Computer Networks

Dr. Esraa Alqaralleh

Irbid National University

Chapter 2
Network Models
 2-1 LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an

example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

2.2
 Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.3
 2-2 THE OSI MODEL
The International Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement. An
ISO standard that coven international standards all
aspects of network communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first
introduced in the late 1970s.

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

2.4
 Why do we need the OSI Model?

To address the problem of networks increasing in size and in number, the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched many network
schemes and recognized that there was a need to create a network model

This would help network builders implement networks that could communicate
and work together

2.5
 Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.6
 Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.7
 Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

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 2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each

layer in the OSI model.

OSI Layers:
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer

2.9
 Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.10
 Note

The application layer is responsible for providing services to

the user.
Examples:
 Email
 Web browsers
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) - User Data
The application layer is also concerned with the following
1) Network virtual terminal.
2) File transfer.
3) Mail services.
4) Directory services.

2.11
 Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.12
 Note

-The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, Code Formatting and encryption.
-PDU - Formatted Data

The Presentation layer is also concerned with the following

1) Translation.
2) Encryption.
3) Compression.

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Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.14
 Note

-The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.
-PDU - Formatted Data

The Session layer is also concerned with the following

1) Dialog control.
2) Synchronization.

2.15
 Figure 2.10 Transport layer

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 Note

-The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.
-PDU - Segments

The Transport layer is also concerned with the following

1) Service-point addressing.
2) Segmentation and reassembly.
3) Connection control.
4) Flow control.
5) Error control.

2.17
 Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.18
 Figure 2.8 Network layer

2.19
 Note

-The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from the source host to the
destination host.
-PDU – Packets

The Network layer is also concerned with the following

1) Logical addressing.
2) Routing.

2.20
 Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.21
 Figure 2.6 Data link layer

2.22
 -The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
- PDU - Frames

The data link layer is also concerned with the following

1) Framing.
2) Physical addressing.
3) Flow control.
4) Error control.
5) Access control.

2.23
 Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.24
 Figure 2.5 Physical layer

2.25
 -The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one
hop (node) to the next.
-PDU - Bits

The physical layer is also concerned with the following

1) Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium.
2) Representation of bits.
3) Data rate.
4) Synchronization of bits.
5) Line configuration.
6) Physical topology.
7)Transmission mode.

2.26
 Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.27
 Example: Draw the data flow through a network ?

2.28
 Data Flow and Encapsulation

Data flow occurs when two devices are connected in a network with some kind of shared
transmission medium.
1) An application running on the source device creates some kind of data. This happens
at the Application layer.
2) The application needs to add encryption to that data. This will be done at
the Presentation layer.
3) At the Session layer it appends the Session ID.
4) The Transport layer breaks the data into blocks of data which we call Segments .
Every Segment also gets the Port number to identify which upper layer application
needs to receive the data on the destination device
5) The Network layer takes the Segment, and appends the source and destination IP
address. At that point the Segment becomes a Packet.
6) At Data Link layer the source and destination MAC address and the CRC is added. At
this point we have a Frame.
7) The Frame then is sent to the physical device where it is translated into some kind of a
signal (often call it Bits)

2.29
 Decapsulation at the Destination Device

1) The destination device receives series of bits and interprets them as a Frame.
2) It removes MAC addresses and the CRC, and passes the data up to the Network layer.
3) IP addresses are removed and the Packet is forwarded up to the Transport layer .
4) The Port number is looked at and the Segment gets forwarded up the to the appropriate
application specified by the Port number.
5) The Session ID is used.
6) Encryption will be removed.
7) The data in its original form is presented to the application that needs to interpret it.

2.30
 2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having

four layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and
application. However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI,
we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five
layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and
application.

2.31
 Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.32
 2-5 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

2.33
 Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.34
 Physical address (MAC address):

- The physical address is the physical hardware device.

- This is specified by the manufacture company of the card.
- A hardware address that uniquely identifies each node of a network.
- The MAC layer interfaces directly with the network medium.

2.35
 Structure of MAC address

2.36
 Physical address (MAC address):

An example of a MAC-48 address would be

"00-08-74-4C-7F-1D". If you cross-reference the first three octets with IEEE's OUI
assignments, you can see that this MAC address came from Dell Computer Corp. The
last three octets represent the serial number assigned to the adapter by the manufacturer

2.37
 Example 2.2

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical

address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon ( : ) or ( - ),
as shown below:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
07-01-02-01-2C-4B

2.38
 Logical address (IP):

•An IP address of the system is called logical address.

• This address is used by network layer to identify a particular network (source to
destination) among the networks.
•This address can be changed by changing the host position on the network. So it
is called logical address.
•Example: 192.168.1.1

2.39
 Port Address:
 There are many application running on the computer.
 Each application run with a port no.(logically) on the computer.

753
A 16-bit port address represented
as one single number.

Specific Address:
- User-friendly addresses
- Examples include the e-mail address (for example, [email protected]) defines
the recipient of an e-mail

2.40
 Example 2.1

For the network shown below, show the contents of the message
for each hop interface.

Solution:

2.41
 Example 2.3 :For the network shown below, show the contents of the message for
each hop interface.

2.42
 Example 2.4 :For the network shown below, show the contents of the message for
each hop interface.

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