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Impedance Matching

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14 views19 pages

Impedance Matching

Uploaded by

mwasalembaisaac15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A transmission line usually connects a

generator circuit at one end to a load circuit


at the other end.
The load may be an antenna or any circuit
whose equivalent impedance is 𝑍𝐿 .
The transmission line is said to be matched to the
load when it’s characteristic impedance 𝑍0 = 𝑍𝐿 .
This may not be so in practice because the load
circuit may have to satisfy other requirements.
In such a case a matching circuit is placed between
the transmission line and the load.
The matching network eliminates reflections at MM’
between the transmission lines and the network.
This is achieved by designing the matching network
to exhibit an impedance equal to 𝑍0 , i.e. 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
Matching networks may consist of lumped
elements.
In order to avoid ohmic losses only capacitors and
inductors are used.
Sometimes sections of the transmission lines with
appropriate length and terminations are used.
Intended to match characteristic impedance of
the transmission line 𝑍0 to the load impedance
𝑍𝑙 = 𝑅𝑙 + 𝑗𝑋𝑙 the matching network must
transform:
Real part ⟹ 𝑅𝑙 ⟶ 𝑍0
Imaginary part ⟹ 𝑋𝑙 ⟶ 0

This requires the matching network to have at


least 2 degrees of freedom.
The circuit for a single stub matching network consists
of 2 transmission line sections
A length “d” of the original transmission line connecting
the load to the feed line at MM’.
A length “l” line connected in parallel at MM’ ⟹referred
to as the ‘stub’ and this may be terminated with an ‘open
circuit’ or with a ‘short circuit’
The required degrees of freedom are
 The distance d from the load to the stub

 The length l of the stub.


Because the stub is added in parallel it is
referred to as a ‘shunt stub’

Example:
A 50Ω transmission line is connected to an
antenna with load impedance 𝑍𝐿 = (25 − 𝑗50)Ω.
Find the position and length of the short-
circuited stub required to match the line.
Solution: (Smith Chart 1 in example 3)
 Normalized impedance
ZL 25−j50
 𝔷l = = = 0.5 − j1
Z0 50
 ⟹ point A on the Smith chart

 Draw the constant SWR circle through A.

 Determine the normalized load admittance 𝑦𝑙 (point B at


opposite tip of diameter through A)

 𝑦𝑙 = 0.4 + 𝑗0.8 at 0.115𝜆 𝑜𝑛 𝑊𝑇𝐺 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

 In the admittance domain the resistance circles rl


become the conductance circles gl, and the reactance
circles xl become the susceptance circles bl
Move along the VSWR circle to the point 𝐶
⟹ 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑗1.58 at 0.178𝜆 𝑊𝑇𝐺 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
The distance 𝐵𝐶 = 0.178 − 0.115 𝜆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝝀 = 𝒅
At C 𝑦𝑖𝑛 = 𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑏 + 𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑀𝑀′ ;
1 + 𝑗0 = 𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑏 + 1 + 𝑗1.58;
∴ 𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒃 = −𝒋𝟏. 𝟓𝟖
The normalized admittance of a short circuit is -j∞
located at E on the Smith chart at 0.25𝜆 on the WTG
scale.
An input normalized admittance of –j1.58 is
located at F at 0.34𝜆 on the WTG scale.
Henceℓ = 0.34 − 0.25 𝜆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝝀 = 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒃 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
It is useful and practical circuit for impedance matching.
Load impedance 𝑧𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 and the characteristic impedance
of the line z0 are real.
The transmission line and 𝑅𝐿 are linked by a lossless
piece of transmission line of length 𝜆 4.
It is desired to match the load to the line.
The input impedance Zin is given by
𝑅𝐿 +𝑗𝑧𝐼 tan 𝛽𝑙
𝑧𝑖𝑛 = 𝑧𝐼 ; 𝛽𝑙 = 2𝜋 𝜆 . 𝜆
4 = 𝜋 2.
𝑍𝐼 +𝑗𝑅𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑙
Divide numerator by tan 𝛽𝑙 and take the limit as
𝒁𝟐𝑰
𝛽𝑙 ⟶ 𝜋 2 we get 𝒛𝒊𝒏 =
𝑹𝑳

For Γ = 0 , 𝑧𝑖𝑛 = 𝑧0 the characteristic impedance.

𝑍𝐼2
∴ 𝑧0 = ⟹ 𝑍𝐼 = 𝑧0 𝑅𝐿 the geometric mean of
𝑅𝐿
the load and source impedance.
Resistance of the mismatch is transformed into the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line
 Matching is done in the impedance plane and inductance or
capacitance is involved.
 Impedance of the mismatch is at
 Rotate to to remove the reactance of the mismatch.
 At a different transmission line is used with a characteristic
impedance 𝑍𝐼 = 𝑍2 𝑍0 .
𝑍2
 The normalized impedance at is 𝔷2 = which is shown at
𝑍𝐼
on the Smith chart.
 A 𝜆 4 movement is made down the transformer section from
toward the generator to point .
𝑍
 Normalized impedance at is 𝔷4 = 𝑍𝐼 , the reciprocal of 𝔷2 .
2

 Movement of the transformer by 𝜆


4 transforms the normalized
impedance to its reciprocal.
𝑍𝐼 𝑍𝐼2 𝑍2 𝑍0
 At 𝑧𝐼 × 𝑍2
= 𝑍2
= 𝑍2
= 𝑍0
The slotted line is a waveguide or coaxial
transmission line that allows the sampling of
the electric field amplitude of the standing
wave.
The SWR and the distance of the first voltage
minimum from the load can be measured and
from this data the load impedance can be
determined.

The voltage minima repeats itself every 𝜆 2
Let
𝑧𝑖𝑛 = input impedance at distance 𝑙 from the load

𝑉(−𝑙) 𝑉0+ [𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑙 + Γ0 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑙 ] [1 + Γ0 𝑒 −𝑗2𝛽𝑙 ]


𝑧𝑖𝑛 = = + = 𝑧0 −𝑗2𝛽𝑙 ]
𝐼(−𝑙) 𝑉0 𝑗𝛽𝑙 [1 − Γ0 𝑒
[𝑒 − Γ0 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑙 ]
𝑧0
Load impedance
zL = zin at 𝑙 = 0
[1 + Γ0 ]
𝑧𝐿 = 𝑧0
[1 − Γ0 ]
Problem
A 2 step procedure has been carried out with 50Ω
slotted line to determine unknown impedance
1. A short circuit is placed on the load line. This results
a standing wave with SWR=∞ and sharply defined
voltage minima recorded at l=0.2 cm, 2.2cm, 4.2cm.
2. The short circuit is removed and replaced by an
unknown load. The SWR measured is 1.5. the voltage
minima are at l=0.72cm, 2.72cm, 4.72cm.
Find the load impedance.
 Solution

 𝜆 2 = 2.2 − 0.2 = 2𝑐𝑚; 𝜆 = 4𝑐𝑚


We can consider the load terminals to be effectively located at
any of the voltage minima locations of step 1.
Thus if the load is at 4.2 cm the first voltage minima will occur
at 2.72cm.
𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4.2 − 2.72 = 1.48 𝑐𝑚

𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.48 4 = 0.37𝜆

𝑆𝑊𝑅−1 1.5−1
But Γ = = = 0.2
𝑆𝑊𝑅+1 1.5+1
2𝜋
𝜃 = −𝜋 + 2𝛽𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −𝜋 + 2 × 𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 × = 1.508 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 86.4°
𝜆
𝑗86.4
∴ Γ0 = 0.2𝑒 = 0.0126 + 𝑗0.1996
Then load impedance
[1 + Γ0 ]
𝑧𝐿 = 𝑧0 = 47.3 + 𝑗19.7 Ω
[1 − Γ0 ]

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