temporarily

stored while it is being processed. It consists of:

 RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used

for storing data currently in use.

 ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that

stores essential system instructions.

 Secondary Storage: Non-volatile storage such as hard drives,

SSDs, or optical drives where data is permanently stored until
needed.

 Output Devices: These devices display or output the result of

processing to the user, such as monitors, printers, or speakers.

ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
3) Types of Input Devices
Input devices are hardware components that allow users to send data
or commands to the computer. Here are some examples:

 Keyboard: Used for typing text, commands, and other inputs.

 Mouse: A pointing device that controls the movement of the

cursor on the screen.

 Scanner: Converts physical documents and images into digital

form.

 Microphone: Captures sound input for voice commands or audio

recordings.

 Webcam: Captures video input for video calls and recordings.

4) Types of Output Devices

Output devices take the processed data from the computer and
present it to the user in a readable or interpretable form:

 Monitor: Displays visual output from the computer.

 Printer: Provides hard copies of digital documents and images.

 Speakers: Output audio signals such as music or voice.

 Projector: Projects visual output from the computer onto a

larger screen or surface.
5) CPU and Processing Devices
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the core component that
processes instructions from software applications. It performs the
following:

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs all arithmetic and

logical operations like addition, subtraction, comparison, etc.

 Control Unit (CU): Manages the flow of data between different

parts of the computer by interpreting instructions from programs
and directing them to the appropriate hardware.

 Registers: Temporarily store data and instructions during

processing for quick access.

Other Processing Devices:

 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Specialized processor used

for rendering graphics, particularly in video games and graphic
design software.

 Digital Signal Processor (DSP): Handles real-time signal

processing tasks such as audio, video, and telecommunication
signals.

Graphics Processing Unit Digital Signal Processor

6) Networks and Their Types
A network connects multiple devices to share data and resources
such as files, printers, and internet connections. Networks can vary in
size, purpose, and configuration:

 LAN (Local Area Network): A network that spans a small area

such as a single building or campus, typically using Ethernet
cables or Wi-Fi. Example: Home or office networks.

 WAN (Wide Area Network): A large-scale network that

connects multiple LANs over long distances, often spanning
cities, countries, or continents. The most well-known example of
a WAN is the internet.

 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A network that covers a

larger area than a LAN but is smaller than a WAN, typically within
a city or metropolitan area.

 PAN (Personal Area Network): A small network used for

connecting personal devices like smartphones, tablets, and
laptops within a close range (usually within a few meters).

 VPN (Virtual Private Network): A secure network connection

that allows users to access private networks over the internet,
often used to ensure privacy and security when accessing
corporate or personal data remotely.