MATHEMATICS IN EVERYDAY LIFE–8

Chapter 7 : Factorisation ANSWER KEYS

EXERCISE 7.1 27x3 = 3 × 3 × 3 × x × x × x

18x2 = 2 × 3 × 3 × x × x
1. (i) 6x + 9
27x3 – 18x2 =3 × 3 × 3 × x × x × x – 2 × 3 × 3 × x × x
we can write,
= 3 × 3 × x × x (3x – 2)
6x = 2 × 3 × x
= 9x2(3x – 2)
9 =3× 3  27x3 – 18x2 = 9x2(3x – 2)
6x + 9 = 2 × 3 × x + 3 × 3 3. (i) 6xy – 9yz
= 3 × (2x + 3) we can write,
 6x + 9 = 3(2x + 3) 6xy = 2 × 3 × x × y
(ii) 21x + 14 9yz = 3 × 3 × y × z
we can write, 6xy – 9yz = 2 × 3 × x × y – 3 × 3 × y × z
21x = 3 × 7 × x = 3y(2x – 3z)
14 = 2 × 7  6xy – 9yz = 3y(2x – 3z)
(ii) 6x + 18
21x + 14 = 3 × 7 × x + 2 × 7
we can write,
= 7(3x + 2)
6x = 2 × 3 × x
 21x + 14 = 7(3x + 2)
18 = 2 × 3 × 3
(iii) 12x2 – 9x 6x + 18 = 2 × 3 × x + 2 × 3 × 3
we can write, = 2 × 3(x + 3)
12x2 = 2 × 2 × 3 × x × x  6x + 18 = 6(x + 3)
9x = 3 × 3 × x (iii) 10ax – 15ay
2
12x – 9x = 2 × 2 × 3 × x × x – 3 × 3 × x we can write,
= 3 × x(2 × 2 × x – 3) 10ax = 2 × 5 × a × x
 12x – 9x = 3x(4x – 3)
2 15ay = 3 × 5 × a × y
2. (i) 8x2 – 24xy 10ax – 15ay = 2 × 5 × a × x – 3 × 5 × a × y
= 5 × a(2x – 3y)
we can write,
 10ax – 15ay = 5a(2x – 3y)
8x2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x
4. (i) x2 + 3x
24xy = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × x × y
we can write,
8x2 – 24xy = 2 × 2 × 2 × x(x – 3y) x2 = x × x
= 8x(x – 3y) 3x = 3 × x
 8x – 24xy = 8x(x – 3y)
2
x2 + 3x = x × x + 3 × x
(ii) 10xy2 – 15x2y = x(x + 3)
we can write,  x2 + 3x = x(x + 3)
10xy2 = 2 × 5 × x × y × y (ii) 21m2 – 14m
15x2y = 3 × 5 × x × x × y we can write,
10xy2 – 15x2y = 2 × 5 × x × y × y – 3 × 5 × x × x × y 21m2 = 3 × 7 × m × m
= 5xy (2y – 3x) 14m = 2 × 7 × m
2
2 2 21m – 14m = 3 × 7 × m × m – 2 × 7 × m
 10xy – 15x y = 5xy(2y – 3x)
= 7 × m(3m – 2)
(iii) 27x3 – 18x2
 21m2 – 14m = 7m(3m – 2)
we can write,

Mathematics In Everyday Life-8 1

 (iii) 9y2 + 6y 7. a4b – 6a2b2 + 3ab3
we can write, we can write,
9y2 = 3 × 3 × y × y a 4b = a×a×a×a×b
6y = 2 × 3 × y 6a2b2 = 2×3×a×a×b×b
 9y2 + 6y = 3 × 3 × y × y + 2 × 3 × y 3ab3 = 3×a×b×b×b
= 3 × y × (3y + 2) a b – 6a b + 3ab3
4 2 2
= a×a×a×a×b–2×3×a
9y2 + 6y = 3y(3y + 2) ×a×b×b+3×a×b×b×b
(iv) 16x2 – 24 = a × b(a3 – 6ab + 3b2)
we can write, a4b –6a2b2 + 3ab3 = ab(a3 – 6ab + 3b2)
16x2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x 8. x y + x 4y 2 – x 2y 4
4 4

24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = x2y2(x2y2 + x2 – y2)
16x2 – 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x – 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 9. 9x y + 18xy – 27x2y3
3 2 4

= 2 × 2 × 2 × (2x2 – 3) = 9xy2(x2 + 2y2 – 3xy)

= 8(2x2 – 3) 2
10. –5x + 5xy – 5xz
 16x – 24 = 8(2x2 – 3)
2
= –5x(x – y + z)
5. (i) –3x2 + 3xy – 4xz
11. 3x2y2 – 2xy2 + 6x2y
we can write,
= xy(3xy – 2y + 6x)
3x2 = 3 × x × x
12. 12a3b2 + 18ab4 – 6a2b3
3xy = 3 × x × y
= 6ab2(2a2 + 3b2 – ab)
4xz = 2 × 2 × x × z 2
13. 16x y + 12bxy = 4xy(4x + 3b)
– 3x2 + 3xy – 4xz = –3 × x × x + 3 × x × y
–2×2×x×z 14. 3x3 – 6x2 + 12x = 3x(x2 – 2x + 4)
= –x(3x – 3y + 4z) 15. 64x6y6 – 72x4y6 = 8x4y6(8x2 – 9)
–3x2 + 3xy – 4xz = –x(3x – 3y + 4z) 16. 6x3y2 + 8x2y – 2xy = 2xy(3x2y + 4x – 1)
(ii) x2yz + xy2z + xyz2 17. 15a3 + 45a2 + 30a = 15a(a2 + 3a + 2)
we can write, 18. 18a2bc – 12ab2c + 6abc2
x2yz = x × x × y × z = 6abc(3a – 2b + c)
xy2z = x × y × y × z 19. 8(x – 3y)2 + 4(x – 3y)
xyz2 = x × y × z × z = 4(x – 3y) [2(x – 3y) + 1]
 x yz + xy z + xyz2 =(x × x × y × z + x × y × y × z
2 2
[Taking 4(x – 3y) common]
+ x × y × z × z) = 4(x – 3y) (2x – 6y + 1)
= xyz(x + y + z) 20. 3x(a – 3b) – y(a – 3b)
x2yz + xy2z + xyz2 = xyz(x + y + z) = (a – 3b) (3x – y)
(iii) x2y – xy2 + x2y2 [Taking (a – 3b) common]
we can write, 21. 2
ab + ab + b + 1
x 2y = x × x × y
= (ab2 + ab) + (b + 1)
xy2 = x × y × y
= ab(b + 1) + (b + 1)
x 2y 2 = x × x × y × y
x2y – xy2 + x2y2 = x × x × y – x × y × y = (b + 1) (ab + 1)
+x×x×y×y [Taking (b + 1) common]
= xy(x – y + xy) 22. x3 + y3 + xy (x + y)
 x2y – xy2 + x2y2 = xy(x – y + xy) = x3 + y3 + x2y + xy2
6. 14a2 – 28a2b2 + 21a4 = (x3 + x2y) + (y3 + xy2)
we can write, = x2(x + y) + y2(y + x)
14a2 = 2 × 7 × a × a = x2(x + y) + y2(x + y)
28a2b2 = 2 × 2 × 7 × a × a × b × b = (x + y) (x2 + y2)
21a4 = 3 × 7 × a × a × a × a [Taking (x + y) common]
14a –28a2b2 + 21a4 = 2 × 7 × a × a – 2 × 2 × 7 × a × a
2
23. 2
3xy – y + 6xz – 2yz
×b×b+3×7×a×a×a×a = (3xy – y2) + (6xz – 2yz)
= 7 × a × a(2 – 4 × b2 + 3 × a2) = y(3x – y) + 2z(3x – y)
= 7a2(2 – 4b2 + 3a2) = (3x – y) (y + 2z)
 14a – 28a b + 21a4 = 7a2(2 – 4b2 + 3a2)
2 2 2
[Taking (3x – y) common]

2 Answer Keys
24. x2y + xy + x + 1 5. (a + b)2 – (a – b)2
= (x2y + xy) + (x + 1) = [(a + b) + (a – b)] [(a + b) – (a – b)]
= xy(x + 1) + (x + 1) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (x + 1) (xy + 1) = (a + b + a – b) (a + b – a + b)
[Taking (x + 1) common] = (2a) (2b) = 4ab
25. ab(x2 + y2) + xy (a2 + b2) 6. 16a2 – 225y2 = (4a)2 – (15y)2
= abx2 + aby2 + xya2 + xyb2 = (4a + 15y) (4a – 15y)
= (abx2 + xya2) + (aby2 + xyb2) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= ax(bx + ay) + by(ay + bx) 7. (2x + 3y)2 – 9z2 = (2x + 3y)2 – (3z)2
= ax(ay + bx) + by(ay + bx) = (2x + 3y + 3z) (2x + 3y – 3z)
= (ay + bx) (ax + by) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
26. a2 – a(x + 3b) + 3bx 1 1
2

= a2 – ax – 3ab + 3bx 8. 9x2 – = (3 x )2   

144  12 
= (a2 – ax) – (3ab – 3bx)
 1  1
= a(a – x) – 3b(a – x) =  3x    3 x  12 
 12 
= (a – x) (a – 3b)
9. 3x5 – 243x = 3x(x4 – 81)
[Taking (a – x) common]
= 3x[(x2)2 – (9)2]
27. (a – b) + (a – b)2
= 3x(x2 + 9) (x2 – 9)
= (a – b) [1 + (a – b)] [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (a – b) (1 + a – b) = 3x(x + 9) (x2 – 32)
2

28. (x + y) (3a – b) – (2x – 3y) (3a – b) = 3x(x2 + 9)(x + 3)(x – 3)

= (3a – b) [(x + y) – (2x – 3y)] [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (3a – b) [x + y – 2x + 3y] 10. 16(x + y)2 – 25(x – 3y)2
= (3a – b) (– x + 4y) = [4(x + y)]2 – [5(x – 3y)]2
= [4(x + y) + 5(x – 3y)]
= (3a – b) (4y – x)
[4(x + y) – 5(x – 3y)]
2
29. 7(a + 2b) – 21(a + 2b) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= 7(a + 2b) [(a + 2b) – 3] = (4x + 4y + 5x – 15y)
[Taking 7(a + 2b) common] (4x + 4y – 5x + 15y)
= 7(a + 2b) (a + 2b – 3) = (9x – 11y) (–x + 19y)
= – (9x – 11y) (x – 19y)
30. 4a(5a – 6b) – 12a2(5a – 6b)
11. 81 – p4 = [92 – (p2)2]
= 4a(5a – 6b) (1 – 3a)
= (9 + p2) (9 – p2)
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
EXERCISE 7.2 2 2 2
= (9 + p ) (3 – p )
1. 9a – 16b = (3a)2 – (4b)2
2 2
= (9 + p2) (3 + p) (3 – p)
= (3a + 4b) (3a – 4b) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] 12. 3x4 – 3 = 3(x4 – 1) [Taking 3 common]
2. 16x4 – 144x2 = 16x2(x2 – 9) 2 2
= 3[(x ) – (1) ] 2

= 16x2 (x2 – 32) [Taking 16x2 common] = 3(x2 + 1) (x2 – 1)

= 16x2 (x + 3) (x – 3) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] 2
= 3(x + 1) (x + 1) (x – 1)
2 2
3. 3x – 12 = 3(x – 4) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= 3(x2 – 22) 13. (2a + 3b)2 – 25c2
= 3(x + 2) (x – 2) = (2a + 3b)2 – (5c)2
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] = (2a + 3b + 5c) (2a + 3b – 5c)
4. x2 – 64y2 = x2 – (8y)2 [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
2 2
= (x + 8y) (x – 8y) 14. 3 – 75x = 3(1 – 25x )
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] = 3[1 – (5x)2] = 3(1 + 5x) (1 – 5x)

Mathematics In Everyday Life-8 3

15. x4 – 16y4 = [(x2)2 –(4y2)2] 22. (a – b)2 – (x – y)2
= (x2 + 4y2) (x2 – 4y2) = [(a – b) + (x – y)] [(a – b) – (x – y)]
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (x2 + 4y2) [x2 – (2y)2] = (a – b + x – y) (a – b – x + y)
= (x2 + 4y2) (x + 2y) (x – 2y) 23. x8 – 1 = (x4)2 – (1)2
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] = (x4 +1) (x4 – 1)
12 4 4 12 4 4 8
16. x y – x y = x y (x – y ) 8 [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (x4 + 1) [(x2)2 – (1)2]
= x4y4[(x4)2 – (y4)2]
= (x4 + 1) (x2 + 1) (x2 – 1)
= x4y4(x4 + y4) (x4 – y4)
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] 4 2
= (x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1) (x – 1)
= x y (x + y4) [(x2)2 – (y2)2]
4 4 4
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= x4y4(x4 + y4) (x2 + y2) (x2 – y2) 24. 169a – 144b = (13a) – (12b)2
2 2 2

[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] = (13a + 12b) (13a – 12b)

= x4y4(x4 + y4) (x2 + y2) (x + y) (x – y) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] 25. x5 – 81x3 = x3(x2 – 81)
2 = x3(x2 – 92)
2 25  5
2
17. 16 a  2 = (4 a)    = x3(x + 9)(x – 9)
9a  3a 
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
 5 5
=  4a    4a   1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2
 3a   3a  26. x y  y z = y  x – z
9 16 9 16 
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
18. (x + 2)2 – (x + 4)2 2
1 2
2  1
= y  x    z  
= [(x + 2) + (x + 4)] [(x + 2) – (x + 4)]  3   4  
= (x + 2 + x + 4) (x + 2 – x – 4)
= (2x + 6)(– 2) 2  1 1  1 1 
= y   x  z  x  z 
= – 2 × 2 (x + 3)  3
 4   3 4 
= –4(x + 3) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
19. (2 + 3a) – 36a2 = (2 + 3a)2 – (6a)2
2

 x z  x z
= (2 + 3a + 6a) (2 + 3a – 6a) = y2      
 3 4  3 4 
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (2 + 9a) (2 – 3a) 27. 3a5 – 48a3 = 3a3(a2 – 16)
20. 3 2
x – 225x = x(x – 225) [Taking x common] = 3a3(a2 – 42)
2
= x[x – (15) ] 2 = 3a3 (a + 4) (a – 4)
= x(x + 15) (x – 15) [ a2 – b 2 = (a + b)(a – b)]
21. (3x – 4y) – x4
4 28. (2x – y)2 – 9z2
= [(3x – 4y)2]2 – (x2)2 = (2x – y)2 – (3z)2
= [(3x – 4y)2 + x2] [(3x – 4y)2 – x2] = [(2x – y) + 3z] [(2x – y) – 3z]
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] = (2x – y + 3z) (2x – y – 3z)
2 2
= [(3x – 4y) + x ] (3x – 4y + x) (3x – 4y – x) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] 29. 125a – 45b = 5(25a – 9b2)
2 2 2
[Taking 5 common]
2 2
= [9x2 + 16y2 – 24xy + x2] (4x – 4y) (2x – 4y) = 5[(5a) – (3b) ]
= 5(5a + 3b) (5a – 3b)
 a 2  b 2  ( a  b) ( a – b) 
 [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
2 2 2 
and ( a  b)  ( a  2 ab  b )  30. 3x y – 243 xy = 3xy(x – 81y2) [Taking 3xy common]
3 3 2

= (10x2 + 16y2 – 24xy) (4x – 4y) (2x – 4y) = 3xy[x2 – (9y)2]

= 2 × 4 × 2(5x2 + 8y2 – 12xy) (x – y) (x – 2y) = 3xy(x + 9y)(x – 9y)
= 16(5x2 + 8y2 – 12xy) (x – y) (x – 2y) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]

4 Answer Keys
31. 4 – 16(a – b)2 = 4[1 – 4(a – b)2] EXERCISE 7.3
2 2
= 4[(1) – {2(a – b)} ] 1. 4x2 – 12x + 9 = (2x)2 – 2(2x)(3) + (3)2
= 4[1 + 2(a – b)] [1 – 2(a – b)] = (2x – 3)2
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] [ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= 4(1 + 2a – 2b) (1 – 2a + 2b) 2. a – 8a + 16 = a – 2(a)(4) + (4)2
2 2

2 2
32. 9a – 4b – 3a – 2b = (a – 4)2
[ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= [(3a)2 – (2b)2] – (3a + 2b)
3. x2 – 14x + 49 = x2 – 2x(7) + (7)2
= (3a + 2b) (3a – 2b) – (3a + 2b)
= (x – 7)2
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
[ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= (3a + 2b) (3a – 2b – 1)
4. 25a + 30a + 9 = (5a) + 2(5a) (3) + 32
2 2

[Taking (3a + 2b) common]

= (5a + 3)2
2 2 2 2
33. x – y – x – y = (x – y ) – (x + y)
[ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= (x + y) (x – y) – (x + y) 5. 49m2 + 84mn + 36n2
= (x + y) (x – y – 1) = (7m)2 + 2(7m)(6n) + (6n)2
2 2
34. x – 3x + 3y – y = (7m + 6n)2
2 2
= (x – y ) – 3(x – y) [ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= (x + y) (x – y) – 3(x – y) 6. 16a2 – 24a + 9 = (4a)2 – 2(4a) × (3) + 32
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] = (4a – 3)2 [ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= (x – y) (x + y – 3)
7. 4x2 + 4x + 1 = (2x)2 + 2(2x) × 1 + (1)2
35. x y – x y = x y (x4 – y4)
7 3 3 7 3 3

= (2x + 1)2
= x3y3[(x2)2 – (y2)2]
[ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= x3y3(x2 + y2) (x2 – y2)
8. 9x2 + 30xy + 25y2 = (3x)2 + 2(3x)(5y) + (5y)2
= x3y3(x2 + y2) (x + y) (x – y)
= (3x + 5y2)
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
[ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
36. a(a + c) – b(b + c) = a2 + ac – b2 – bc
9. m2 – 8mn + 16n2 = m2 – 2m(4n) + (4n)2
= (a2 – b2) + ac – bc = (m – 4n)2
= (a2 – b2) + c(a – b) [ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= (a + b) (a – b) + c(a – b) 10. 4x2 – 12xy + 9y2 = (2x)2 – 2(2x)(3y) + (3y)2
= (a – b) [(a + b) + c] = (2x – 3y)2
[Taking (a – b) common] [ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= (a – b) (a + b + c)
37. 2 2
(i) (205) – (195) = (205 + 195) (205 – 195) 11. 4x2 + 20xy + 25y2 = (2x)2 + 2(2x)(5y) + (5y)2
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] = (2x + 5y)2
= 400 × 10 [ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= 4000 12. 9x2 + 42xy + 49y2 = (3x)2 + 2(3x)(7y) + (7y)2
= (3x + 7y)2
(ii) (7.6)2 – (2.4)2 = (7.6 + 2.4)(7.6 – 2.4)
[ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
2
= 10 × 5.2 4 1 1 1
13. 4x2 – x  = (2x)2 – 2  (2 x )    
= 52 3 9 3 3
2 2
(iii) (501) – (499) = (501 + 499) (501 – 499) 2
1
= [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] =  2 x  
 3
= 1000 × 2
[ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= 2000

Mathematics In Everyday Life-8 5

14. a2 – 2ab + b2 – c2 = (a2 – 2ab + b2) – c2 23. 4 + 28x + 49x2 = (2)2 + 2(2)(7x) + (7x)2
= (a – b)2 – c2 = (2 + 7x)2
= (a – b + c) (a – b – c) [ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] 2
1 1 1
15. 49 – x2 – y2 + 2xy = 49 – (x2 + y2 – 2xy) 24. 4y2 – 2y + = (2 y ) 2  2  (2 y )    
4 2 2
= 49 – (x – y)2
2
1
= 72 – (x – y)2 =  2 y  
[ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]  2
[ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
= [7 + (x – y)] [7 – (x – y)]
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] 25. 9x2 – 30x + 25 – 4y2
= (x – y + 7) (– x + y + 7) = (3x)2 – 2(3x)(5) + (5)2 – 4y2
16. x + 6x + 9 – 9y = x2 + 2x·(3) + (3)2 – 9y2
2 2 = (3x – 5)2 – (2y)2
= (x + 3)2 – (3y)2 [ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
[ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2] = [(3x – 5) + 2y] [(3x – 5) – 2y]
= (x + 3 + 3y) (x + 3 – 3y) = (3x + 2y – 5)(3x – 2y – 5)
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] [ a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]
= (x + 3y + 3) (x – 3y + 3) 26. a2 – 9b2 – 12b – 4 = a2 – (9b2 + 12b + 4)
1 1 1
2 = a2 – [(3b)2 + 2(3b)(2) + (2)2]
17. 9x2 – 3x + = (3 x) 2  2  (3 x)   
4 2 2 = a2 – (3b + 2)2
2 [ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
1
=  3 x   = [a + (3b + 2)] [a – (3b + 2)]
 2
[a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]
[ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
18. 3a2 + 12a + 12 = 2
3(a + 4a + 4) = (a + 3b + 2) (a – 3b – 2)
= 3[(a2 + 2 × a × 2 + (2)2] 1 1 2
27.  x  2 xy  4 y 2
= 3(a + 2)2 4 4
[ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2] 1 1 2 
=   x  2 xy  4 y 2 
19. 25a2 – 30a + 9 = (5a) – 2(5a)(3) + 32
2
4 4 
= (5a – 3)2 2
1  x   x 
[ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2] =     2    2 y  (2 y)2 
4  2   2 
1 2 
20. 9 x2  2  = (3 x ) 2
 2(3 x )  1  1 
   
9 x2  3 x   3x  1 x
2
=    2 y  [ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
1 
2 4 2 
=  3 x   2 2
 3x   1 x 
=      2y 
[ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2] 2 2 
21. 16p2 – 24pq + 9q2 = (4p)2 – 2(4p)(3q) + (3q)2 1  x  1  x 
= (4p – 3q)2 =     2 y      2 y 
2  2   2  2 
[ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
[ a – b = (a + b)(a – b)]
2 2

3  1 
22. 3x2 + 6 + 2
= 3  x2  2  2  x 1 x
=   2y     – 2y  
1
x  x  2 2 2 2
  
 1 1 2 28. 9 – 12x + 4x2 – 25y2 – z2 – 10yz
= 3  x 2  2 x      
  x   x   = (9 – 12x + 4x2) – (25y2 + z2 + 10yz)
2
= [32 – 2(3)(2x) + (2x)2] – [(5y)2 + 2(5y) z + z2]
1
= 3  x   = (3 – 2x)2 – (5y + z)2
 x
= [(3 – 2x) + (5y + z)] [(3 – 2x) – (5y + z)]
[ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2] = (3 – 2x + 5y + z) (3 – 2x – 5y – z)
6 Answer Keys
 EXERCISE 7.4 12. x2 + 11x – 60 = x2 + (15 – 4)x – 60
= x2 + 15x – 4x – 60
1. The given expression is a2 – 10a + 21.
= x(x + 15) – 4(x + 15)
The two numbers whose sum is 10 and product is 21
are 7 and 3. = (x + 15) (x – 4)
 a2 – 10a + 21 = a2 – (7 + 3) a + 21 13. x + 30x + 81 = x2 + (27 + 3)x + 81
2

= a2 – 7a – 3a + 21 = x2 + 27x + 3x + 81
= a(a – 7) – 3(a – 7) = x(x + 27) + 3(x + 27)
= (a – 7) (a – 3) = (x + 27)(x + 3)
2 2
2. x + 5x + 6 = x + (2 + 3)x + 6 14. x + 2x – 63 = x2 + (9 – 7)x – 63
2

= x2 + 2x + 3x + 6 = x2 + 9x – 7x – 63
= x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2) = x(x + 9) – 7(x + 9)
= (x + 2)(x + 3) = (x + 9)(x – 7)
3. x2 + 6x – 16 = x2 + (8 – 2)x – 16 15. x2 + 11x + 28 = x2 + (7 + 4)x + 28
= x2 + 8x – 2x – 16 = x2 + 7x + 4x + 28
= x(x + 8) – 2(x + 8) = x(x + 7) + 4(x + 7)
= (x + 8) (x – 2) = (x + 7)(x + 4)
4. x + 7x + 12 = x2 + (4 + 3)x + 12
2 16. x – 2x – 15 = x2 – (5 – 3)x – 15
2

= x2 + 4x + 3x + 12 = x2 – 5x + 3x – 15
= x(x + 4) + 3(x + 4) = x(x – 5) + 3(x – 5)
= (x + 4) (x + 3) = (x – 5)(x + 3)
5. x – 4x – 12 = x2 – (6 – 2)x – 12
2 17. x2 – 4x – 21 = x2 – (7 – 3)x – 21
= x2 – 6x + 2x – 12 = x2 – 7x + 3x – 21
= x(x – 6) + 2(x – 6) = x(x – 7) + 3(x – 7)
= (x – 6) (x + 2) = (x – 7)(x + 3)
6. a + 19a + 78 = a2 + (13 + 6) a + 78
2 18. x + 5x – 150 = x2 + (15 – 10)x – 150
2

= a2 + 13a + 6a + 78 = x2 + 15x – 10x – 150

= a(a + 13) + 6(a + 13) = x(x + 15) – 10(x + 15)
= (a + 13)(a + 6) = (x + 15)(x – 10)
7. x – 2x – 15 = x2 – (5 – 3) x –15
2 19. x – 2x – 99 = x2 – (11 – 9)x – 99
2

= x2 – 5x + 3x – 15 = x2 – 11x + 9x – 99
= x(x – 5) + 3(x – 5) = x(x – 11) + 9(x – 11)
= (x – 5) (x + 3) = (x – 11)(x + 9)
8. x2 + 9x + 20 = x2 + (5 + 4)x + 20 20. a + 22a + 105 = a2 + (15 + 7)a + 105
2

= x2 + 5x + 4x + 20 = a2 + 15a + 7a + 105
= x(x + 5) + 4(x + 5) = a(a + 15) + 7(a + 15)
= (x + 5)(x + 4) = (a + 15)(a + 7)
9. x + 13x + 40 = x2 + (8 + 5)x + 40
2 21. x2 – 13x – 114 = x2 – (19 – 6)x – 114
= x2 + 8x + 5x + 40 = x2 – 19x + 6x – 114
= x(x + 8) + 5(x + 8) = x(x – 19) + 6(x – 19)
= (x + 8) (x + 5) = (x – 19)(x + 6)
10. x2 – 12x – 45 = x2 – (15 – 3)x – 45 22. x + 11x – 102 = x2 + (17 – 6)x – 102
2

= x2 – 15x + 3x – 45 = x2 + 17x – 6x – 102

= x(x – 15) + 3(x – 15) = x(x + 17) – 6(x +17)
= (x – 15) (x + 3) = (x + 17)(x – 6)
11. x + x – 72 = x2 + (9 – 8) x – 72
2 23. a2 – 23a + 112 = a2 – (16 + 7)a + 112
= x2 + 9x – 8x – 72 = a2 – 16a – 7a + 112
= x(x + 9) – 8 (x + 9) = a(a – 16) – 7(a – 16)
= (x + 9) (x – 8) = (a – 16)(a – 7)

Mathematics In Everyday Life-8 7

24. a2 – 22a + 117 = a2 – (13 + 9)a + 117 = – (x – 7) (5x – 3)
= a2 – 13a – 9a + 117 = (7 – x) (5x – 3)
= a(a – 13) – 9(a – 13) 7. 6y2 – 11y – 2 = 6y2 – (12 – 1)y – 2
= (a – 13)(a – 9) = 6y2 – 12y + y – 2
25. x + 18x + 65 = x2 + (13 + 5)x + 65
2 = 6y(y – 2) + 1 (y – 2)
= x2 + 13x + 5x + 65 = (y – 2) (6y + 1)
= x(x + 13) + 5(x + 13) 8. 3x – 13x + 12 = 3x2 – (9 + 4)x + 12
2

= (x + 13)(x + 5) = 3x2 – 9x – 4x + 12
26. x + 24x + 95 = x2 + (19 + 5)x + 95
2 = 3x (x – 3) – 4(x – 3)
= x2 + 19x + 5x + 95 = (x – 3) (3x – 4)
9. 8x2 + 26x + 15 = 8x2 + (20 + 6)x + 15
= x(x + 19) + 5(x + 19)
= 8x2 + 20x + 6x + 15
= (x + 19)(x + 5)
= 4x(2x + 5) + 3(2x + 5)
27. x + 15x + 44 = x2 + (11 + 4)x + 44
2
= (2x + 5) (4x + 3)
= x2 + 11x + 4x + 44
10. 3x + 22x + 35 = 3x2 + (15 + 7)x + 35
2
= x(x + 11) + 4(x + 11)
= 3x2 + 15x + 7x + 35
= (x + 11)(x + 4)
= 3x(x + 5) + 7(x + 5)
28. x + 4x – 77 = x2 + (11 – 7)x – 77
2
= (x + 5) (3x + 7)
= x2 + 11x – 7x – 77 11. 12x2 + xy – 6y2 = 12x2 + (9 – 8)xy – 6y2
= x(x + 11) – 7(x + 11) = 12x2 + 9xy – 8xy – 6y2
= (x + 11)(x – 7) = 3x(4x + 3y) – 2y(4x + 3y)
= (4x + 3y) (3x – 2y)
EXERCISE 7.5 12. 6x + 5xy – 6y = 6x2 + (9 – 4)xy – 6y2
2 2

1. The given expression is 2x2 – x – 3. = 6x2 + 9xy – 4xy – 6y2

The two numbers whose sum is – 1, product is = 3x(2x + 3y) – 2y(2x + 3y)
[2 × (– 3)] = 6 are – 3 and 2. = (2x + 3y) (3x – 2y)
 2x2 – x – 3 = 2x2 – (3 – 2)x – 3 13. 4x2 – 13xy + 3y2 = 4x2 – (12 + 1)xy + 3y2
= 2x2 – 3x + 2x – 3 = 4x2 – 12xy – xy + 3y2
= x(2x – 3) + 1(2x – 3) = 4x(x – 3y) – y(x – 3y)
= (2x – 3)(x + 1) = (x – 3y) (4x – y)
2. 3x2 + 5x – 2 = 3x2 + (6 – 1)x – 2 14. 10x + xy – 21y = 10x2 + (15 – 14)xy – 21y2
2 2

= 3x2 + 6x – x – 2
= 10x2 + 15xy – 14xy – 21y2
= 3x(x + 2) – 1(x + 2)
= 5x(2x + 3y) – 7y(2x + 3y)
= (x + 2)(3x – 1)
= (2x + 3y) (5x – 7y)
3. 3x – 8x – 3 = 3x2 – (9 – 1)x – 3
2
15. 6a2 – 17ab – 3b2 = 6a2 – (18 – 1)ab – 3b2
= 3x2 – 9x + x – 3
= 6a2 – 18ab + ab – 3b2
= 3x(x – 3) + 1(x – 3)
= 6a(a – 3b) + b(a – 3b)
= (x – 3)(3x + 1)
= (a – 3b) (6a + b)
4. – 2x2 + 3x + 9 = – (2x2 – 3x – 9)
16. 10a + 17ab + 6b = 10a2 + (12 + 5)ab + 6b2
2 2
= – [2x2 – (6 – 3)x – 9]
= 10a2 + 12ab + 5ab + 6b2
= – [2x2 – 6x + 3x – 9]
= 2a(5a + 6b) + b(5a + 6b)
= – [2x(x – 3) + 3(x + 3)]
= – (x – 3) (2x + 3) = (5a + 6b) (2a + b)
= (3 – x) (2x + 3) 17. 12x2 – 11xyz – 15y2z2 = 12x2 – (20 – 9)xyz – 15y2z2
5. 7x – 24x + 9 = 7x2 – (21 + 3)x + 9
2 = 12x2 – 20xyz + 9xyz – 15y2z2
= 7x2 – 21x – 3x + 9 = 4x(3x – 5yz) + 3yz(3x – 5yz)
= 7x(x – 3) – 3(x – 3) = (3x – 5yz) (4x + 3yz)
2 2
= (x – 3) (7x – 3) 18. 4x + 2x – 12 = 2(2x + x – 6)
6. – 5x2 + 38x – 21 = – (5x2 – 38x + 21) = 2[2x2 + (4 – 3)x – 6]
= – [5x2 – (35 + 3)x + 21] = 2[2x2 + 4x – 3x – 6]
= – [5x2 – 35x – 3x + 21] = 2[2x(x + 2) – 3(x + 2)]
= – [5x (x – 7) – 3(x – 7)] = 2(x + 2) (2x – 3)

8 Answer Keys
19. x2 – xy – 6y2 = x2 – (3 – 2)xy – 6y2
63x 4 yz 2 x  x  x x y  z z
= x2 – 3xy + 2xy – 6y2 4. 2 = 63 
x yz x x y  z
= x(x – 3y) + 2y(x – 3y)
2
= 63x z
= (x – 3y) (x + 2y)
20. – 2x – 7x – 3 = – [2x2 + 7x + 3]
2 42 m4 n4 p 3 42
5. 2 2
= × (m4m–2 n4n–1 p3p–2)
= – [2x2 + (6 + 1)x + 3] 7 m np 7
= – [2x2 + 6x + x + 3] = 6(m4 – 2 n4 – 1 p3–2)
= – [2x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3)] = 6m2n3p
= – (x + 3) (2x + 1) 8x5 y3 z 8
21. 6x2 – 5x – 6 = 6x2 – (9 – 4)x – 6 6. = × x5 – 3y3 – 1z = 4x2y2z
2x3 y 2
= 6x2 – 9x + 4x – 6
= 3x(2x – 3) + 2(2x – 3) 10 x 4 y 3 z 2 10
7. 2 2 = × x4 – 2y3 – 2z2 – 1 = – 2x2yz
= (2x – 3) (3x + 2)  5x y z 5
22. 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 2x2 – (2 + 3)x + 3 72ab 2 c 2 72 ab b  c  c
= 2x2 – 2x – 3x + 3 8. 2 = × = 9ab
8bc 8 b c c
= 2x(x – 1) – 3(x – 1)
21x 2 y 3 z 5 21
= (x – 1) (2x – 3) 9. = × x2 – 1y3 – 1z5 – 1 = 3xy2z4
7 xyz 7
23. 10x2 – 23xy + 12y2 = 10x2 – (15 + 8)xy + 12y2
= 10x2 – 15xy – 8xy + 12y2 12 x 2 y 3 z 12 x  x  y yy z
10. 2 = = 3y2
= 5x(2x – 3y) – 4y(2x – 3y) 4 x yz 4 x  x y  z
= (2x – 3y) (5x – 4y)
24. 2y2 + y – 3 = 2y2 + (3 – 2)y – 3 32 m3 n3 p 2 32
11. 2 2 = × mnp = 4mnp
= 2y2 + 3y – 2y – 3 8m n p 8
= y(2y + 3) – 1(2y + 3) 25x 3 y 2 z 5 25
= (2y + 3) (y – 1) 12. = × x3 – 1y2 – 1z5 – 3 = 5x2yz2
5xyz 3 5
25. – 2x2 + 7x – 6 = – [2x2 – 7x + 6]
= – [2x2 – (4 + 3)x + 6] EXERCISE 7.7
= – [2x2 – 4x – 3x + 6]
= – [2x(x – 2) – 3(x – 2)] 14a 4  7 a 3  14 a2 14 a 4 7 a3 14 a 2
1. 2
=  
= – (x – 2) (2x – 3) 7a 7 a2 7 a2 7 a2
= (2 – x) (2x – 3) 2
14  a  a  a  a 1
7  a  a a
= 
7  a  a 7  a  a
EXERCISE 7.6
2
14  a  a
3 2 x  x x y y +
36 x y 36 7  a  a
1. = 
4 xy 4 x y = 2a2 – a + 2
= 9×x×x×y 24a 3b 3 16 a2 b 12ab2
24a 3 b 3  16a 2 b  12ab 2  
= 9x2y 2. =
4ab 4ab 4ab 4ab
24 xy 2 z 2 24 x  y  y  z  z = 6a2b2 + 4a – 3b
2. = 
 6 xy 2 z 6 x y y z
3 x 2 y 2 z 2  15x 2 yz 2  6 x 2 y 3 z
3.
= – 4z 3 x 2 yz

 81x 3 y 2 z  81 x  x  x  y  y  z 3x 2 y 2 z 2 5x 2 yz 2 6 x2 y 3 z
3. =  =  
 9 x2 y 9 x  x  y 3 x 2 yz 3 x 2 yz 3x 2 yz

= 9xyz = yz – 5z + 2y2

Mathematics In Everyday Life-8 9

 ab 4 c 3 3a3 b2 c 6ab 5x + 7
ab 4 c 3  3a 3 b2 c  6ab  
4. = (iii) 3x + 4 15x2 + 41x + 28
3ab 3ab 3ab 3ab
b3c 3 15x2 + 20x
– –
=  a 2 bc  2 21x + 28
3
21x + 28
 x4  2 x3  4x 2  6 x  x4 2 x3 4 x 2 6 x – –
5. =    0
2x 2x 2x 2x 2x
 (15x2 + 41x + 28) ÷ (3x + 4) = 5x + 7
x3
=  + x2 + 2x + 3 x2 – 3x + 7
2
(iv) 2x + 3 2x3 – 3x2 + 5x + 21
2a3  3 2a 2  6a 2a3  2a2 6a
6. =   2x3 + 3x2
2a 2 2a 2 2a 2a – –
– 6x2 + 5x + 21
a2 a
=  3 – 6x2 – 9x
2 2 + +
3 3 14x + 21
x3  3 x2  x x 3
3 x 2 x
14x + 21
7. 2 =   2 – –
3x 3x 3x 3x 0
x2 1  (2x3 – 3x2 + 5x + 21) ÷ (2x + 3) = x2 – 3x + 7
= x
3 2 4a2 – 6ab + 9b2
8 x 3  6 x2  4 x 8 x 3 6x 2 4 x (v) 2a + 3b 8a3 + 27b3
8. =  
4x 4x 4x 4 x 8a3 + 12a2b
– –
3 – 12a2b + 27b3
= 2x 2  x  1
2
5 4 3 2 – 12a2b – 18ab2
3 y  6 y  6 y  12 y 3 y 5 6 y 4 6 y 3 12 y 2 + +
9. =   
3y 2
3y2 3y2 3y2 3y2 18ab2 + 27b3
= y3 – 2y2 + 2y + 4 18ab2 + 27b3
– –
6 x 3  4 x2 6 x3 4 x2 0
10. =  2
x2 x2 x  (8a3 + 27b3) ÷ (2a + 3b) = 4a2 – 6ab + 9b2
= 6x + 4
5x – 2
EXERCISE 7.8 (vi) 2x + 3 10x2 + 11x – 6

x–2 10x2 + 15x

– –
1. (i) x – 3 x2 – 5x + 6 – 4x – 6
x2 – 3x – 4x – 6
– + + +
– 2x + 6 0
– 2x + 6
+ –  (10x2 + 11x – 6) ÷ (2x + 3) = 5x – 2
0
2x2 – 5x + 4
 (x2 – 5x + 6) ÷ (x – 3) = x – 2 2
(vii) x + 7x – 8 2x4 + 9x3 – 47x2 + 68x – 32
x2 + x + 1
2x4 + 14x3 – 16x2
(ii) x – 1 x3 – 1 – – +
x3 – x2 – 5x – 31x2 + 68x – 32
3

– +
– 5x3 – 35x2 + 40x
x2 – 1 + + –
x2 –x 2
4x + 28x – 32
– +
x–1 4x2 + 28x – 32
x–1 – – +
– + 0
0
 (2x4 + 9x3 – 47x2 + 68x – 32) ÷ (x2 + 7x – 8) = 2x2 – 5x + 4
3 2
 (x – 1) ÷ (x – 1) = x + x + 1
10 Answer Keys
 3a2 + b2 x2 + 3
2 2
(viii) 2a + 3b 4 2 2
6a + 11a b + 3b 4
(ii) x2 – 2 x4 + x2
6a4 + 9a2b2 x4 – 2x2
– – – +
2a2b2 + 3b4 3x2
2a2b2 + 3b4 3x2 – 6
– – – +
0 6

 (6a4 + 11a2b2 + 3b4) ÷ (2a2 + 3b2) = 3a2 + b2 Quotient: x2 + 3

Remainder : 6
x2 – 3x + 7
3a2 + 4a + 1
(ix) 2x + 3 2x3 – 3x2 + 5x + 21
(iii) 2a – 3 6a3 – a2 – 10a – 3
2x3 + 3x2
– – 6a3 – 9a2
– 6x2 + 5x + 21 – +
8a2 – 10a – 3
– 6x2 – 9x
+ + 8a2 – 12a
14x + 21 – +
2a – 3
14x + 21
– – 2a – 3
– +
0 0

 (2x3 – 3x2 + 5x + 21) ÷ (2x + 3) = x2 – 3x + 7 Quotient: 3a2 + 4a + 1

Remainder : 0
2x2 + 3x – 7
2 2x + 3
(x) 3x – 5x + 4 6x4 – x3 – 28x2 + 47x – 28
(iv) 7x – 4 2
14x + 13x – 15
6x4 – 10x3 + 8x2
– + – 14x2 – 8x
9x3 – 36x2 + 47x – 28 – +
21x – 15
9x3 – 15x2 + 12x 21x – 12
– + – – +
– 21x2 + 35x – 28 – 3
– 21x2 + 35x – 28
+ – + Quotient: 2x + 3
0 Remainder : – 3
3. (i) If x3 + 1 is a factor of x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1, then
(6x4 – x3 – 28x2 + 47x – 28) ÷ (3x2 – 5x + 4) = 2x2 + 3x – 7
on dividing x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 by x3 + 1 the
remainder should be zero. Therefore,
x2 + 2x + 2
2
2. (i) x – 2x + 2 x4 + 8x + 15 x2 + x + 1
3
x4 – 2x3 + 2x2 x +1 x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
– + –
2x3 – 2x2 + 8x + 15 x5 + x2
– –
2x3 – 4x2 + 4x x4 + x3 +x+1
– + –
2x2 + 4x + 15 x4 +x
– –
2
2x – 4x + 4 x3 +1
– + –
3
8x + 11 x +1
– –
0
Quotient: x2 + 2x + 2
Hence, (x3 + 1) is a factor of x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
Remainder : 8x + 11 and (x2 + x + 1) is the another factor.

Mathematics In Everyday Life-8 11

 (ii) If (4x – 3) is a factor of 8x2 + 14x – 15, then on 5x (3x  2)  3(3x  2)
dividing (8x2 + 14x – 15) by 4x – 3, the remainder =
(3x  2)
should be zero.
Therefore, (3 x  2) (5 x  3)
=
(3 x  2)
2x + 5
4x – 3 2 ( Cancelling (3x + 2) from
8x + 14x – 15 numerator and denominator)
8x2 – 6x = (5x – 3)
– +
20x – 15
4 x2  8 x  3 4 x2  (6  2)x  3
20x – 15 2. =
– + (2 x  1) (2 x  1)
0
4 x2  6x  2 x  3
Hence, (4x – 3) is a factor of 8x2 + 14x – 15 and =
(2x  1)
(2x + 5) is the another factor.
4. (i) If (3x + 4) is a factor of 15x2 + 41x + 28, then on 2 x (2x  3)  1 (2 x  3)
=
dividing 15x 2 + 41x + 28 by (3x + 4), the (2x  1)
remainder should be zero. Therefore, (2 x  3) (2 x  1)
= = (2x – 3)
5x + 7 (2 x  1)
2
3x + 4 15x + 41x + 28 x2  12 x  20 x2  (10  2)x  20
3. =
15x2 + 20x ( x  10) ( x  10)
– –
21x + 28
x2  10 x  2 x  20
21x + 28 =
– – ( x  10)
0
x ( x  10)  2( x  10)
=
Hence, (3x + 4) is a factor of 15x2 + 41x + 28. ( x  10)
(ii) If (x + y) is a factor of x4 – y4, then on dividing
x4 – y4 by (x + y), the remainder should be zero. ( x  10) ( x  2)
= = (x + 2)
Therefore, ( x  10)

x3 – x2y + xy2 – y3 x2  14 x  51 x2  (17  3)x  51

4. =
x+y x4 – y4 ( x  3) ( x  3)
x4 + x3y x2  17 x  3x  51
– –
=
– x3y – y4 ( x  3)
3 2 2
–x y –x y x ( x  17)  3( x  17)
+ +
=
x2y2 – y4 ( x  3)
x2y2 + xy3 ( x  17) ( x  3)
– – = = (x – 17)
– xy3 – y4 ( x  3)
– xy3 – y4 3m 2  22m  35 3m 2  (15  7)m  35
+ + 5. =
0 (3m  7) (3m  7)

Hence, (x + y) is a factor of x4 – y4. 3m 2  15m  7 m  35

=
EXERCISE 7.9  3m  7 
3m(m  5)  7 (m  5)
15x 2  x  6 15x2  (10  9) x  6 =
1. = (3m  7)
(3x  2) (3x  2)
( m  5) (3m  7)
15x2  10 x  9 x  6 = = (m + 5)
= (3m  7)
(3x  2)

12 Answer Keys
 m 2  8m  12 m2  (6  2)m  12 x 2  17 x  16 x2  (16  1)x  16
6. = 11. =
(m  2) (m  2)  x  16  ( x  16)

m 2  6m  2m  12 x2  16 x  x  16
= =
(m  2) ( x  16)

m ( m  6)  2( m  6) x( x  16)  1( x  16)
= =
(m  2) ( x  16)

( m  6) ( m  2) ( x  16) ( x  1)
= = (m + 6) = = (x – 1)
( m  2) ( x  16)

x4  3x 2 x 2 ( x2  3)
7. = 2
9 x 2  12 x  4 9 x 2  (6  6)x  4
3
3x  9x 3 x ( x  3) 12. =
(3x  2) (3x  2)
x  x  ( x 2  3) x
= 2 = 9 x2  6 x  6 x  4
3  x  ( x  3) 3 =
(3x  2)
8 x 2  18 x  9 8 x2  (12  6)x  9 3x (3 x  2)  2 (3x  2)
8. = =
 2x  3 (2 x  3) (3x  2)

8 x 2  12 x  6x  9 (3x  2) (3x  2)
= = = (3x – 2)
(2x  3) (3x  2)
4 x (2 x  3)  3 (2 x  3)
= x6  9 x 2 x 2 ( x4  9)
(2 x  3) 13. =
( x 3  3 x) x( x 2  3)
(2x  3) (4x  3)
= = (4x – 3)  2 2
(2 x  3) x2  x2  –  3  
=
6 x 2  11x  10 6 x 2  (15  4) x  10 
x x2 – 3 
9. =
 2x  5  2x  5
x2 ( x 2  3) ( x2 – 3)
=
6 x 2  15 x  4 x  10 x( x 2  3)
=
 2x  5 [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
3x (2 x  5)  2(2 x  5) = x(x2 + 3)
=
(2 x  5)
6 x 3  18 x 2  12 x 6 x ( x2  3 x  2)
14. 2
=
(2x  5) (3x  2) 2x  4x 2 x ( x  2)
= = (3x – 2)
(2 x  5)
3 ( x2  2 x  x  2)
2
2 x  x  45 2
2 x  (10  9)x  45 =
( x  2)
10. =
 x  5 ( x  5)
3  x  x  2   x  2  
2 x2  10 x  9x  45 =
=
( x  5)
 x  2
3 ( x  2) ( x  1)
2 x ( x  5)  9 ( x  5) =
= ( x  2)
 x  5
= 3(x + 1)
( x  5) (2 x  9)
= = (2x – 9) = (3x + 3)
( x  5)

Mathematics In Everyday Life-8 13

 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS x+2
8. 2
x+2 x + 4x + 4
1. Factors of 9x2y = 3 × 3 × x × x × y
Factors of 27xy2 = 3 × 3 × 3 × x × y × y x2 + 2x
– –
Factors of 45x2y2 = 3 × 3 × 5 × x × x × y × y 2x + 4
The greatest common factor of 9x2y, 27xy2 and 45x2y2 2x + 4
– –
= 3 × 3 × x × y = 9xy 0
Hence option (d) is correct. Quotient =(x + 2)
2. 9x – 18x2 = 9x (1 – 2x) Hence, option (d) is correct.
Hence, option (b) is correct.
9x2 – 1  3x 2 – 12  3x  1  3x – 1
3. 9. =  = 3x + 1
3x – 1 3x – 1  3 x – 1
x2 + 6x – 1 Quotient = 3x + 1
3 2
x–1 x + 5x – 7x + 4 Hence, option (b) is correct.
x3 – x2 10. x4 – x = x(x3 – 1) = x(– 1 + x3)
– +
6x2 – 7x + 4 Hence, option (b) is correct.
11. (2x – 8x3) = 2x(1 – 4x2)
6x2 – 6x
– + = 2x[12 – (2x)2]
–x+4
= 2x(1 + 2x) (1 – 2x)
–x+1
+ – Hence, option (c) is correct.
3
12. xy – x – y + 1 = (xy – x) – (y – 1)
Remainder = 3 = x(y – 1) – (y – 1)
Hence, option (a) is correct. = (y – 1) (x – 1)
4. x2 + xy – 5x – 5y = (x2 + xy) – (5x + 5y) = (x – 1) (y – 1)
= x(x + y) – 5(x + y) Hence, option (c) is correct.
= (x + y) (x – 5)
MENTAL MATHS CORNER
Hence, option (c) is correct.
1. (x + 3) is a factor of x3 + 2x2 – 3x + 6. (False)
 15a 2 bc 2 15 a  a  b  c  c 2
5. =  x –x
5ab 5 ab
 x+3 x + 2x2 – 3x + 6
3

= – 3ac2
x3 + 3x2
Hence, option (b) is correct. – –
– x2 – 3x + 6
6.
– x2 – 3x
+ +
x3 + 5 6
4 3
x–1 x – x + 5x Remainder = 6  0. So it is not a factor.
4 3
x –x 2. (x – 2) is a factor of x3 – 8. (True)
– +
2
5x x + 2x + 4
5x – 5  x–2 x3 – 8
– +
x3 – 2x2
5 – +
2x2 – 8
Remainder = 5
2x2 – 4x
Hence, option (c) is correct. – +
4x – 8
27 a 3 b 2 27 a  a  a  b  b
7. =  4x – 8
 9 ab 9 ab – +
= – 3a2b 0
Hence, option (a) is correct. Remainder =0. So it is a factor.

14 Answer Keys
3. The factor of xy – ab + bx – ay are (y – b) (x + a). (iv) 2 – 32x2 = 2(1 – 16x2)
(False) = 2[12 – (4x)2]
 xy – ab + bx – ay = (xy + bx) – (ab + ay) = 2(1 + 4x) (1 – 4x)
= x(y + b) – a(b + y)
 2 – 32x = 2(1 + 4x) (1 – 4x)
2
= x(y + b) – a(y + b)
= (y + b) (x – a) 2.
4. (x + 1) is a factor of 2x2 + 5x + 4. (False)
2x + 3 2x3 + 2x2 + x + 1
 x + 1 2x3 + 5x + 4 x+3 2x4 + 8x3 + 7x2 + 4x + 3
2x3 + 2x 2x4 + 6x3
– – – –
3x + 4 2x3 + 7x2 + 4x + 3
3x + 3 2x3 + 6x2
– – – –
1
x2 + 4x + 3
Remainder = 1  0. So it is not a factor
x2 + 3x
5. 2x2 + 3x + 1 is divided by (x + 1), then the remainder – –
is zero. (True) x+3
x+3
2x + 1 – –
0
 x + 1 2x2 + 3x + 1
2x2 + 2x
– – Quotient =2x3 + 2x2 + x + 1
x+ 1
Remainder = 0
x+1
– – 3. If (x + 2) is a factor of 4x4 + 2x3 – 3x2 + 8x + 109, then
0 on dividing 4x4 + 2x3 – 3x2 + 8x + 109 by (x + 2), the
Remainder = 0. remainder should be zero. Therefore,

a4  b4 4x3 – 6x2 + 9x – 10
6. = (a + b) (a2 + b2) (True)
ab x+2 4x4 + 2x3 – 3x2 + 8x + 109
a4  b4 ( a 2 )2  (b 2 )2 ( a2  b 2 ) ( a 2  b 2 ) 4x4 + 8x3
 = = – –
ab ab ( a  b)
– 6x3 – 3x2 + 8x + 109
( a2  b2 ) ( a  b) ( a  b) – 6x3 – 12x2
= = (a + b)(a2 + b2) + +
( a  b)
9x2 + 8x + 109
REVIEW EXERCISE 9x2 + 18x
– –
1. (i) 4a2 – 8a + 3 = 4a2 – (6 + 2)a + 3 – 10x + 109
= 4a2 – 6a – 2a + 3 – 10x – 20
+ +
= 2a (2a – 3) – 1(2a – 3) 129
= (2a – 3) (2a – 1)
 4a2 – 8a + 3 = (2a – 3)(2a – 1)  Remainder = 129  0
(ii) 6x2 + 35xy – 6y2 = 6x2 + (36 – 1)xy – 6y2 Hence, (x + 2) is not a factor of 4x4 + 2x3 – 3x2 + 8x
= 6x2 + 36xy – xy – 6y2 + 109.
= 6x (x + 6y) – y(x + 6y) 4. L.H.S. = (x – y)(x + y) + (y – z)(y + z)
= (x + 6y) (6x – y) + (z – x)(z + x)
 6x2 + 35xy – 6y2 = (x + 6y) (6x – y) = (x2 – y2) + (y2 – z2) + (z2 – x2)
(iii) 16 – a2 – 2ab – b2 = 16 – (a2 + 2ab + b2) [ (a – b)(a + b) = a2 – b2]
= 16 – (a + b)2 = x – y + y – z + z 2 – x2
2 2 2 2

= 42 – (a + b)2 =0
= [4 + (a + b)] [4 – (a + b)] = R.H.S.
= (4 + a + b) (4 – a – b) Hence, (x – y)(x + y) + (y – z)(y + z) + (z – x)(z + x) = 0

Mathematics In Everyday Life-8 15

5. 4x = (56)2 – (52)2 10
5x2 + x + 11
 4x = (56 – 52)(56 + 52) 3
[ a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)] 9. 3x – 6 15x3 – 20x2 + 13x – 12
 4x = 4 × 108 15x3 – 30x2
– +
4  108 10x2 + 13x – 12
 x= = 108
4
10x2 – 20x
 x = 108 – +
33x – 12
( x 2  2xy  y 2 )  a 2  2 ab  b 2 33x – 66
6. L.H.S. = – +
( x  y  a  b) 54
10
( x 2  2 xy  y 2 )  ( a 2  2ab  b2 ) Quotient = 5x2  x  11 , Remainder = 54
= 3
( x  y  a  b) To verify:
Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
( x  y)2  (a  b)2  2 10 
= = (3 x  6)   5 x  x  11   54
( x  y  a  b)  3 
10
[x  y  (a  b)][ x  y  ( a  b)] = 3x × 5x2 + 3x × x + 3x × 11 – 6 × 5x2
= 3
( x  y  a  b) 10
–6× x – 6 × 11 + 54
[ a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)] 3
= 15x + 10x2 + 33x – 30x2 – 20x – 66 +
3

( x  y  a  b)( x  y  a  b) 54
=
( x  y  a  b) = 15x3 – 20x2 + 13x – 12
= Dividend
= (x + y + a – b)
Hence, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
= R.H.S.
p4  q4 ( p2  q 2 )( p2 – q 2 )
2 2 2 2 10. =
x  2 xy  y  a  2ab  b ( p  q) ( p  q)
Hence, = (x + y + a – b)
( x  y  a  b) [ a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]
( p 2  q 2 )( p  q)( p – q)
7. (2a + 3b)2 – 5(2a + 3b) – 14 =
( p  q)
Let (2a + 3b) = x
p4  q4
Then, x2 – 5x – 14 = x2 – (7 – 2)x – 14  = (p + q)(p2 + q2)
( p  q)
= x2 – 7x + 2x – 14
= x(x – 7) + 2(x – 7) HOTS QUESTIONS
= (x – 7)(x + 2) 1. (i) a4 – (a – b)4 = [(a2)2 – {(a – b)2}2]
 (2a + 3b) – 5(2a + 3b) – 14
2
= [a2 – (a – b)2] [a2 + (a – b)2]
= (2a + 3b – 7)(2a + 3b + 2) [ a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
2 2
8. (x – 5x) – 36 = [a – (a – b)][a + (a – b)][a2 + (a – b)2]
2
Let x – 5x = m, then = (a – a + b)(a + a – b)(a2 + a2 – 2ab + b2)
2
m – 36 = (m – 6)(m + 6) = (2a2 – 2ab + b2)(2a – b)b
[ a – b = (a – b)(a + b)]
2 2
(ii) a(a + b – c) – bc = a2 + ab – ac – bc
2 2
= (x – 5x – 6)(x – 5x + 6) = (a2 + ab) – (ac + bc)
2 2
= [x – (6 – 1)x – 6][x – (2 + 3)x + 6] = a(a + b) – c(a + b)
2 2
= [x – 6x + x – 6][x – 2x – 3x + 6] = (a + b)(a – c)
= [x(x – 6) + 1(x – 6)][x(x – 2) – 3(x – 2)] (iii) 16(2a – 1)2 – 25b2 = [4(2a – 1)]2 – (5b)2
= [(x – 6)(x + 1)][(x – 2)(x – 3)] = [4(2a – 1) + 5b][4(2a – 1) – 5b]
= (x + 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)(x – 6) = (8a – 4 + 5b)(8a – 4 – 5b)
= (8a + 5b – 4)(8a – 5b – 4)
16 Answer Keys
 (3 x 2  24 x  36)( x  4) [3 x 2  (18  6) x  36]( x  4)
2. 2 =
3( x  6 x  8) 3[x 2  (4  2) x  8]
Total distance between the Haretown and
2
[(3x  18 x  6 x  36)]( x  4) Tortoiseville = 54 km.
= Speed of hare = 7 km/hr
3( x 2  4 x  2 x  8)
Let the distance travelled by the hare before
meeting the tortoise from Haretown to
[3 x( x  6)  6( x  6)]( x  4)
= Tortoiseville be x km.
3  x  x  4   2  x  4  
 Tortoise will travel a distance of (54 – x) km
from Tortoiseville to Haretown.
( x  6)(3 x  6)( x  4) Speed of tortoise = 2 km/hr
=
3( x  2)( x  4)
Now,
3( x  6)( x  2)( x  4) The time taken by the hare to cover a distance of
=
3( x  2)( x  4) x
x km at 7 km/hr = hours
7
= (x + 6)
3 2
The time taken by the tortoise to cover a distance
3. a x + a (x – y) – a(y + z) – z
54  x
= a3x + a2x – a2y – ay – az – z of (54 – x) km at 2 km/hr = hours
2
= (a3x + a2x) – (a2y + ay) – (az + z)
Since, both set out at the same time. Therefore,
= a2x(a + 1) – ay(a + 1) – z(a + 1)
x 54  x
2 =
= (a + 1)(a x – ay – z) 7 2
 2x = 7(54 – x)
 2x = 378 – 7x
 2x + 7x = 378  9x = 378
378
 x= = 42
9
Hence, hare will travel 42 km before meeting the
tortoise.

Mathematics In Everyday Life-8 17