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Quemistry notes 20220314

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Quemistry notes 20220314

Uploaded by

drs3x0xxx
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class Outline: Introduction to Chemistry

1. What is Chemistry?

Definition: The study of matter, its properties, how it interacts, and changes.
Branches of Chemistry:
Organic Chemistry: Compounds containing carbon.
Inorganic Chemistry: Non-carbon-based compounds.
Physical Chemistry: How matter behaves.
Analytical Chemistry: Identifying and measuring substances.
Biochemistry: Chemistry of living organisms.

2. The Building Blocks of Matter


Atoms:

Basic unit of matter.


Composed of:
Protons: Positive charge, found in the nucleus.
Neutrons: Neutral charge, found in the nucleus.
Electrons: Negative charge, orbit around the nucleus.

Elements:

Pure substances made of only one type of atom (e.g., Hydrogen, Oxygen).

Molecules:

Groups of atoms bonded together (e.g., H2OH2O, CO2CO2).

Compounds:

Substances made from atoms of different elements chemically bonded (e.g.,


NaClNaCl, C6H12O6C6H12O6).

3. The Periodic Table

Organized by Dmitri Mendeleev.


Groups (Columns): Elements with similar properties.
Periods (Rows): Organized by increasing atomic number.
Important Groups:
Alkali Metals (Group 1).
Halogens (Group 17).
Noble Gases (Group 18).

4. Chemical Bonds
Types of Bonds:

Ionic Bonds:
Transfer of electrons.
Example: Na++Cl−→NaClNa++Cl−→NaCl.

Covalent Bonds:
Sharing of electrons.
Example: H2OH2O.

Metallic Bonds:
Sea of shared electrons in metals.

5. States of Matter
Solid: Fixed shape and volume.
Liquid: Fixed volume, takes the shape of its container.
Gas: No fixed shape or volume.
Plasma: Ionized gas (e.g., stars, neon signs).

Changes of State:

Melting, Freezing, Evaporation, Condensation, Sublimation, Deposition.

6. Chemical Reactions

Reactants → Products.
Types of Reactions:
Synthesis: A+B→ABA+B→AB.
Decomposition: AB→A+BAB→A+B.
Single Replacement: A+BC→B+ACA+BC→B+AC.
Double Replacement: AB+CD→AD+CBAB+CD→AD+CB.
Combustion: CxHy+O2→CO2+H2OCxHy+O2→CO2+H2O.

7. The Mole Concept

A mole is 6.022×10236.022×1023 particles.


Use the mole for stoichiometry to balance equations.

8. Acids, Bases, and pH

Acids: Donate H+H+ ions (e.g., HClHCl).


Bases: Accept H+H+ ions (e.g., NaOHNaOH).
pH Scale: 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic); 7 is neutral.

9. Thermochemistry

Energy: The capacity to do work.


Endothermic: Absorbs energy (e.g., melting ice).
Exothermic: Releases energy (e.g., combustion).

10. Applications of Chemistry

Medicine: Drug design, antibiotics.


Agriculture: Fertilizers, pesticides.
Energy: Batteries, solar cells.
Environmental Science: Pollution control, water purification.

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